Principles of neural science:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Elsevier
1985
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed., 2. print. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVIII, 979 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444009442 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV008128762 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 930712s1985 ad|| |||| 00||| und d | ||
| 020 | |a 0444009442 |9 0-444-00944-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)242648341 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV008128762 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | |a und | ||
| 084 | |a WW 2200 |0 (DE-625)158906:13423 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a WW 2204 |0 (DE-625)158906:13428 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a WW 4204 |0 (DE-625)152097:13428 |2 rvk | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of neural science |c ed. by Eric R. Kandel ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed., 2. print. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Elsevier |c 1985 | |
| 300 | |a XXXVIII, 979 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gehirn |0 (DE-588)4019752-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neurobiologie |0 (DE-588)4041871-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neurophysiologie |0 (DE-588)4041897-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Nervensystem |0 (DE-588)4041643-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Krankheit |0 (DE-588)4032844-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Neurochemie |0 (DE-588)4041872-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Pathophysiologie |0 (DE-588)4044898-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Mensch |0 (DE-588)4038639-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |8 1\p |0 (DE-588)4151278-9 |a Einführung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Neurobiologie |0 (DE-588)4041871-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Nervensystem |0 (DE-588)4041643-4 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Krankheit |0 (DE-588)4032844-2 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Pathophysiologie |0 (DE-588)4044898-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 2\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 2 | 0 | |a Neurophysiologie |0 (DE-588)4041897-2 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | 1 | |a Mensch |0 (DE-588)4038639-9 |D s |
| 689 | 2 | |8 3\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 3 | 0 | |a Neurochemie |0 (DE-588)4041872-8 |D s |
| 689 | 3 | |8 4\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 4 | 0 | |a Gehirn |0 (DE-588)4019752-9 |D s |
| 689 | 4 | |8 5\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kandel, Eric R. |d 1929- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)113801955 |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005359680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 2\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 3\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 4\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 883 | 1 | |8 5\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005359680 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1807321953922449408 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Titel: Principles of neural science
Autor: Kandel, Eric R.
Jahr: 1985
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgments xxxv
Contributors xxxvii
Parti
An Overall View l
1 Brain and Behavior 3
Eric R. Kandel
Two Alternative Views Have Been
Advanced on the Relationship between
Brain and Behavior 4
Regions of the Brain Are Specialized
for Different Functions 5
Cognitive Function Can Be Localized
within the Cerebral Cortex 6
Affective and Character Traits Also Are
Anatomically Localizable 10
Selected Readings 11
References 12
2 Nerve Cells and Behavior 13
Eric R. Kandel
The Nervous System Contains Two Classes
of Cells 14
Nerve Cells 14
Glial Cells 17
Nerve Cells Are the Signaling Units
of Behavioral Responses 19
Resting Membrane Potential 19
Input Signal: Receptor Potentials and Synaptic
Potentials 21
Signal Integration 22
Conducting Signal: The Action Potential 22
Output or Secretory Signal 22
Location of Signaling Functions within
Neurons 22
Similar Signaling Mechanisms Occur in All
Nerve Cells 22
Selected Readings 24
