A history of ancient geography: Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 1
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A history of ancient geography |b Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |n 1 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
OF VOL.
L
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
§ 1.
Geography more or less studied by different nations according to circum¬
stances
—
little cultivated by the Chalda^ans or Egyptians.
§ 2.
Or
by the Jews. No influence exercised in this respect upon the Greeks.
§ 3.
The Phoenicians
;
their extensive commerce and long voyages.
§ 4.
Geographical knowledge derived from thence
:
its extent and
limits very imperfectly known.
§ 5.
Trade of the Phoenicians in tin
:
the
Cassi
terides, or Tin Islands. Gades, the centre of the trade.
§ 6.
Their trade in amber, brought from the northern shores of Europe.
§ 7.
The carrying trade of the iEgean and the Mediterranean in their
hands.
§ 8.
The Cretans the earliest Greek people devoted to navi¬
gation. Notices of them in the Odyssey.
§ 9.
The Trojan War a
proof of an advanced state of navigation
.. .. ..
Page
1
CHAPTEE II.
VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS.
§ 1.
The voyage of the Argonauts a mere legendary tale
—
originally quite un¬
connected with Colchis or the Phasis.
§ 2.
Applied
Ъу
the Greek
colonies to the localities on the Euxine.
§ 3.
Various accounts of
their return.
§ 4.
That given by
Apollonius Ehodius.
§ 5.
Different
accounts of earlier writers. Possible basis of truth in the legend.
19
PAGE
NOTE A. Argonautica of Orpheus
.. ..28
CHAPTEE III.
HOMERIC GEOGRAPHY.
Section
1.—
General Views.
§ 1.
Earliest notions of Greek geography derived from the Homeric Poems
—
these perverted by later writers and commentators. Necessity of
adhering to the original.
§ 2.
Ideas of Homer concerning the earth
XIV
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
and heavens. Hia mention of Atlas.
§ 3.
Ideas concerning the sun
and stars.
§ 4.
No names for cardinal points. Names of winds.
§ 5.
His views of the sea and the Ocean river.
§ 6.
No knowledge of
the three continents
.. ,. .. .. .. ..
Page
31
Section
2.—
Geography of the Iliad.
§ 1,
Local geography of Greece and the neighbouring seas well known to
Homer
:
but all beyond vague or unknown.
§ 2.
The Catalogue of
the ships.
§ 3.
Catalogue of the Trojan forces.
§ 4.
Extent of know¬
ledge proved by these very limited.
§ 5.
Vague indications of more
distant countries.
§ 6.
Knowledge of Phoenicia and Egypt.
§ 7.
Vague and fabulous ideas of .¿Ethiopia
...... 39
Section
3.—
Geography of the Odyssey.
§ 1.
The outer world in the Odyssey
—
the scene of poetical fictions and
legends.
§ 2.
These worked up by Homer into a poetic whole, but not
into a geographical system.
§ 3.
Attachment of legends to definite
localities.
§ 4.
Voyage of Ulysses
:
the Cicones,
Cape Malea,
the
Lotophagi.
§ 5.
The Cyclopes.
§ 6.
The Island of ^Eolus.
§ 7.
The
Lœstrygones.
§ 8.
The Island of Circe
—
visit of Ulysses to Hades.
The Cimmerians.
§ 9.
Homeward voyage
:
the Sirens,
Scylla
and
Charybdis. Thrinakia.
§ 10.
Island of Calypso
:
voyage from thence
to Phaeacia.
§ 11.
The
Phajacians—a
fabulous people, erroneously
placed in Corcyra.
§ 12.
Ithaca and the neighbouring islands
:
diffi¬
culties in regard to their description.
§ 13.
Dulichium. No clear idea
given of these western islands.
§ 14.
Voyage of
Menelaus.
Egypt.
§ 15.
The Ethiopians.
§ 16.
Ignorance of Homer of the eastern
nations
:
and of the west of Europe
.. .. .. .. 49
PAGE
ΝΟΤΕ Α.
Composition
of the Homeric Poems
.. 75
„
В.
Homeric idea of the world
ib.
»
О.
The four winds in Homer
.. 77
„
D.
The
Lœstrygones
..
ib.
„
E.
The Island of Circe
.. 78
„
У-
The
Planctœ
.. 79
»
G.
Course from Ogygia to Scheria
..
.. 81
„
H.
Dulichium
ib.
.,
í.
Homeric Ithaca
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I. XV
CHAPTER IV.
HOMER TO
НЕСАТЖиЅ.
Section
1.—
Poetical Notices subsequent to Homer.
§ 1.
Want of materials for tracing the progress of geographical knowledge
after Homer. Hesiod
:
his poems largely interpolated. Geographical
notices contained in them.
§ 2.
The Epic Cycle and the Homeric
Hymns.
§ 3.
Other poets before the First Olympiad. Aristeas of
Proconnesus
.. ., .. .. .. .. ..
Page
85
Section
2.—
Colonies.
§ 1.
Great development of Greek enterprise in the 7th and 8th centuries
b.c.
Foundation of colonies in Sicily.
§ 2.
