Geography: an integrated approach
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Walton-on-Thames u.a.
Nelson
1990
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 488 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0174440650 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Waugh, David |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geography |b an integrated approach |c David Waugh |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Walton-on-Thames u.a. |b Nelson |c 1990 | |
| 300 | |a 488 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Geografie | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804122740724072448 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Matrix for use of quantitative techniques 6
Where to find Frameworks for Thinking* 6
Introduction for the reader 7
Index of case studies 8
CHAPTER 1 PLATE TECTONICS AND VULCANICITY 9
Our unstable earth 9, Earthquakes 10, Isles 19, Vulcanicity 23, Extrusive land-
Continental drift and plate tectonics 13, forms 23, How can we classify volcanoes?
The theory of plate tectonics 15, Landforms 23, Intrusive landforms 27, How do plate
at constructive plate margins 17, Landforms tectonics 5 and vulcanicity affect human
at destructive plate margins 18, Conservative activity? 29
margins 18, Plate tectonics and the British
CHAPTER 2 WEATHERING AND MASS MOVEMENT 30
movements 35, Flow movements 36,
Rapid movements 37, Very rapid move-
ments 37, Development of slopes 39,
Slope elements 40, Slope development
through time 41
CHAPTER 3 DRAINAGE BASINS AND RIVERS 43
The drainage basin as a system 43, Ele- Comparing drainage basins 54, River form
ments of the drainage basin system 43, 56, Types of flow 56, Transportation 59,
frameworks for thinking l: A systems ap- Erosion 63, Deposition 63, Fluvial
proach 44, The water balance 46, The storm landforms 64, Results of erosion 64, Effects
hydrograph 47, Controls in the drainage of fluvial deposition 66, Effects of combined
basin and on the storm hydrograph 48, River erosion and deposition 68, Base level and
régimes 51, Morphometry of drainage the graded river 69, Changes in base level
basins 52, frameworks for thinking 2: 70, Drainage patterns 72, River capture 73,
Quantitative techniques and statistical Human activity in the drainage basin 74
methods of data interpretation 53,
CHAPTER 4 GLACIATION 77
Ice ages 77/ Climatic change 77, Snow 85, Mean, median and mode 86, Transporta-
accumulation and ice formation 80, Classi- tion by ice 90, Glacial deposition 90,
fication of glaciers 80, Glacial systems and Landforms characteristic of glacial deposi-
budgets 81, Glacier movement and tern- tion 92, Fluvioglacial deposition 94,
perature 83, Processes of glacial erosion Other effects of glaciation 99, Human
84, Landforms produced by glacial erosion activity and glaciation 100
Weathering processes 30, Physical
weathering 30, Chemical weathering 32,
Climatic controls on weathering 34, Mass
movement 35, Processes of mass move-
ment and resultant landforms 35, Slow
CHAPTER 5 PERIGLACIATION 101
Permafrost 102, Periglacial processes weathering 105, Snow 106, Meltwater 106,
and landforms 102, Ground ice 103, Frost Wind 107, Thermokarst 107
Contents
CHAPTER 6 COASTS 109
Waves 109, Wave terminology 110, Wave cation of coasts 130, Changes in sea level
refraction 111, Beaches 112, Tides 115, 131, Landforms created by sea level changes
Storm surges 116, Which erosion pro- 132, People and the coastal environment
cesses operate at the coast? 117, What 134, Land loss and pollution 134, Sampling
affects the rate of erosion? 118, Erosion land- 137, Sampling techniques 137, frameworks
forms 119, Transportation of beach material for thinking 4: Why sample? 138, Standard
119, Coastal deposition 122, frameworks error calculations 141
FOR thinking 3: Why classify? 130, Classifi-
CHAPTER7 DESERTS 145
What is a desert? 145, Explanations for and water 149, Aeolian (wind) processes
deserts 146, Desert landscapes 147, Arid 149, The effects of water 153, Climatic
processes and landforms 147, Weathering change 156, Conclusion: wind versus water
processes 147, The importance of,wind —past and present 157
CHAPTER 8 ROCK TYPES AND LANDFORMS 158
Which lithological features affect geo- of Carboniferous limestone 162, Chalk 163,
morphology? 158, Limestone 160, Car- Economic value of chalk 164, Granite 164,
boniferous limestone 160, Economic value Economic value of granite 165, Basalt 166
CHAPTER 9 WEATHER AND CLIMATE 167
The structure of the atmosphere 167, fronts — how do they affect the British Isles?