References 24
Part II
Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron 25
3 The Cytology of Neurons 27
James H. Schwartz
The Two Classes of Nerve Cells That Mediate
the Stretch Reflex Differ in Morphology
and Transmitter Substances 28
The Primary Afferent (Sensory) Neuron 29
The Motor Neuron 30
The Sensory Neuron and the Motor Neuron Differ in
the Types of Receptor in Their Membranes 31
The Two Neurons Share Similar Na+ Channels 32
The Two Neurons Have an Identical Na—K Exchange
Mechanism 32
The Axons of Both Sensory and Motor Neurons Are
Ensheathed in Myelin 32
A Major Function of the Neuron's Cell Body Is the
Synthesis of Macromolecules 34
An Overall View 35
Selected Readings 35
References 35
4 Synthesis and Distribution
of Neuronal Protein 37
James H. Schwartz
Nuclear mRNA Gives Rise to Three Classes
of Proteins 38
Cytosolic Proteins 38
Mitochondiial Proteins 38
Membrane Proteins and Secretory Products 39
Anterograde Axonal Transport Controls
Intracellular Distribution of Membranes and
Secretory Proteins 42
Retrograde Axonal Transport 43
Hypotheses of the Mechanisms of Fast
Transport 44
Fast Transport and Neuroanatomical Tracing 44
The Cytoskeleton Is Responsible for the Shape
of Neurons 46
Fibrillar Elements Constitute the Neuronal
Cytoskeleton 47
An Overall View 48
Selected Readings 48
References 48
5 Resting Membrane Potential
and Action Potential 49
John Koester
The Membrane Potential Is Proportional to the
Separation of Charge across the Cell Membrane 49
The Resting Membrane Potential Is Generated by
the Differential Distribution of Ions and Selective
Permeability of the Membrane 52
In Glial Cells the Membrane Is Selectively
Permeable to K+ 52
In Nerve Cells the Membrane Is Permeable to
Several Ionic Species 54
The Passive Fluxes of Na" and K+ Are Balanced by
Active Ion Pumping Driven by the Na—K
Pump 55
Cl~ Is Often Passively Distributed 55
The Action Potential Is Generated by a Change
in the Selective Permeability of the Membrane
from K+ to Na+ 56
The Resting and Action Potentials Can Be
Quantified by the Goldman Equation 56
An Overall View 57
Selected Readings 57
References 57
5 Nongated Channels and the Passive
Membrane Properties of the Neuron 58
John Koester
A Channel Is Characterized by Its Selectivity for
Ions and Its Gating Properties 59
Electromotive Force Is Generated across
the Membrane 60
The Membrane Has Conductive Pathways 60
The Resting Membrane Potential Can Be Calculated
from the Equivalent Circuit of the Membrane 61
To Calculate Vm We Need Consider Only the
Nongated K+ and Na+ Channels 62
The Equation for Vm Can Be Written in a More
General Form 63
The Na—K Pump Counteracts the Passive Fluxes
of Na+ and K+ 64
The Membrane Has Capacitance 64
An Overall View 65
Selected Readings 65
7 Functional Consequences of Passive
Membrane Properties of the Neuron 66
John Koester
Membrane Capacitance Slows the Time Course of
Signal Conduction 66
Simplified Equivalent Circuit Model 66
Rate of Change of Membrane Potential 67
Membrane Time Constant 69
Membrane and Axoplasmic Resistance Affect the
Efficiency of Signal Conduction 69
Axon Diameter Affects Current Threshold 72
Passive Membrane Properties and Axon Diameter
Affect the Velocity of Action Potential
Propagation 72
Selected Readings 74
8 Voltage-Gated Channels and the
Generation of the Action Potential 75
John Koester
The Action Potential Is Generated by the Flow of
Ions Through Voltage-Gated Na+ and K+
Channels 75
Voltage-Dependent Channels Can Be Studied by Use
of the Voltage Clamp 76
The Voltage Clamp Employs Negative Feedback 77
Na+ and K+ Currents Move Through Two
Independent Channels 78
Na+ and K+ Conductances Are Calculated from
Their Currents 79
The Action Potential Can Be Reconstructed
from the Individual Electrical Properties
of the Neuron 80
The Na+ Channel Can Be Characterized in
Molecular Terms 81
Na+ Channels Are Sparsely Distributed but Are
Highly Efficient Pathways for Na+ Flux 82
Voltage-Gated Channels Open in an All-or-None
Fashion 82
Charge within the Membrane Is Rearranged When
Voltage-Gated Na + Channels Open 83
The Na+ Channel Selects for Na+ on the Basis of
Size, Charge, and Energy of Hydration 83
The Major Subunit of the Na+ Channel Is a Large
Glycoprotein 83
Membrane Channels Vary among Cell Types and
among Different Regions of the Same Cell 85
An Overall View 86
Selected Readings 86
References 86
Part III
Elementary Interactions between Neurons:
Synaptic Transmission 87
