Africa's ecology: sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Jefferson, NC u.a.
McFarland
1993
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 293 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0899508596 |
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Illustrations
Figures xi
Tables xvi
Abbreviations xix
Preface xxi
Introduction: Sustaining Africa's Diversity 2
Part I : The Status of
the African Environment
1 Africa's Parks and Reserves 21
2 Housing Conditions in Rural Africa:
A Case Study of Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria 53
3 Issues of Tourism Development in Africa 72
4 Agriculture: Commercial and Subsistence 94
5 The African Forest 126
6 The Savannas of Africa 152
7 The Desert of Africa 270
8 Impact on Water and Soil Resources 183
Part II : International and Domestic
Policies for Developing Africa's Resources
9 Past, Present, and Future Activities:
Efforts and Consequences 213
ix
x Table of Contents
10 Women's Contribution to the Preservation
of Africa's Resources 235
11 Conclusions and Recommendations
for Planning and Management 259
Appendix: Survey Instrument 273
Bibliography 279
Index 287
Illustrations
FIGURES
0.1: Pastoralism in Lagos Badagry, Nigeria, 1991. 2
0.2: Mulch prepared for fertilizing the soil, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 2
0.3: Vegetable production in Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 3
0.4: Row planting in Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 3
0.5: Hole dug to store water for agriculture. 4
0.6: Small scale farming. Farmer watering his crops, Lagos,
Nigeria, 1991. 4
0.7: Typical traditional house in the southeastern region
of Nigeria, 1991. 5
0.8: Clearing the bush for human shelter, Ikot Ekpene,
Nigeria, 1991. 7
0.9: Construction site for a modern house, Ikot Ekpene,
Nigeria, 1991. 7
0.10: Traffic congestion, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 13
0.11: Flooding during the rainy season resulting in traffic
hazards, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 13
1.1: Some African biosphere reserves. 22
1.2: The parks and reserves of Kenya. Source: Williams, 1967. 28
1.3: The parks and reserves of Tanzania. Source: Williams, 1967. 29
1.4: The parks and reserves of Uganda. Source: Williams, 1967. 30
1.5: An elephant at "Marine World/Africa USA," Vallejo,
California, 1987. 37
1.6: Giraffes at "Marine World/Africa USA," Vallejo, California,
1987. 38
1.7: Quarry facing erosion problems, Onitsha, Nigeria, 1989. 39
1.8: Erosion conquering a quarry site, Onitsha, Nigeria, 1989. 39
1.9: Vicarage of St. Thomas Anglican Church, Badagry,
Nigeria, 1989. 41
xi
xii Illustrations (Figures)
1.10: Vicarage of St. Thomas Anglican Church and Nigerian
tourists, Badagry, Nigeria, 1989. 41
1.11: An American tourist inspecting the first two story
building in Badagry, Nigeria, 1989. 42
1.12: Young cultural dancers, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1989. 42
1.13: Traditional houses, Badagry Beach, Nigeria, 1989. 43
1.14: Masqueraders, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1989. 44
1.15: Parrots at a local zoo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1989. 44
1.16: A leopard at a local zoo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, 1989. 45
1.17: Nigerian couple enjoying a Sunday afternoon, Lagos
Bar Beach, 1989. 45
1.18: Nigerian children posing for tourist photos while at play,
Badagry, Nigeria, 1989. 46
1.19: Foreign tourist enjoying the beach, Lekki Beach, Nigeria, 1991. 46
1.20: Fish farm and tourist centre, Ikot Obong, Nigeria, 1991. 47
1.21: Vultures in natural habitat, Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 48
1.22: Mary Slessor's burial site, Itu, Nigeria, 1991. 48
1.23: Murtala Mohammed Airport, Ikeja, Nigeria, 1991. 49
1.24: Lagos Port, Nigeria, 1991. 49
1.25: Lagos Island business center, Nigeria, 1991. 50
2.1: Map of study area in Nigeria. 55
2.2: Road network map of Ikot Ekpene. 56
2.3: Oil palm production farm. 57
2.4: Clearing land for housing. 57
2.5: Road leading to settlements. 58
2.6: A property owner in his garden. 59
2.7: Property owner describing the different fruits and crops in
his compound. 60