Composition of the atmosphere 168, 191, How depressions are formed 193, Anti-
Energy in the atmosphere 168, The heat cyclones 197, Tropical cyclones 198, The
budget 170, Global factors affecting insola- monsoon 200, Meso-scale: local winds
tion 171, Atmospheric moisture 174, 201, The land and sea breeze 201, The
Humidity 175, Condensation 176, Air mountain and valley wind 202, The föhn 202,
stability and instability 177, Temperature Microclimates 203, Urban climates 203,
inversions 179, Clouds 181, Precipitation Forest and lake microclimates 204, Weather
181, World precipitation: distribution and maps and forecasting in Britain 205,
reliability 185, Atmospheric motion 186, Measures of dispersion 208, frameworks
A hierarchy of atmospheric motion 187, for thinking 5: Measures of dispersion 208,
Planetary scale: atmospheric circulation Range, interquartile range and standard
188, The tricellular model 188, Rossby deviation 208, Climatic change 210,
waves and jet streams 189, Macro-scale: Causes of climatic change 211
synoptic systems 191, Air masses and
CHAPTER 10 SOILS 213
What is soil? 213, How is soil formed?
213, The soil profile 215, The soil system
216, Soil properties 216, Processes of soil
formation 225, British soils 226, Non-British
soils 226, Soil classification 228, Zonal,
CHAPTER 11 BIOGEOGRAPHY 240
Seres 240, Four basic seres forming a primary cycling 254, Biomes 256, Modification of
succession 242, Secondary succession 248, biomes by humans 258, The spatial pattern
Vegetation changes in the Holocene 249, of world biomes 258, frameworks for
Ecology and ecosystems 250, The eco- thinking 6: Scientific enquiry: hypothesis
system 250, Energy flows 252, Material testing 259
intrazonal and azonal soil classification
228, Zonal soils 229, Intrazonal soils 229,
Azonal soils 230, The soil catena 231, Soil
erosion and conservation 234, Soil
degradation 234, Soil conservation 236
4
CHAPTER 12 WORLD CLIMATE, SOILS AND VEGETATION 261
Why classify climates? 261, The world’s margin climates in Asia 273, Cool temperate
major climatic zones 263, Equatorial 263, continental 274, Cool temperate western
Tropical eastern margins 266, Tropical con- margins 276, Cold climates 278, Arctic
tinental 266, Hot deserts 269, Mediterranean climates 280
(warm temperate margins) 270, Eastern
CHAPTER 13 POPULATION 283
Distribution and density 285, frameworks 303, Internal migration in Third World
FOR thinking 7: Scale and generalisations countries 307, External migration 308,
286, Sparsely populated areas 287, Densely Multi-cultural societies 311, Daily migration:
populated areas 288, Changes in time: commuting 315, Optimum, over- and
population growth 290, Birth rates, death under-population 317, Theories relating
rates and natural increase 290, frameworks to world population and food supply 319,
for thinking 8: Models 293, Population Population, resources and development
structure 295, Population pyramids 295, 321, Population and food supply 321, The
Future trends 297, Lorenz curves 300, concept of economic development 325,
Changes in space: migration 301, Criteria for measuring development 325,
Migration laws and a migration model 302, Correlation and development 327, Spearman
Internal migration in developed countries , rank correlation coefficient 328
CHAPTER 14 SETTLEMENT 330
Early settlement 330, Site and situation of Nearest neighbour analysis 340, The rank-
early settlements 331, Functions of settle- size rule 342, Central place theory 344,
ments 334, Differences between rural and Range and threshold of central place
urban settlement 335, Rural settlement functions 345, Christaller’s model of central
336, Morphology 336, Dispersed and places 345, Interaction or gravity models
nucleated rural settlement 337, Changes 348, Reilly’s law of retail gravitation (1931)
in rural settlement in Britain 339, 348, Measuring settlement patterns: con-
Measuring settlement patterns 340, elusion 349
CHAPTER 15 URBANISATION 350
Models of urban structure 351, Burgess 369, The Third World: urban models
351, Hoyt 353, Mann 354, Harris and 371, frameworks for thinking 10: Stereo-
Ullman 354, Models of urban structure: types 372, Problems resulting from rapid
conclusions 355, The land value model or growth 374, frameworks for thinking i u
bid-rent theory 355, Functional zones How reliable are statistics? 375, Improve-
within a city 358, The central business ments and selfhelp schemes in Third
district (CBD) 358, Shopping 360, Offices World housing 376, Relocation by govern-
365, Industry 366, frameworks for thinking ments: ‘formal housing’ 376, Upgrading
9: Values and attitudes 367, Issues of inner schemes 376, Site and service schemes 376,
cities in Britain 367, Social inequality 367, New towns 377
Government policies for the inner cities
CHAPTER 16 RURAL LAND USE 380
Farming 381, Environmental controls How relevant is von Thunen’s theory to
on farming 381, Physical factors affecting the modern world? 392, Why is it difficult
farming 381, Cultural (human) factors to apply von Thiinen’s ideas to the modern
affecting farming 384, Economic factors world? 395, Conclusions 396, The farming