In Southern Italy.
§ 3.
At
Corcyra and in the Adriatic
:
and in Campania.
§ 4.
Massilia and its
colonies.
§ 5.
The extension of Greek settlements in Spain and Africa
checked by the Phoenicians.
§ 6.
Cyrene and its colonies in Libya.
§7.
Commercial intercourse with.Egypt. Naucratis.
§8.
Exploration
oftheEuxine. Colonies of Miletus and Megara.
§9.
Settlements
on the west and south coasts.
§ 10,
On the northern shores and in the
Crimea.
§ 11.
Communications with the interior. Aristeas of Procon¬
nesus. The Arimaspians and Hyperboreans.
§ 12.
Destruction of
Miletus, and fall of its power.
§ 13.
The Phocseans
:
their voyage to
Tartessus. Maritime power and trade of the Samians and Rhodians
—
Colonies of Ehodes.
§ 14.
Commercial activity and naval power of
Corinth.
§ 15.
Of Megara.
§ 16.
Of iEgina.
§ 17.
Of Chalcis and
Eretria in Eubcea. Colonies of Chalcis. Inferior position of Athens
before the Persian War.
§ 18.
Colonies and commerce limited to the
inland seas
—
the Mediterranean and the Euxine.
§ 19.
Relations of
Greeks with the Phoenicians.
§ 20.
And with Egypt.
§ 21.
Indi¬
vidual visits to Egypt and Babylon. Increasing knowledge of Asia
after the rise of the Persian monarchy
.. .. .. 91
Section
3.—
Physical Philosophers.
1.
Rise of philosophical speculation in Greece.
Thaïes
of Miletus, his astro¬
nomical views.
§ 2.
Anaximander
:
the inventor of maps.
§ 3.
Anaxi-
menes.
§ 4.
Pythagoras and his followers
:
their improved system of
cosmical science.
§ 5.
How far influenced by ideas derived from the
East. The spherical form of the earth not yet a recognized truth.
120
PAGE
NOTE A. Date of foundation of Cyrene
.. .. 127
„
Б.
Dates assigned to Greek colonies in the
Euxine
,. .. .. .. 128
„
С
The
Thalassocraties
of Castor
.. 130
XVI CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
CHAPTER V.
НЕСАТЖХЈЅ.
Section
1.—
Geography of Becatceus.
§ 1.
The work of
Hecatœus
of Miletus the first regular geographical treatise.
His life and date. Imperfect character of existing remains.
§ 2.
His
work mostly a Periplus of the Mediterranean, but contained notices of
Asia.
§ 3.
His travels.
§ 4.
Arrangement of his work.
§ 5.
Extent
of his information, in regard to the coasts of the Mediterranean.
§ 6.
He had no knowledge of western and northern Europe. Imperfect
acquaintance with Scythia.
§ 7.
His knowledge of Asia in general.
He gives the first notices of India.
§ 8.
Described Egypt in detail.
His notices of the rest of Africa.
§ 9.
His general notions on geography.
His map of the world.
§ 10.
His division of the world into continents.
§ 11.
His want of judgement
.. .. .. ..
Page
134
Section
2.—
liecatœus
to Herodotus.
§ 1.
Writers after Hecataeus. Hellanicus and
Damastes. § 2.
Geographical
notices in jEschylus and Pindar. The wanderings of
Io in
the
Prome¬
theus Vinctus.
§ 3.
The
Prometheus Solutus
and the
Регѕаз.
§ 4.
Pindar
:
his geographical notions
.. .. .. .. 148
PAGE
NOTE A. Character of extant fragments of Heca¬
taeus
.. .. .. .. 153
„
B. Intercourse of the Greeks with
Etruria
ib.
CHAPTER
VI.
HERODOTUS.
Section
1.—
General Views
—
Europe.
§ 1.
Importance of the work of Herodotus in a geographical point of view.
Its desultory and irregular character. Slight notice of the Carthaginians
and Tyrrhenians.
§ 2.
Brief notices of Southern Italy and Sicily.
§ 3.
His travels
:
their extent.
§ 4.
Outline of his views of the con¬
figuration of the world. Asia. The projecting Actae.
§ 5.
Explana¬
tion of his views.
§ 6.
His ignorance of the west and north of Europe.
He rejected the notion of the Cassiterides, and of the river Eridanus
;
and of a northern ocean.
§ 7.
Imperfect knowledge of central Europe.
Thrace and the Danube. The
Getas
and Sigynnae..
§ 8.
His de¬
scription of the Danube and its tributaries. The
Carpis
and Alpis.
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
XVII
§ 9.
The
Kelta)
and Kynetes.
§ 10.
His comparison of
tne
Nile and
the
Ister :
their mouths opposite to one another
.. ..
Page
150
Section
2.—
Scythia.
§ 1.
Extensive information obtained by Herodotus concerning Scythia.
§ 2.
Derived in part from personal knowledge. He discards the fables
current concerning the Hyperboreans, &C.
§ 3.
His account of the
Euxine Sea.
§ 4.
Erroneous estimate of its length.
§ 5.