9 Principles Underlying Electrical and
Chemical Synaptic Transmission 89
Eric R. Kandel and Steven Siegelbaum
Synaptic Transmission Can Be Electrical
or Chemical 89
Synaptic Excitation of Skeletal Muscle by Motor
Neurons Is Chemical and Is Now Understood in
Molecular Terms 94
The Excitatory Synaptic Potential at the End-Plate
Involves the Simultaneous Movement of Na+
and K+ 95
There Are Fundamental Differences between
Chemically Gated and Voltage-Gated
Channels 98
Studies of Single Chemically Gated Channels
Reveal Information about Confoimational
Changes and the Molecular Mechanisms of
Transmitter Action 99
Chemically Gated Channels Open in an
All-or-None Fashion 99
Current Flow Depends on the Number of Open
Channels and Transmitter Concentration 99
An Overall View 104
Postscript: The Synaptic Current Flow during
the Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Can Be
Calculated on the Basis of a Simple Equivalent
Circuit 104
Selected Readings 107
References 107
10 Chemically Gated Ion Channels
at Central Synapses 108
Eric R. Kandel
Some Synaptic Actions Are Due to the Opening
of Ion Channels That Are Closed at the Resting
Potential 109
Experimental Background 109
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials on Motor
Neurons 110
Current That Flows during the EPSP 110
Chemical Transmitters for Excitation 113
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials on Motor
Neurons 113
Current That Flows during the IPSP 113
Chemical Transmitters for Inhibition 115
Other Synaptic Actions Are Due to the Closing
of Ion Channels That Are Open at the Resting
Potential 115
Ionic Mechanisms for Signaling Have Features
in Common 118
Integration of Signals Determines Firing of Action
Potential 119
Selected Readings 119
References 119
\ \ Factors Controlling Transmitter
Release 120
Eric R. Kandel
Certain Ion Species Are Necessary for Transmitter
Release 120
Na+ Influx Is Not Necessary 121
K+ Efflux Is Not Necessary 122
Ca + + Influx Is Necessary 123
Transmitter Is Released in Packets Called
Quanta 124
Amount of Ca++ Influx Affects the Number of
Quanta Released 125
Amount of Transmitter Release Can Be Controlled
by Altering Ca++ Influx 127
Intrinsic Regulatory Processes (Membrane
Potential and Activity) Can Alter Ca++ Influx
and Accumulation within the Terminal 127
Extrinsic Regulatory Processes (Presynaptic
Inhibition and Facilitation) Can Also Alter
Ca++Influx and Accumulation 127
An Overall View 130
Selected Readings 130
References 131
22 Morphology of Chemical Synapses and
Patterns of Interconnection 132
Michael D. Gershon, James H. Schwartz,
and Eric R. Kandel
Chemical Synapses Can Be Classified into
Directed and Nondirected Types 132
The Nerve—Skeletal Muscle Synapse Is an Example
of a Directed Synapse 133
The Presynaptic Terminal: Vesicles, Exocytosis,
and the Active Zone 133
Active Zones 133
Freeze-Fracture Reveals the Panoramic Interior of
Synaptic Membranes 134
Recycling of Vesicle Membranes 136
There Is Now Electrical Evidence for Exocytosis and
for Membrane Retrieval 138
The Postsynaptic Component 138
The Autonomic Postganglionic Synapse Is an
Example of a Nondirected Synapse 140
Synapses in the Central Nervous System Have
Diverse Morphologies 140
Extent of Presynaptic Specialization 140
Types of Synaptic Vesicles 142
Geometry of the Zone of Apposition 142
Site of Contact 142
Inputs onto a Neuron Can Be Highly
Segregated 142
Interconnections Give Rise to Local Processing
of Information 144
An Overall View 146
Selected Readings 146
References 146
13 Chemical Messengers:
Small Molecules and Peptides 148
James H. Schwartz
The Nature of Chemical Messengers 148
Small-Molecule Transmitter Substances 150
Acetylcholine 150
Biogenic Amine Transmitters 151
Amino Acid Transmitters 152
Neuroactive Peptides 153
Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Differ
in Several Presynaptic Features 155
Chemical Messengers Can Be Localized within
Neurons 156
An Overall View 156
Selected Readings 157
References 158
14 Molecular Aspects of Postsynaptic
Receptors 159
James H. Schwartz
Structure and Function of Receptors 160
There Are Two Classes of Receptors, One That
Mediates Changes in Membrane Conductance and
Another That Mediates Changes in the Metabolic
Machinery of the Postsynaptic Cell 160
The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is a
Multimeric Intrinsic Membrane Protein 160
Partial Characterization of Other Ionophoric