affecting farming 386, Von Thiinen’s system 396, Types of agricultural econ-
model of rural land use 387, Develop- omies 396, World distribution of farming
ments of von Thiinen’s theory 388, Modifica- types 398, Hunters and gatherers 399,
tions to von Thiinen’s land use model 391, Nomadic herding 399, Shifting cultivation
Contents
(extensive subsistence agriculture) 401, China 416, Farming types and economic
Intensive subsistence farming 401, The development 417, Problems of how to
Green Revolution 403, Tropical commercial increase food supplies in the Third World
(plantation) agriculture 404, Extensive 419, Farming and the environment 420,
commercial pastoralism (live-stock ranch- Forestry 424, Commercial forestry in the
ing) 406, Extensive commerical grain 407, developed and the Third World 424, The
Intensive commercial agriculture 408, consequences of deforestation 424, Extrac-
Mediterranean agriculture 411, Irrigation tion of mineral resources 426, Tourism
411, Agriculture in socialist economies 428
414, Farming in the USSR 414, Farming in
CHAPTER 17 INDUSTRY 430
The location of industry 430, Factors dustries: the M4 corridor 442, The location
affecting the location of manufacturing in- quotient 443, Industrial linkages and the
dustry 431, Theories of industrial location multiplier effect 444, The multiplier effect
434, Weber’s model of industrial location and Myrdal’s model of cumulative causation
434,.Spatial distribution of transport costs 445, Industrial regions 446, South Wales
437, D. Smith’s area of maximum profit 439, 446, The Ruhr 447, Stages in economic
Industrial location: changing patterns growth 450, The Rostow model 450, Barke
439, Primary industry: wood pulp and paper and O’Hare’s model for West Africa 451,
in Sweden 440, Industry tied to raw Employment structures 452, Employment
materials: iron and steel in the UK 440, in Third World countries 453, Intermediate
Market-orientated industry: car manufacture technology 455, Industry in a centrally
in Japan 442, Market-orientated hi-tech in- planned economy: China 457
CHAPTER 18 TRANSPORT AND TRADE 460
Transport 460, Characteristics of modern
transport systems 460, Types of transport
462, Inland waterways 462, Ocean shipping
463, Rail transport 465, Road transport 466,
Air transport 467, Government policies
467, Transport and the environment 468,
Transport routes and networks 470, A
single route location 470, Transport net-
A r r works 471, The connectivity of networks
Matrix for use of 472 Model showing the evolution of a
quantitative
techniques Index 482
transport network in a Third World country
475, Interaction (gravity) models 476,
International trade 476, The development
of international trade 476, Directions of
international trade 477, Comparison of
trading links between developed, Third
World and OPEC countries 479, Future trade
and the Third World countries 479, Britain’s
trade 479
Quantitative technique/ Explained or used
statistical method on page
Measures of central tendency
mean, median and mode 86,87
Measures of dispersion
Range 208,210
Interquartile range 208,210
Quartile deviation 209,210
Standard deviation 209, 138,210
Normal distributions 86,138
Confidence levels 141,138,329, 342.
Description of spatial distributions
Sampling 137-140,143,144
Standard error 141,144
Standard error of binomial data 142
Minimum sample size 143
N earest neighbou r analysis 340-342
Location quotients 443 7 • ■
Lorenz curves 300,301
Cumulative frequency 300
Correlations
Scatter diagrams 327,259,328,418
Spearman’s rank 328,329,259,418,453
Gravity/interaction models 348,476
Where to find
FRAMEWORKS FOR THINKING
Page
1 A systems approach 44
2 Quantitative techniques 53
3 Why classify? 130
4 Why sample? 138
5 Measures of dispersion 208
6 Scientific enquiry: hypothesis testing 259
7 Scale and generalisations 286
8 Models 293
9 Values and attitudes 367
10 Stereotypes 372
11 How reliable are statistics? 375
6
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| spelling | Waugh, David Verfasser aut Geography an integrated approach David Waugh 1. publ. Walton-on-Thames u.a. Nelson 1990 488 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geografie Geography Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005513527&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Waugh, David Geography an integrated approach Geografie Geography Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020216-1 |
| title | Geography an integrated approach |
| title_auth | Geography an integrated approach |
| title_exact_search | Geography an integrated approach |
| title_full | Geography an integrated approach David Waugh |
| title_fullStr | Geography an integrated approach David Waugh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geography an integrated approach David Waugh |
| title_short | Geography |
| title_sort | geography an integrated approach |
| title_sub | an integrated approach |
| topic | Geografie Geography Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Geography |
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