Exaggerated
notion of the
Palus Mœotis. §
6.
Erroneous idea of the Tauric Penin¬
sula.
§ 7.
Great rivers of Scythia
:
the
Ister. § 8.
Its magnitude
and equable flow,
§ 9.
The Tyras.
§ 10.
The Borysthenes.
§ 11.
The
Tanaïs.
§ 12.
Extent of his knowledge of these rivers.
§ 13.
Other
rivers: the Panticapes, the Hypacyris, and the Gerrhus, cannot be
identified.
§ 14.
The Oarus, the Lycus, &c, equally obscure.
§ 15.
Imperfect sources of information.
§ 16.
Valuable ethnographical
notices. His Scythians a distinct people.
§ 17.
Form and boundaries
of Scythia.
§ 18.
Division of the Scythian tribes.
§ 19.
Nations
surrounding Scythia. The Agathyrsi
:
the Neuri.
§ 20.
The Andro-
phagi
:
the
Melanchlœni.
§ 21.
The
Budini
and
Geloni.
§ 22.
The
Sauromatœ.
§ 23.
Nations towards the north-east beyond the
Budini.
Thyssagetaì
and
Іигсаз.
The
Argippaň. §
24.
Fabulous nations to
the north. The Issedones.
§ 25.
The Arimaspians. Abundance of
gold.
§ 26.
No mention of the Volga.
§ 27.
The Caspian regarded
by Herodotus as surrounded on all sides by land
.. .. 172
Section
3.—
Expedition of Darius into Scythia.
§ 1.
Geographical details of the expedition accord well with the other state¬
ments of Herodotus.
§ 2.
Narrative as given by Herodotus.
§ 3.
Its
difficulties
:
cannot be received as historically correct
;
but presents few
geographical difficulties
.......... 202
PAGE
ΝΟΤΕ Α.
The Actae of Herodotus
.. ..
207
„
В.
The Cimmerians
......
208
„
С.
The Greek Stadium
209
„
D.
Navigation of the Borysthenes
..
211
„
E.
Rivers of Scythia
212
„ F.
The river Oarus
..
213
„
G.
Limits of Scythia
214
„
H.
Ethnographical relations of the Scythians
of Herodotus
215
,
»
I-
Expedition of Darius
..
217
VOL. I.
XVIII CONTENTS
OP
VOL. T.
CHAPTER
VIL
GEOGRAPHY OF HERODOTUS
:
ASIA.
Section
1.—
General Views.
§ 1.
Limits of his knowledge of Asia nearly confined to the Persian Empire.
§ 2.
Imperfect acquaintance with Arabia.
§ 3.
The Erythraean Sea
and Arabian Gulf. No knowledge of the Persian Gulf.
§ 4.
Ignorance
of the countries north of the Persian Empire.
§ 5.
Confused notions
of the Araxes.
§ 6.
The
Massagetœ
;
their abundance of gold.
§ 7.
Account of India: his knowledge confined to the countries on the
Indus.
§ 8.
Voyage of Scylax of Caryanda.
§ 9.
The Pactyans
:
their mode of procuring gold. Indian ants.
§ 10.
Probable locality
and origin of the fable.
§ 11.
Scanty information concerning India in
other respects
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Page
218
Section
2.—
Persian Empire. Satrapies.
§ 1,
His catalogue of the Satrapies derived from an authentic source.
§ 2.
Erroneous geographical notion of Asia Minor.
§ 3.
Imperfect ideas of
the provinces of Upper Asia. No knowledge of the Taurus as a moun¬
tain system.
§ 4.
His enumeration of the Satrapies properly ethno¬
graphical, rather than geographical.
§ 5.
Satrapies of Asia Minor
:
the
first, second and third, including Cappadocia.
§ 6.
The fourth,
Cilicia
:
the fifth, Syria
:
the sixth, Egypt and the Cyrena ica.
§ 7.
The seventh
Satrapy
—
the Gandarians, &C.
§ 8.
The eighth,
Susiana :
the ninth,
Babylonia and Assyria.
§ 9.
The tenth, Media
:
the eleventh, the
Casplans, &c.
§ 10.
The twelfth, Bactria
:
the thirteenth, Armenia
and adjacent tribes.
§ 11.
The fourteenth, the Sagartians, Zarangians,
&c.
§ 12.
The fifteenth, the
Ѕасаз
and Caspians.
§ 13.
The six¬
teenth, the Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, and
Arians.
§ 14.
The
seventeenth, the Paricanians and Ethiopians.
§ 15,
The eighteenth,
the Matienians, Saspirians, &c.
:
the nineteenth, the
Moschi,
Macrones,
&c.
:
the twentieth, India.
§ 16.
Character of this list
:
a statistical
document, without any attempt at geographical arrangement.
§ 17.
Curious account in Herodotus of a plain surrounded by mountains and
sending forth five rivers, lmporfsible to identify
.. .. 231
Section
3.—
lioyal Road to
Susa.
§ 1.
Account of the line of route from Sardis to
Susa,
introduced as an inci¬
dental digression.
§ 2.
Its details and distances.
§ 3.