Receptors Indicates That They Also Are Large
Membrane Protein Complexes 163
An Important Class of Receptors Mediates
Changes in the Metabolic Machinery of the
Postsynaptic Cell 164
Characterization of Receptors by Speed of Onset
and by Duration of Action 166
An Overall View 167
Selected Readings 167
References 167
15 Molecular Steps in Synaptic
Transmission 169
James H. Schwartz
Vesicles Store and Release Chemical
Messengers 170
Storage in Vesicles Protects the Transmitter from
Degradation 170
Subcellular Fractionation Allows Biochemical
Study of Vesicles 170
Transmitter Is Actively Taken up into
Vesicles 171
Vesicles Are Involved in Transmitter Release 171
Vesicle Membranes Differ with Type of
Neuron 172
Transmitter Is Removed from the Synaptic Cleft
to Terminate Synaptic Transmission 172
A Late Consequence of Transmitter
Action: Control of Transmitter Biosynthesis in
the Postsynaptic Cell 172
Catecholamine Biosynthesis 173
Acetylcholine Biosynthesis 174
An Overall View 174
Selected Readings 175
References 175
\ 6 Diseases of Chemical Transmission
at the Nerve—Muscle Synapse:
Myasthenia Gravis 176
Lewis P. Rowland
Myasthenia Gravis Is Defined by Means of
Clinical, Physiological, and Immunological
Criteria 176
The Essential Characteristics of the Disease Were
Defined between 1877 and 1970 177
Physiological Studies Showed a Disorder of
Neuromuscular Transmission 178
Immunological Studies Indicated That
Myasthenia Is an Autoimmune Disease 178
Identification of Antibodies to ACh Receptor
Initiated the Modern Period of Research 179
The Antibodies Make Animals Myasthenic 179
The Antibodies Lead to Symptoms in
Humans 180
Immunological Changes Cause the Physiological
Abnormality 180
Antireceptor Antibodies Can Now Be Produced
without Receptor 182
Important Problems Remain To Be Solved 182
Myasthenia Gravis May Be a Heterogeneous
Syndrome 184
Current Therapy Is Effective but Not Ideal 184
Other Disorders of Neuromuscular
Transmission: Presynaptic (Facilitating)
Neuromuscular Block 184
An Overall View 185
Selected Readings 185
References 185
27 Reactions of Neurons to Injury 187
James P. Kelly
Cutting the Axon Causes Changes in the Neuron
and in Glial Cells 188
Terminal Degeneration Leads to the Rapid Loss of
the Presynaptic Terminal 188
Wallerian Degeneration Leads to the Slow Loss of
the Distal Axon Segment 189
The Neuronal Cell Body Also Reacts to
Axotomy 191
Central Axons Can Regenerate under Certain
Favorable Circumstances 192
Glial Cells Absorb the Debris Caused
by Injury 192
Transneuronal Degeneration Leads to Changes
in Cells to Which the Damaged Neuron
Connects 193
The Prognosis for Recovery from Damage to the
Nerve Cells of the Brain May Soon Be
Improved 194
An Overall View 194
Selected Readings 194
References 195
18 Diseases of the Motor Unit:
The Motor Neuron, Peripheral Nerve,
and Muscle 196
Lewis P. Rowland
The Motor Unit Is the Functional Element of the
Motor System 196
Neurogenic and Myopathic Diseases Are Defined
by the Component of the Motor Unit That Is
Affected 197
Neurogenic and Myopathic Diseases Are
Distinguished by Clinical and Laboratory
Criteria 198
Clinical Evidence 198
Laboratory Evidence 199
Diseases of the Motor Neuron 202
Chronic and Acute Diseases 202
Pathophysiology 203
Diseases of Peripheral Nerves (Peripheral
Neuropathies) 203
Positive and Negative Symptoms 204
Pathophysiology of Demyelinating
Neuropathies 204
Diseases of Muscle (Myopathies) Can Lead to
Weakness or Myotonia 206
Inherited Myopathies 206
Acquired Myopathies 206
Degeneration of Muscle Fibers May Not Be the
Only Cause of Weakness in Muscle
Disease 206
Some Forms of Myotonia May Be Due to
Decreased Numbers of Cl~ Leakage
Channels 207
An Overall View 208
Selected Readings 208
Part IV
Functional Anatomy
of the Central Nervous System 209
19 Principles of the Functional
and Anatomical Organization
of the Nervous System 211
James P. Kelly
The Central Nervous System Has an Axial
Organization 211
The Central Nervous System Is Subdivided into
Six Main Regions 212
The Cerebral Cortex Is Further Subdivided into
Four Lobes 214
The Central Nervous System Surrounds an
Interconnected System of Four Cavities Called
Ventricles 215
Even Simple Behavior Recruits
the Activity of Three Major Sets of Functional
Systems 216
The Motivational Systems Act Through Two
Independent Motor Systems: the Autonomic and
Somatic 218
Four Principles Govern the Organization of the
Functional Systems of the Brain 220