2.8: Traditional house. 61
2.9: Property owner weaving the roof of his home. 62
2.10: Children watching their skillful father weaving the
palm fronds. 62
2.11: Informal building to the left. 63
2.12: Finished cinder blocks, ready for building and remodeling. 65
2.13: Blocks are used for constructing a wall around a compound. 65
2.14: Completed modern building. 66
2.15: Village building. 66
3.1: Privately managed transportation depot, Benin City,
Nigeria, 1991. 74
Illustrations (Figures) xiii
3.2: Travelers emerging from transportation depot restaurant,
Benin City, Nigeria, 1991. 74
3.3: A proud owner/driver of a canoe, 1991. 75
3.4: A foreign passenger being taken across the "Cross River" in
Itu, Akwa Ibom state, 1991. 75
3.5: Itu dock for embarkment and disembarkment of passengers,
1991. 76
3.6: Bar Beach, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 76
3.7: Foreign tourists at Lekki Beach, Victoria Island, Nigeria,
1991. 77
3.8: Local citizens spending their weekend at Lekki Beach,
Nigeria, 1991. 77
3.9: Local citizens preparing barbecue for sale to visitors at
Lekki Beach, Nigeria, 1991. 78
3.10: Religious activities at Lekki Beach, Nigeria, 1991. 78
3.11: Traditional wood carvings for sale to visitors, Lekki Beach,
Nigeria, 1991. 79
3.12: Transportation taxi for visitors at Lekki Beach, Nigeria, 1991. 79
3.13: Metropolitan Hotel, Calabar, Nigeria, 1991. 80
3.14: Qwa River Hotel, Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 81
3.15: Mobil Pegasus Club, Eket, Nigeria, 1991, housing for
Mobil Oil Company guests. 81
3.16: Aesthetically pleasing Mobil Pegasus compound. 82
3.17: Tourist Plaza, Calabar, Nigeria, 1991. 82
3.18: Cultural Center, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 83
3.19: Slave Port, Badagry, Nigeria, 1991. S3
3.20: Rural nature expedition, Ikot Obong, Nigeria, 1991. 84
3.21: Local children at Badagry Beach, Nigeria, act as guides
for tourists, 1991. 91
4.1: Population growth rates. 99
4.2: Erosion destroying an access road and damaging
surrounding land, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 107
4.3: Subsistence farmlands threatened by erosion due to road
construction, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 108
4.4: Clearance of forest by humans causing erosion in Ikot
Obong, Nigeria, 1991. 108
4.5: Typical soil profile. 109
4.6: The formation process of sheet and gully erosion. 110
4.7: Bush fallow (shifting cultivation) of plantain, banana,
cocoyams, and oil palm, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 114
xiv Illustrations (Figures)
4.8: Rudimentary sedentary agriculture (shifting cultivation) in
which tree crops and goats are raised, Ikeja, Nigeria, 1991. 224
4.9: Compound farming, intensive subsistence agriculture
(shifting agriculture), Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 225
4.10: Compound farming, Ikeja, Nigeria, 1991. 225
4.11: Flood land agriculture, maize, Itu, Nigeria, 1991. 226
4.12: Real commodity prices. 229
4.13: Subsistence farmers conducting daily business, Itu,
Nigeria, 1991. 223
4.14: Community subsistence farmlands in the background,
Itu, Nigeria, 1991. 123
5.1: The forest in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, 1991. 227
5.2: The impact of bridge construction on the forest, Itu,
Nigeria, 1991. 127
5.3: Unpaved roads in the forest cause environmental problems,
Ikot Obong, Nigeria, 1991. 125
5.4: The establishment of rural business necessitates forest
clearance, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 22S
5.5: Village center, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 129
5.6: Village elementary school, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 129
5.7: Forest burning and clearance for industries and roads,
Ogbomosho, Nigeria, 1991. 232
5.8: Cultivated habitat, Lagos Badagry Road, Nigeria, 1991 232
5.9: Deforestation in Africa. 234
5.10: Nigeria's net trade in forest products (sawnwood +
panel + pulp + paper). 238
5.11: A study of the public's awareness of soil, water, and
natural resource problems in Nigeria. 239
5.12: Fishing industry is threatened by offshore exploration,
Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 145