Its valuable
character. Difficulties in detail.
§ 4.
Followed the upper road from
Sardis to the Tigris
;
not that taken by Cyrus and Alexander
249
PAGE
NOTE A. Indian Tribute
........255
„
B. Scylax of Caryanda
.. .. .. 256
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
XIX
PAGE
NOTE C.
Caspatyrus
* ·
.. 256
„
D.
Indian ants
.. 257
»
E.
Ecbatana
• »
.. 258
„ F.
Royal road to
Susa
..
• ♦
.. 259
„
G.
Uncertainty of measurement
•
a
.. 261
CHAPTEK
VIII.
GEOGRAPHY OF HERODOTUS
:
AFRICA.
Section
1.—
General knowledge of the Continent.
§ 1.
Character of his acquaintance with African shores of the Mediterranean.
His knowledge of the interior derived through Egypt and Cyrene.
§ 2.
His account of the Upper Nile as far as Meroc.
§ 3.
Meroc.
The
Automoli.
§ 4.
Supposed the Nile above
Meroë
to flow from the
west.
§ 5.
Agreement of this view with his account of the Macrobian
Ethiopians.
§ 6.
Sources of the Nile unknown
:
theory of Herodotus.
§ 7.
Narrative of the expedition of the Nasamonians into the interior.
Their discovery of a great river, probably the
Joliba
or Quorra.
§ 8.
The Macrobian Ethiopians
:
expedition of Canibyses against them.
§ 9.
Erroneously placed on the Nile by Strabo.
§ 10.
Division of
Northern Africa into three zones.
§ 11.
Line of inhabited spots from
distance to distance in a direction from east to west.
§ 12.
The Oasis
of Ammon.
§ 13.
Augila. The Garamantes.
§ 14.
The
Atarantes
and
Atlantes.
§ 15.
Desert character of the interior.
§ IG.
The
Troglodyte Ethiopians.
§ 17.
Libyan tribes adjoining the Cyrcnaica,
and along the shores of the Mediterranean.
§ 18.
The Nasamones and
ГѕуШ.
The Lotophagi: the Machlyans: the island of Cyrannis.
§ 19.
Tales of fabulous races rejected by Herodotus.
§ 20.
The Syrtis
and the Lake Tritonis.
§ 21,
Account of dumb commerce carried on
by Carthaginian merchants on the Atlantic coast. Cape Solocis.
§ 22.
Foundation of belief that Africa was surrounded by the Ocean.
Pase 2C2
rr
Section
2.—
Circumnavigation of Africa by Necho.
§ 1.
Narrative as reported by Herodotus.
§2.
Differences of opinion con¬
cerning it in ancient and modern times.
§ 3.
Arguments of Major
Rcnnoll in its favour.
§ 4.
Prima
facie improbability of the story
:
absence of all details.
§ 5.
Argument from the sun being on the right
hand not conclusive. Other difficulties.
§
G. Subsequent neglect of
the voyage and discovery paralleled by similar cases
щ
modern times.
§ 7.
The voyage cannot be disproved, but must be regarded as ex¬
tremely improbable.
§ 8.
Other statements of the Carthaginians.
§ 9.
Unsuccessful attempt of Sataspes
.. .. .. 289
XX
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
PAGE
NOTE A. Use of camels
........ 299
„
B. Distances on the Nile
.. .. ..
ib.
„
С
The Dodecaschcenus
...... 301
„
D. The
Automoli
........ 302
„
E.
Distances on the Upper Nile
.. ..
ib.
„
F. Course of the Nile from west to east
.. 303
„
G. Supposed sources of the Nile
.. .. 304
„
H. Expedition of the Nasamonians
.. 305
„
I. Difficulty of communication with interior
307
„
K. Erroneous position of Carthage
.. 308
„
L. The Oases
.. .. .. ..
ib.
„
M. Symmetrical arrangement of Oases
.. 309
„ N.
Confusion of Great Oasis with that of
Ammon
.. .. .. ..
ib.
„
O. The
Atlantes
of Herodotus
.. .. 310
„
P. The Lotophagi
........ 311
„
Q. The river Cinyps
.. .. .. 312
„
R. TheSyrtis
........ 313
„
S. The Lake Tritonis
.. .. .. 314
„
T. The island of Cyraunis
...... 316
„
V. Circumnavigation of Africa. Opinions
of modern writers
.. .. 317
CHAPTER IX.
VOYAGE OF
HANNO.
§ 1.
Narrative of the voyage transmitted to us. Its first object was colo¬
nization. Progress as far as
Cerne.
§ 2.
First voyage from
Cerne
to
the South.
§ 3.
Second voyage. Proceeds as far as the Southern
Horn. The gorillas.
§ 4.
Authentic character of narrative. Difference
of opinion as to extent of voyage.
§ 5.
Position of
Cerne.
§ 6.
First
voyage reached the Senegal.
§ 7.
Second voyage. Cape Verde.
Theon Ochema. Southern Horn.
§ 8.
Explanation of fires.
§ 9.
The
gorillas really apes.
§ 10.