Each Major System in the Brain Is Composed
of Several Distinct Pathways in
Parallel 220
Each Pathway Contains Synaptic Relays 220
Each Pathway Is Topographically Organized 220
Most Pathways Are Crossed 221
An Overall View 221
Selected Readings 221
References 221
20 Anatomical Basis of Sensory Perception
and Motor Coordination 222
James P. Kelly
In the Somatic Sensory Systems, Axons Travel
along the Spinal Cord to the Brain 223
Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells Provide Input to the
Spinal Cord 223
The Spinal Cord Is Composed of Both Gray and
White Matter 225
The Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord Varies
at Different Cross-Sectional Levels 225
Axons of Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells Are
Somatotopically Arranged 227
Axons of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells That
Course in the Dorsal Columns Synapse in the
Medulla 227
The Medial Lemniscus Ascends Through the Brain
Stem 228
The Thalamus Is Composed of Six Functionally
Distinct Nuclear Groups 231
Each Nuclear Group Belongs to One of Three
Functional Classes 232
Specific Relay Nuclei 232
Association Nuclei 234
Nonspecific Nuclei 235
Relation of the Thalamic Nuclei to Cortical
Function 235
All Other Major Sensory Systems Relay Through
the Thalamus on the Way to the Cortex 235
Vision 235
Hearing and Balance 235
Taste 235
Smell 236
The Cerebral Cortex Consists of Layers of
Neurons 236
The Two Main Varieties of Cortical Neurons Are
Pyramidal and Stellate Cells 236
The Pattern of Layering Varies in Different
Cortical Areas 237
The Descending Motor Systems Interconnect the
Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus 238
The Cerebellum Is Important in Regulating the
Automatic Control of Movement 238
The Basal Ganglia Project to the Motor Cortex via
the Thalamus 239
Various Inputs Converge on the Motor
Cortex 240
The Corticospinal Tract Is a Direct Pathway from
the Cortex to the Spinal Cord 241
The Motivational Systems Include Connections
between the Limbic System and the
Hypothalamus 243
An Overall View 243
Selected Readings 243
References 243
21 Development as a Guide to the Regional
Anatomy of the Brain 244
John H. Martin
The Neural Tube and Its Vesicles Are the
Embryonic Precursors of the Various Brain
Regions 245
The Spinal Cord and Brain Stem Have a Similar
Developmental Plan 248
The Cavities of the Brain Vesicles Are the
Embryonic Precursors of the Ventricles 250
The Ventricular System Provides a Framework for
Understanding the Regional Anatomy of the
Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres 252
The Caudate Nucleus Is C-Shaped and Parallels
the Lateral Ventricles 255
The Major Components of the Limbic System Are
Also C-Shaped 255
An Understanding of the C-Shaped Gyri Is
Necessary for Interpreting Sections Through
the Brain 258
An Overall View 258
Selected Readings 258
References 258
2,2, Imaging the Living Brain 259
John H. Martin and John C. M. Brust
Computerized Tomography (CT) Scanning Has
Improved the Resolution of Images of Brain
Structures 260
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanning
Yields a Dynamic Picture of Brain Function 267
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Creates Brain
Images without Using X-rays 269
MRI Images Can Provide an Atlas of Key Sections
Through the Living Brain 269
Midsagittal Section Reveals C-Shaped
Structures 269
Parasagittal Section Shows Shape of the Lateral
Ventricle 271
The Corticospinal Tract Is Located on the Ventral
Surface of the Medulla 271
The Dorsal Surface of the Pons Forms Part of the
Floor of the Fourth Ventricle 271
The Superior and Inferior Colliculi Form the
Dorsal Surface of the Midbrain 271
Horizontal Section Through the Cerebral
Hemispheres Allows Both Cortical and
Subcortical Structures to Be Visualized 271
The Caudate Nucleus Forms the Wall of the
Anterior Horn and Body of the Lateral
Ventricle 280
The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
Separates the Caudate Nucleus from the
Globus Pallidus and Putamen 280
MRI Facilitates Clinical Diagnosis 280
An Overall View 282
Selected Readings 282
References 283
PartV
Sensory Systems of the Brain:
Sensation and Perception 285
2,3 Receptor Physiology and Submodality
Coding in the Somatic Sensory
System 287
John H. Martin
Sensory Systems Are Organized in a Hierarchical
and Parallel Fashion 288
Sensory Psychophysical Studies Correlate
Behavior with the Physiology
of Neurons 288