5.13: Urbanization threatens quality of water and fish,
Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 245
5.14: The Nigeria environmental problem. 246
6.1: Schematic diagram of savanna formation. 253
6.2: Savanna vegetation, western Nigeria, 1991. 154
6.3: Burning in a savanna region of western Nigeria, 1991. 254
6.4: The biogeographical map of Africa. 256
6.5: Africa's natural vegetation. 257
6.6: Cattle grazing in western Nigeria, guinea savanna woodland. 259
7.1: Africa's vegetation zones. 272
Illustrations (Figures) xv
8.1: Rivers and lakes of Africa. 294
8.2: Major dams of Africa. 195
8.3: Project impact matrix. 197
8.4: Bridge linking villages to water source, Calabar River,
Nigeria, 1991. 202
8.5: Modern water supply facility, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 204
8.6: Drums of water for domestic use, Ikot Ekpene,
Nigeria, 1991. 204
8.7: Tank containing water for sale, Orile, Iganmu, Nigeria,
1991. 205
8.8: Well water in an urban area, Orile, Iganmu, Nigeria, 1991. 206
8.9: Young boys and girls fetching water from neighbors,
Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria, 1991. 207
8.10: Schematic flow diagram of environmental impact
assessment. 208
9.1: Residents of Orile, Iganmu, Nigeria, display a snake
killed. 215
9.2: The rivers provide fish for inhabitants of Ibuno, Nigeria,
1991. 215
9.3: The division of Africa, 1885. 218
10.1: Young girls returning home with buckets of water, Uyo,
Nigeria, 1991. 236
10.2: Woman farmer going to her farm, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria,
1991. 236
10.3: Young mother and child, Eket, Nigeria, 1991. 237
10.4: Women traders, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 237
10.5: Young hawker of goods, Orile, Nigeria, 1991. 238
10.6: Club manager with "middle class" friends, Eket, Nigeria,
1991. 238
10.7: Females in total school enrollment (1988, %). 239
10.8: Young Nigerian secondary school students, Uyo, Nigeria,
1991. 240
10.9: Women in agriculture (% share of economically active
women, 1980). 241
10.10: Nigerian women, educator and nurse, with a male
engineer, Benin City, Nigeria, 1991. 251
10.11: Nigerian woman enjoys the calmness of Lekki Beach,
Nigeria, 1991. 251
11.1: Shanty development, Lagos suburb, Nigeria, 1989. 261
11.2: Shanty housing and business establishments, Lagos
suburb, Nigeria, 1989. 261
xvi Illustrations (Tables)
11.3: Scattered public housing, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 262
11.4: Poorly planned housing development, Lagos, Nigeria, 1991. 262
11.5: Modern public high rise building, Victoria Island,
Nigeria, 1991. 263
TABLES
0.1: Projects with Environmental Components Approved in
Fiscal 1990 25
0.2: Expenditures by Bank Environmental Units in Fiscal 1990 16
1.1: Percentage of Land Area in Park Land 25
1.2: The National Parks and Game Reserves of East Africa 27
1.3: Estimates of Forest Areas and Deforestation Rates
in the Tropics 32
1.4: African Countries with the Highest Numbers of Species
for Selected Organisms 36
2.1: Comparison of Ratings of Housing Attributes in Ikot Ekpene 69
3.1: Growth of Tourist Arrivals in Zambia 89
3.2: Tourist Arrivals in Zambia 90
3.3: Comparative Data on International Tourism in
Selected Developing Countries, 1970 91
3.4: Tourism Financing by the International Finance Corporation 92
3.5: Commitments for Tourism Projects under World Bank
Loans to Development Finance Companies 92
4.1: Agriculture and Food Situations of African Countries 96
4.2: Africa: Environment and Development Indicators
(per capita) W0
4.3: Urbanization in African Countries 104
4.4: Food Aid Requirements, 1991 106
4.5: Prevailing Systems of Agriculture on Small Farms,
Main Regions of Use, Major Crops and Animal Species,
and Food Sources for Animals in Africa 112
4.6: Shifting Cultivation in Some African Countries 227
4.7: Relationships between Livestock Production and Crop
Production in Africa 121
4.8: Pastoral and Agro pastoral Communities in Tropical Africa 122
5.1: Wildlife Habitat Loss in Africa South of the Sahara 131
5.2: Household Energy Consumption 235
5.3: Household Energy Consumption for Selected Countries
(1980) 136
Illustrations (Tables) xvii