Erroneous notions concerning the voyage of
Hanno
found in later writers.
§ 11.
Difficulties in regard to earlier
part of voyage.
§ 12.
Carthaginian colonies soon abandoned.
Page
318
PAGE
NOTE A. Editions of the Periplus
.. .. 332
„
B. Position of
Cerne
...... 333
„
С.
Views of
Heeren .. .. .. 334
,;
D.
Notice of
Cerne
in Scylax
.. ..
ib.
„
K. The ri
vor Ch
remetes
.. .. .. 335
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
XXI
CHAPTER X.
WRITERS AFTER HERODOTUS.
Section
1.—
Ctesias.
§ 1.
Progress of geographical knowledge from Herodotus to Alexander imper¬
fectly known. Its limits little extended.
§ 2.
Thucydides. His work
throws little light on geography.
§ 3.
Antiochus of Syracuse.
§ 4.
Ctesias
:
his life and works. The
Persica.
§ 5.
The
Indica
;
full of
fables and absurdities.
§ 6.
Marvellous animals.
§ 7.
Precious stones.
Page
336
Section
2.—
The Anabasis of Xenophon.
§ 1.
Historical narrative by Xenophon of the march of Cyrus and the retreat
of the Ten Thousand
:.
its charm.
§ 2.
His estimates of distances.
§ 3.
March of Cyrus through Phrygia to
Cilicia.
§ 4.
He crosses the
Euphrates at Thapsacus.
§ 5.
Advance from thence to Babylonia.
§ 6.
Battle of Cunaxa and subsequent movements of the Greeks.
§ 7.
Their retreat as far as
Opis.
§ 8.
They quit the Tigris
:
their
march through the Carduchians into Armenia.
§ 9.
Their line of
route traced thus far.
§ 10.
Difficulty in following it to the Euxine.
Steps of the progress according to Xenophon.
§ 11.
Cannot be identi¬
fied in detail.
§ 12.
Independent tribes on the Euxine.
§ 13.
Inter¬
esting notices by Xenophon of the nations through which he passed.
342
PAGE
NOTE
A.
Composition of the Anabasis
359
η
B.
Computation of distances in
Parasangs
ib.
C.
Rate of marching
361
»
D.
Route of Cyrus through Phrygia
..
363
■>·>
E.
Passes between
Cilicia
and Syria
364
7)
F.
March from the Gulf of
Issus
to the
Euphrates
..
36Ò
η
G.
Thapsacus
tö.
η
H.
Position of Pylae
.. .. ..
366
η
I.
Site of Cunaxa
..
369
J?
K.
Ölti
väCC
·■ ·· · ■ #·
шџ
370
L.
The Median
Wall
......
370
>>
M.
March along the Tigris..
372
І)
N.
Ruined cities of Assyria
374
0.
Sources of the Tigris
ib.
J)
P.
Descent through Armenia to Trebizond
375
XXII CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
CHAPTEB XL
WRITERS AFTER XENOPHON.
Section
1.—
Ephorus. The Per ¿plus of Scylax,
§ 1.
Ephorus: his historical writings; contained a general geographical
review.
§ 2.
His general views.
§ 3.
His account of Scythia.
§ 4.
Of Asia Minor.
§ 5.
Of Africa.
§ 6.
Of the Nile.
§ 7.
Theopompus
:
his work of comparatively little interest to geography. Mentioned the
capture of Rome
Ъу
the Gauls.
§ 8.
The Periplus ascribed to Scylax
:
its character.
§ 9.
Its date
:
erroneously ascribed to Scylax of Car-
yanda.
§ 10.
Its plan and arrangement: confined to the Mediterranean
Sea: imperfect knowledge of some parts.
§ 11.
Detailed account of
the Adriatic: supposed it to receive an arm of the
Ister. § 12.
Full
account of the Greek colonies on the Euxine.
§ 13.
The coasts of
Asia Minor and Africa.
§ 14.
Notices of the Atlantic coast of Africa
:
Cape Soloeis and
Cerne.
§ 15.
No account of Indian Ocean.
§ 16.
Distances generally given in days voyages.
§ 17.
List of islands.
Page
379
Section
2.—
Aristotle.
§ 1.
Aristotle has left no regular work on geography
;
but notices in his works
on the Heavens and the
Meteorologica.
§ 2.
His cosmical views
:
derived from Eudoxus of Cnidus.
§ 3.
His views concerning the
Habitable World.
§ 4.
Speculations connected with physical goo-
graphy.
§ 5.
Erroneous ideas concerning the great rivers of Asia.
§
G. And of the West of Europe. Imperfect knowledge of Africa.
§ 7.
Described the Caspian Sea as
isolateti.
§ 8.
The Atlantis of Plato.
395
PAGE
E
A. Age of Scylax
........404
Ľ.
Order of islands in the Mediterranean
406
CHAPTER
XII.
EXPEDITION OF ALEXANDER.
Section
1.—
Campaigns in Central and Western
Ania.
§ 1.
Alexander s expedition into Asia forms an era in ancient geography. It
first opened up to the Greeks a real knowledge of the interior of Asia.