Sensory Thresholds for Perception and for Afferent
Fibers May Be Equal 289
Stimulus Intensity Evaluation Is Correlated with
the Discharge Rate of Afferent Fibers 290
Spatial Discrimination Is Explained by Receptor
Innervation Density 290
Stimulus Features Are Electrically Encoded by
Receptors 291
Sensory Transduction Is the First Step in the
Extraction of Stimulus Features 291
Stimulus Intensity Is Encoded by Frequency and
Population Codes 292
Rapid Receptor Adaptation Is a Form of Feature
Extraction 292
Different Classes of Afferent Fibers Conduct
Action Potentials at Different Rates 293
Different Classes of Somatic Receptors Are
Sensitive to Different Stimuli 294
Stimulus Quality Is Encoded by a Labeled Line
Code 294
Pain Is Mediated by Nociceptors 294
Thermal Sensation Is Mediated by Cold and
Warm Receptors 295
Tactile Sensations Are Mediated by Slowly and
Rapidly Adapting Mechanoreceptors 296
Proprioception Is Mediated by Muscle Afferent
Fibers 297
An Overall View 299
Selected Readings 300
References 300
24 Anatomical Substrates for Somatic
Sensation 301
John H. Martin
The Area of Skin Innervated by a Single Dorsal
Root Is Called a Dermatome 301
The Spinal Cord Is Organized into Gray and White
Matter 304
Spinal Gray Matter Contains Nerve Cell
Bodies 304
Spinal White Matter Contains Myelinated
Axons 306
Dorsal Root Fibers Run in the White Matter and
Arborize in the Gray Matter 306
Two Major Ascending Systems Convey Somatic
Sensory Information to the Cerebral Cortex 307
The Dorsal Column—Medial Lemniscal System
Mediates Tactile Sense and Limb
Proprioception 307
The Anterolateral System Mediates Pain and
Temperature Sense 311
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Is Divided
into Four Parts 312
Pyramidal Cells Are the Output Cells of the
Cerebral Cortex 313
An Overall View 315
Selected Readings 315
References 315
25 Central Representation of Touch 316
Eric R. Kandel
Sensory Systems Transform Information at
Specific Relay Points 317
The Body Surface Is Mapped onto the Brain 319
Functional Analyses Localized Somatic Sensations
to Specific Regions of Coitex 319
Modem Electiophysiological Studies Correlated
Body Areas and Cortical Areas 320
Why Is the Map So Distorted} 322
Each Central Neuron Has a Specific Receptive
Field 323
Sizes of Receptive Fields Vary 324
Receptive Fields Have a Fine Structure 325
Lateral Inhibition Can Aid in Two-Point
Discrimination 325
Modality-Specific Labeled Communication Lines
Are Organized into Columns 326
Modality-Specific Columns Are Grouped into
Domains 326
Dynamic Properties of Receptors Are Matched to
Those of Central Neurons 327
Feature Detection: Some Central Nerve Cells
Have Complex Properties 328
An Overall View 329
Selected Readings 330
References 330
26 Central Representations of Pain
and Analgesia 331
Dennis D. Kelly
Pain Is Transmitted by Specific Neural
Pathways 332
Receptors for Pain May Be Activated by
Mechanical, Thermal, or Chemical
Stimuli 332
Primary Pain Afferents Terminate in the Dorsal
Horn of the Spinal Cord 332
At Least Two Populations of Neurons in the
Spinal Cord Transmit Information
about Pain 333
Spinal Pain Projections to the Brain Stem Are
Widespread 334
Thalamic Relays Preserve the Duality of
Ascending Pain Projections 334
Central Pain Syndrome:
Surgery Intended to Relieve Existing Pain May
Produce New Pain 335
The Gate Control Theory Emphasized the
Modulation of Pain by Sensory and Emotional
Stimuli 335
Pain Is Also Inhibited by Select Neural Pathways:
The Mechanisms of Analgesia 336
Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
Produces Analgesia 336
Stimulation-Produced Analgesia Is Related to
Opiate Analgesia 337
Opiate Receptors Are Distributed Throughout the
Nervous System 337
There Are Three Branches of Opioid
Peptides 337
Different Classes of Opiate Receptors Mediate
Different Actions 340
Spinal Neurons That Transmit Pain Are Subject to
Descending Control 340
Behavioral Stress Can Induce Analgesia via Both
Opioid and Non-Opioid Mechanisms 340
An Overall View 342
Selected Readings 342
References 342
27 Tne Retina and Phototransduction 344
Craig H. Bailey and Peter Gouras
There Are Two Types of Photoreceptors:
Rods and Cones 344
Rods and Cones Differ in Structure and
Function 346
Excitation of Rod Cells Involves the Breakdown of
Rhodopsin 347
Excitation of Cone Cells Involves the Breakdown
of Cone Opsin 347
Light Is Transduced into Electrical Signals by a
Second-Messenger System 347