5.4: Health and Nutrition 140
5.5: Nigerian Population Census Figures 143
5.6: Awareness of the Seriousness of Ecological Problems
of Soil, Water, and Natural Resources in Nigeria 249
5.7: Adequacy and Appropriateness of Ecological Services
for Soil, Water, and Natural Resources in Nigeria 150
6.1: Development of International Tourist Arrivals and
Receipts in Africa (1980 89) 167
6.2: International Tourism Receipts and Exports (1984
and 1988) in Africa 168
8.1: Population Growth and Projections of African Countries 285
8.2: Water Resources of African Countries 186
8.3: 1980 Expected Levels of Service (Populations in
Thousands and %) 188
8.4: Decade Targets for Urban Water Supply and Sanitation 290
8.5: Decade Targets for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 292
8.6: African Scholars' Ranking of Water Supply Constraints 292
8.7: World Bank Lending in Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation: Total Lending and Percentage of Project
Lending, 1974 85 293
8.8: Assessment Parameters 298
9.1: Structure of Manufacturing 224
9.2: Manufacturing Earnings and Output 226
9.3: Growth of Consumption and Investment 228
9.4: U.S. Biodiversity Investments per 1000 Hectares in Africa
in 1989 232
10.1: African Women in Development 246
10.2a: Forests, Protected Areas, and Water 248
10.2b: Forests, Protected Areas, and Water 249
10.3: Elephant Numbers: Regions and Selected Countries 257
11.1: African Countries by Region 270 |
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| id | DE-604.BV008245280 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:50:57Z |
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| publisher | McFarland |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | James, Valentine Udoh Verfasser aut Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent by Valentine Udoh James Jefferson, NC u.a. McFarland 1993 XXI, 293 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nachhaltigkeit Biodiversity conservation Africa Natural resources Africa Management Sustainable development Africa Landesentwicklung (DE-588)4123607-5 gnd rswk-swf Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Afrika Africa Environmental conditions Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Landesentwicklung (DE-588)4123607-5 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-604 Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005444178&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | James, Valentine Udoh Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent Nachhaltigkeit Biodiversity conservation Africa Natural resources Africa Management Sustainable development Africa Landesentwicklung (DE-588)4123607-5 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4123607-5 (DE-588)4115348-0 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
| title | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent |
| title_auth | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent |
| title_exact_search | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent |
| title_full | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent by Valentine Udoh James |
| title_fullStr | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent by Valentine Udoh James |
| title_full_unstemmed | Africa's ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent by Valentine Udoh James |
| title_short | Africa's ecology |
| title_sort | africa s ecology sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent |
| title_sub | sustaining the biological and environmental diversity of a continent |
| topic | Nachhaltigkeit Biodiversity conservation Africa Natural resources Africa Management Sustainable development Africa Landesentwicklung (DE-588)4123607-5 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nachhaltigkeit Biodiversity conservation Africa Natural resources Africa Management Sustainable development Africa Landesentwicklung Naturschutz Umweltschutz Afrika Africa Environmental conditions |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005444178&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jamesvalentineudoh africasecologysustainingthebiologicalandenvironmentaldiversityofacontinent |