§ 2.
His campaign in Europe against the
Tribalii.
He crosses the Danube.
§3.
Attacks the Illyrians: recalled to Thebes.
§ 4.
He crosses the
Iklles}>ont
:
battle of the Granicus. His operations in Asia Minor.
§ 5.
Advances though Phrygia to Gordium.
§
G. March by Ancyra
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
ХХШ
and through the Cilician gates to Tarsus. Battle of
Issus.
§ 7.
Occupies Syria and Egypt. His expedition to the temple of Ammon.
Foundation of Alexandria.
§8.
His advance into Asia; crosses the
Euphrates and the Tigris
:
battle of Arhela.
§ 9.
Occupies Babylon
and
Susa:
advances to
Persepolis.
§ 10.
Pursues Darius from
Ecbatana through the
Руіаз
Caspia?
:
death of Darius.
§ 11.
Halt at
Hecatompylus
:
descent into Hyrcania.
§ 12.
Subséquent
campaigns
lay through regions previously unknown.
§ 13.
Conditions of inarches
determined by nature of the country
:
imperfection of itineraries.
§ 14.
He pursues Bessus, but turns off into Aria, and thence into
Drangiana
:
advances through Arachosia to the foot of the Hindoo
Koosli. Founds Alexandria ad Caucasum.
§ 15.
Investigation of
route.
§ IG.
Site of Alexandria.
§ 17.
Crosses the Hindoo Koosh
into Bactria.
§ 18.
Operations in Bactiia and
Sogdiana :
advance to
the Iaxartes.
§ 19.
Impossibility of following military movements in
detail.
§ 20.
Foundation of cities
:
general character of the country.
§ 21.
Improved knowledge of the rivers Oxus and Iaxartes
:
but the
latter confused with the Tanais.
§ 22.
Both flowed into the Caspian.
§ 23.
Hearsay information concerning other tribes.
§ 24.
The
Scythians beyond the Iaxartes
.. .. .. ..
Page
407
Section
2.—
Military Operations in India.
§
I. Alexander
recrosses
the Hindoo Koosh
:
engages in the reduction of the
mountain tribes
:
the rock
Аопшѕ.
§ 2.
Impossibility of following
his movements in detail.
§ 3.
Or determining the jwsition of
the several tribes.
§ 4.
He crosses the Indus and the Ilydaspcs
:
defeats
Poras
and advances to the Hyphasis.
§ 5.
The point
which he finally reached cannot be determined.
§
G. Difficulty
in following his operations in the Punjab.
§ 7.
Returns to the
Ilydaspes, and descends that river and the Indus to the sea.
§ 8,
Progress of voyage down the river.
§ 9.
Exaggerated accouut of the
Indus: its supposed sources.
§10.
Its Delta: site of
Pattala.
§11.
Difficulty of identifying the tribes on the Indus
:
the
Maili,
Oxydracaî,
&c.
12.
Alexander designed the permanent conquest of the regions
on the Indus.
§ 13.
Accounts of the wealth and populousncss of
Lidia.
.. ., .. .. .. .. .. 438
Section
3.—
Return to Babylon.
§ 1.
Return of Alexander to the West through
Godroni»,
§ 2.
Great difficulties
and sufferings on the
march.
§ 3.
His progress through Carman
і а
;
rejoined by Nearchus and Craterus.
§ 4.
Returns to
Susa
:
visits the
Persian Gull and Ecbatana.
§
о.
Preparations for exploring the
Caspian Sea.
§ 0.
Returns
Ιυ
Bulu lun:
receives embassies from
many nations, perhaps from the Romaic.
§ 7.
Preparuj
a licet for
XXIV
CONTENTS
OF
VOL. T.
conquest of Arabia
:
sends out expeditions to explore the Persian Gulf;
ath.
§8.
His projects.
§ 9.
Cities founded by
bim ľage
454
l AGE
NOTE A.
Gordium
.. ..
4-06
B.
Pyloc
Сііісіш
467
C.
Mountain Passes near
Issus
.. ,.
ib.
D.
March to the Oracle of Ammon
469
Ľ.
The Oasis of Ammon
..
47U
1>
F.
Thapsacus
..
471
J»
G.
Battle of Arbela
472
11
H.
Ketreat of Darius to Ecbatana #,
475
?)
1
1.
Passes between
Susa
and Perscpolis
ib.
lì
K.
The
Руїгс
Caspia?
477
•я
L.
Hecatompylus
..
479
))
M.
Zadracarta
.. ..
480
η
N.
Estimated distances
..
481
)>
0.
Supposed measurements of Alexander s
route
ib.
t>
ľ.
Eate of travelling on dromedaries
48;5
7?
Q.
The Indian Caucasus
484
J)
R.
Artacoana and Alexandria in Ariis
485
7>
S.
Routes from Herat into Bactria
48ΰ
7>
T.
IVophthasia
488
Tí
u.
Indian tribes west of the Indus
ib.
7>
v.
Climate of Arachosia
., .. ..
489
»
x.
Site of Alexandria ad Caucasum
490
»
Y.
Passes of the Hindoo Koosh
492
z.