Visual Information Is Processed by Five Major
Classes of Neurons in the Retina 349
There Are Distinct On-Center and Off-Center
Pathways 350
The On-Center and Off-Center Pathways Use
Both Electrical and Chemical Synapses 351
There Are Parallel Systems of Ganglion
Cells 353
Horizontal Cells Are Local Interneurons in the
Outer Plexiform Layer That Contribute to
Center—Surround Antagonism 353
Amacrine Cells Are Local Interneurons in the
Inner Plexiform Layer That Mediate
Antagonistic Interactions 353
An Overall View 354
Selected Readings 355
References 355
28 Anatomy of the Central Visual
Pathways 356
James P. Kelly
The Visual Field Is the Projection of the Visual
World on the Retina 356
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Is Composed of
Six Cellular Layers 359
The Superior Colliculus and Pretectum Are Visual
Reflex Centers 361
Superior Colliculus 361
Pretectal Region 361
Lesions in the Visual Pathway Cause Predictable
Changes in Sight 362
The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Characteristic
Cellular Architecture 363
An Overall View 365
Selected Readings 365
References 365
29 Processing of Form and Movement
in the Visual System 366
Eric R. Kandel
The Superior Colliculus Participates in Visually
Guided Saccadic Eye Movements 367
The Retina Is Mapped in the Lateral Geniculate
Nucleus and Visual Cortex 367
Receptive Fields of Neurons in Various Parts of
the Visual System Have Different Properties 370
The Ganglion Cells of the Retina Project
Information to the Lateral Geniculate
Nucleus by Means of Several Independent
Channels 372
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Enhances the
Antagonisms between the Center and the
Surround 372
The Primary Visual Cortex Transforms the Visual
Message in Various Ways 373
The Primary Visual Cortex Is Organized into
Columns 376
Simple and Complex Cells May Contribute to
Positional Invariance in Perception 378
Cells in the Higher Order Visual Cortices
Elaborate the Visual Message Further 378
Some Feature Abstraction Could Be
Accomplished by Progressive Convergence 381
Visual Perception Also Involves Parallel
Processing 381
An Overall View 382
Selected Readings 382
References 383
30 Color Vision 384
Peter Gouras
Cones Have Three Different Pigments 385
Good Color Discrimination Requires Three
Photoreceptor Systems 386
Color Experience Is Composed of Impressions of
Hue, Saturation, and Brightness 386
Color Vision Is Best Explained by Combining
Trichromacy with Color Opponent
Interactions 388
Color Is Coded by Single-Opponent and Double-
Opponent Cells 389
Many Double-Opponent Cells Have Receptive
Fields That Are Not Oriented 392
Is Color Analyzed Independently of Form? 394
Color Blindness Can Be Caused by Genetic
Defects in the Photoreceptor or by Retinal
Disease 394
An Overall View 394
Selected Readings 395
References 395
31 Auditory System 396
James P. Kelly
The Conductive Apparatus Transforms Acoustic
Waves into Mechanical Vibrations 397
The Cochlea Transduces Changes in Fluid
Pressure into Neural Activity 399
Different Regions of the Cochlea Are Selectively
Responsive to Different Frequencies
of Sound 400
Individual Hair Cells at Different Points
along the Basilar Membrane Are Tuned Electrically
as well as Mechanically 402
The Cochlea Is Innervated by Fibers of the Eighth
Nerve 402
The Central Auditory Pathways Are Organized
Tonotopically 402
Each Cochlea Is Bilaterally Represented in the
Brain 406
An Overall View 408
Selected Readings 408
References 408
32 The Chemical Senses:
Taste and Smell 409
Vincent F. Castellucci
Taste Receptors in the Tongue Are Specialized for
Certain Taste Qualities 410
Four Basic Taste Qualities Can Be
Delineated 410
Transduction Requires the Binding of Molecules
to Specific Receptors on Taste Cells 410
Taste Receptor Cells Contained in Papillae Are
Embedded in Taste Buds 411
The Central Pathway of the Taste System Involves
Distinct Representations in the Thalamus and
Cortex 412
Taste Sensation Is Coded by Labeled Lines and
Patterns of Activity across Labeled Lines 413
Both Inborn and Learned Taste Preferences Are
Important for Behavior 416
Certain Aspects of Taste Perception Are
Genetically Determined 417
Taste-Aversion Learning Is Demonstrated by the
"Sauce Bearnaise" Phenomenon 417
Olfactory Receptors Have Receptor Sites
Specialized for Certain Odors 417
There Are at Least Seven Primary Odors,
Probably More 417
Olfactory Receptors Lie within the Olfactory
Epithelium 418