Comparative value of the historians of
Alexander
..
493
»
A a.
Legends concerning Bacchus and Her¬
cules
490
B b.
The rock Aornus
ib.
5
C c.
Peucelaotis
498
1>
D d.
Taxila
499
»
K e.
Passage of the
Ну
daspes
ib.
?>
F f.
Geography of the Punjab
500
>1
Gg.
Altars on the Hyphasis
50^
»
H h.
Sangala and the
Cathœi
505
»
Ii.
Boats on the Indus
50«
75
K k.
Descent of the Indus
507
»T
L L
Confluence of the Hydaspes with the
Acesmes
..
508
!ľ
Mm.
Course of the Hyphasis
509
J)
N n.
The Indus identified with the Nile
ib.
Oo.
Width of the Indus
510
»
ľ p.
Source of the Indus
511
Q q-
Delta of the Indus
512
»
R r.
Site of
Pattala
..
513
5ł
Ss.
Cities of the
Malli
......
514
M
T t.
Tlie
Oxyd
iaca?
.. ., ..
,.
515
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
XXV
J AGK
NOTE
au.
Changes in the course of the Indus
..
516
■>■>
V v.
March through Gedrosia
518
»
Xx.
Route through Gedrosia and Carraania
519
Yy·
March of Craterus
521
Z z.
Embassy of the Romans to Alexander
522
lì
A A.
The Pallacopas
..
524
CHAPTEE
XIII.
VOYAGE OF NEARCHUS.
§ 1.
Authentic character of the narrative. Modern writers on the subject.
§ 2.
No statement of point of departure.
§ 3.
Port of Alexander.
Voyage from thence to the
Arabis.
§ 4.
Coast of the Oritie. Cocala,
Malana. §5.
Coast of the Ichthyophagi
:
difficulties and
privations.
§
G.
Geographical details.
§ 7.
More rapid progress as far as Badis.
§ 8.
Battle with whales.
§ 9.
Perplexing astronomical statement.
§ 10.
Voyage along the coast of Carmania and the Persian Gulf.
Meeting with Alexander.
§ 11.
Voyage continued along the coast
of Persia.
§ 12.
Duration of voyage
:
its character
:
its importance
exaggerated
..
a
· ·· · * #■ ■■
Page
525
PAGE
NOTE A.
Comparison with Pliny
542
„
B.
Estimate of distances by sea. Supposed
difference of stadia
.. ,,
544
»
c.
Port of Alexander
546
»
D·
The island of Ashtola
·. .....
547
„
E.
Supposed astronomical changes
548
»
F.
The island of Ormuz
540
»
G-
Diridotis
.. .. .. .,
550
CHAPTEE
XIV.
SUCCESßOES
OF ALEXANDER.
Section
1.—
Megasthenes. Increased knowledge of India.
§ 1.
Establishment of Seleucus in the dominion of Upper Asia. New
division of satrapies.
§ 2.
Kenewed intercourse with India, Sandra-
cotttis. His friendly relations with
Selenens.
§ 3.
Megnst
henos.
His work the chief authority of the ancients concerning India.
§ 4.
Great Indian monarchy on the Ganges.
§ 5.
Journey ofMcgabthenet;
:
the royal road. ^
0.
His account of the Ganges»: and of Palibothia.
§ 7.
Other
nations
ol
Indiu
:
constitution
uť
îijui urchy.
§
S.
Labtet.
XXVI
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
§
U.
Philosophers.
§ 10.
Natural productions.
§ 11.
Fabulous
talcs.
§ 12.
Geographical
information.
§ 13.
First accounts of Tapro-
banc.
§ 14.
Daïmachus.
Notices of India by Patroclcs
Tage 552
Section
2.—
Dactrwn Provinces. Patroclcs.
§
I.
lic vol t
of
Лас
t
ría and
Sogđiana:
establishment of a Greek monarchy
there1.
§ 2.
Very little information concerning it. No extension of
іЛ ицгярінсііі
knowledge.
§3.
Wealth and power for a short time.
§ ·!.
Pafrocles: was governor of
tbc
provinces from India to the
C iispiiin
:
asserted the Caspian to be an inlet of the Ocean. His authority
mi this point universally received
.. .. .. .. 501)
CHAPTER XV.
TUB PTOLEMIES IN EGYPT.
Section
1.—
The Ptolemies in Egypt. The lied Sea. The Nile.
§
I. Extension of pcographical knowledge arising from foundation of Alex¬
andria, and of a Greek monarchy in Egypt.
§ 2.
Extensive trade in
the Red Sea, and foundation of cities to promote it. Arsinoe, Berenice,
Myos
Ногишя.
§ 3.
Settlements further south.
Ptolemnïs
Epitheras.
§ 4.
Land of Cinnamon and the Southern Horn.
§ 5.
Trade with
India: not direct, but through the Salmans.
§
G. Account of these
by A Kith arch ides. Arabia Felix.
§7.
Progress of knowledge of the
Nilo.
Mei oe . The
afìluents
of the Nile.
§8.
The two arms: the
111 no and White Nile:
lhe Sembritíu:
the Cataracts.
§
J. No ex¬
tension by conquests in Ethiopia or in the interior of Libya.
§ 10.
Timosthenes
:
his treatise on Ports: one of the chief authorities of
Eratosthenes. His division of the winds
.. .. .. 570
Section
2.—
Progress of Discovery in Western
Еищ>е.
Pythcas.
Timœus.
§ 1.
Extension of knowledge of Western Europe: chiefly owing to
ľytheas.
His date.
§2.
His account of Britain and Thule: received by Era¬
tosthenes, but rejected by Polybius and Strabo.
§ 3.
Examination of
his statements with regard to Gaul and Spain.
§ 4.
And to Britain
and Thule.
§ 5.
His supposed voyage to the
Tanaïs.
His account
of the origin of amber.
§ 0.
Other particulars concerning northern
lands, founded on truth. His astronomical observations
:
latitude
assigned to Thule.
§ 7.
No mention of
Сааві
téridet?. §
8.
Tima-lis:
CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
XXVII
his historical work. Geographical notices contained in it. The island
of Mictis.
§ 9.
Theophrastus. The treatise
Dc Mirabilibus
ascribed to Aristotle, but belongs to third century n.c.
§ 10.
Curious
notices contained in it. First notice of the Fortunate Islands.
§11.
General extension of trade and intercourse
.. .. ..
Page
58Ü
F
Λ
GB
NOTE A. MyosIIormus
........ 607
„
В.
African elephants
.. .. ..
ΐό.
„
С.
Land of Cinnamon
., .. .. 608
„
D. Monument of Adulis
.. .. .. 609
„
E. The winds as known to the anctcuts
..
G
10
„ F.
Dimensions of Britain
.. .. ..
(Hli
„
G. Sir G. Lewis on credibility of Pytheas ¡ft.
„
H. Astronomical phenomena at Thule
,.
(il. i
CHAPTER
XVI.
ERATOSTHENES.
§ 1.
Eratosthenes the parent of scientific geography. His date and life.
§ 2.
Dicsearchus his predecessor
:
his works.
§ 3.
His attempts to
measure the elevation of mountains.
§ 4.
State of geographical science
in the time of Eratosthenes. He undertakes to reform the map of the
world.
§ 5.
His ideas of the position and figure of the earth.
§ 6.
His
attempt to determine its circumference.
§ 7.
Defects of his method,
and sources of error.
§ 3.
Result after all a near approximation. He
reckoned
700
stadia to a degree.
§ 9.
Ніз
conception of the Inhabited
World.
§ 10.
His attempts to determine its limits.
§ 11.
Draws one
main parallel from the Sacred Promontory to the Indian Ocean,
§ 12.
Points through which it passed in the Mediterranean. Its inaccuracies.
§ 13.
Draws a meridian line through Alexandria and Khodes at right
angles with it.
§ 14.
Errors in latitude.
§ 15.
Still greater errors in
longitude.
§ 16.
Mode of calculation of distances. His estimate of
length of Mediterranean.
§ 17.
Other distances given in Mediterra¬
nean.
§ 18.
His imperfect knowledge of Western Europe. Followed
Pythcas in regard to Thule and Britain. Ill acquainted with Scythia
and Germany.
§ 19.
Determination of northern and southern limits
of the world.
§ 20.
Other distances along principal meridian. Excess
in computation.
§ 21.
Continuation of parallel of latitude eastward
through
Asia. Its coincidence with range of Mount Taurus.
§ 22.
Distances along this parallel. Length of habitable world.
§ 23.
His
ideas of the Eastern Ocean
:
and of the Caspian.
§ 24.
Of India; and
Taprobane.
§ 25.
Of Arabia.
§ 2(3.
Its physical character and tribes.
Xxviii CONTENTS
OF VOL. I.
§ 27.
Of the Red Sea.
§ 28.
His accurate knowledge of the Nile and
its tributaries.
§ 29.
Ignorant of the rest of Africa.
§ 30.
He gave
few details of countries.
§ 31.
His division into Sphragides.
§ 32.
His views on Homeric geography.
§ 33.
Imperfect ideas of physical
geography.
§ 34.
Speculations on changes in sea level.
§ 35.
Notices
of
changos
in surface of earth
., .. .. ..
Page
С
15
PAGE
NOTE A. Observations of latitude
.. .. 661
„
B. Gossel
lin s theory
.. .. ... 662
„
C. Southern limit of habitable world
.. 664
„
D. Distance from Alexandria to Rhodes
.. 665
„
E. Promontory of Tamarus
.. .. 666
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| spelling | Bunbury, Edward Herbert Verfasser aut A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 1 Amsterdam/Uithoorn Gieben (1979) XXX, 666 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV008865054 1 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005863653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bunbury, Edward Herbert A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_auth | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_exact_search | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| title_full | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 1 |
| title_fullStr | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 1 |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of ancient geography Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire 1 |
| title_short | A history of ancient geography |
| title_sort | a history of ancient geography among the greeks and romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the roman empire |
| title_sub | Among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005863653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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