Neuronal Coding for Olfaction Involves a Novel
Use of Neural Space 420
The Olfactory System Projects to the Paleocortex
before Relaying to the Neocortex via the
Thalamus 423
Abnormalities of Olfaction Vary Greatly in Degree
of Sensory Loss 424
An Overall View 424
Selected Readings 425
References 425
Part VI
Motor Systems of the Brain: Reflex and
Voluntary Control of Movement 427
33 Introduction to the Motor Systems 429
Claude Ghez
Motor Commands Are Tailored to the Physical
Constraints of the Muscles, Bones,
and Joints 430
The Four Major Components of the Motor
Systems Are Hierarchically Organized 431
The Spinal Cord Is the First Level in the Motor
Hierarchy 431
The Brain Stem Is the Second Level in the Motor
Hierarchy 433
The Motor and Premotor Cortices Are the Third
and Fourth Levels in the Motor
Hierarchy 433
There Are Three Important Aspects of the
Hierarchical Organization 433
The Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia Control the
Components of the Motor Hierarchy 433
The Various Motor Control Levels Are Also
Organized in Parallel 433
In the Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Are Subject to
Afferent Input and Descending Control 435
Afferent Fibers and Motor Neurons 435
Interneurons and Propriospinal Neurons 435
Two Groups of Descending Pathways from the
Brain Stem Control Different Muscle
Groups 436
Ventromedial Pathways 436
Dorsolateral Pathways 436
The Motor Cortex Exercises Descending Motor
Control via Corticospinal and Corticobulbar
Tracts 437
Origin, Course, and Terminations of the
Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts 438
Cortical Control of Movement Is Achieved Only
Late in Phylogeny 438
The Motor Cortex Is Itself Influenced by Both
Cortical and Subcortical Inputs 440
The Several Levels of Motor Neuron Control Have
Functional Consequences 440
Lesions of the Corticospinal System Cause
Characteristic Symptoms 440
Positive and Negative Signs 440
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions 441
Selected Readings 442
References 442
34 Muscles and Muscle Receptors 443
Thomas J. Carew and Claude Ghez
Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Motor Neurons Are
Functionally Specialized 443
The Nervous System Can Grade the Force of
Muscle Contraction in Two Ways 444
Recruitment: The Size Principle 444
Rate Coding 445
Skeletal Muscles Filter the Information Contained
in the Neural Spike Trains That Control
Them 446
Muscles Have Springlike Properties 447
Alterations in Set Points 447
Equilibrium Points and the Control of Limb
Position 448
Muscles Have Specialized Receptors That Convey
Information to the Central Nervous System 451
Muscle Spindles 451
Golgi Tendon Organs 452
Muscle Afferents 452
Muscle Stretch Receptors Convey Information
about Muscle Length, Tension, and Velocity of
Stretch 452
The Central Nervous System Can Directly Control
the Sensitivity of Muscle Spindles 453
Dynamic and Static Gamma Motor Neurons 454
Functional Role of the Gamma System 454
Skeletofusimotor Innervation 454
An Overall View 455
Selected Readings 455
References 456
35 The Control of Reflex Action 457
Thomas J. Carew
la Afferent Fibers Contribute to the Stretch
Reflex 458
Basic Features of the Stretch Reflex 458
Central Connections of the la Afferent
Fibers 458
Ib Afferent Fibers Contribute to the Inverse
Myotatic Reflex 461
Group II Afferent Fibers Contribute to Stretch and
Flexion Reflexes 462
Direct Actions on Homonymous Motor Neurons:
Stretch Reflex 462
Polysynaptic Pathways: Flexion Reflexes 462
Reflexes of Muscle Origin Are Functionally
Significant 462
The Gamma Loop and the Length-Servo
Hypothesis 462
Reflexes Mediated by Muscle May Regulate the
Stiffness of Muscle 465
Descending Control of Muscle Set Point 465
Afferent Fibers from Cutaneous and Deep
Receptors Mediate a Reflex Consisting of
Ipsilateral Flexion and Contralateral
Extension 466
Reflex Activity Is Subject to Supraspinal and
Intraspinal Influences 467
Selected Readings 468
References 468
36 Clinical Syndromes of the Spinal
Cord 469
Lewis P. Rowland
Clinically Important Anatomy 469
Somatotopic Organization of the Spinothalamic
Tract Is an Aid to Diagnosis 470
Function Is Lost below a Transverse Spinal
Lesion 471
Motor Level 471
Sensory Level 471
It Is Important to Distinguish Intra-axial from
Extra-axial Disease 474
Lesions of the Spinal Cord Often Give Rise to
Characteristic Syndromes 474
Complete Transection 474
Partial Transection 475
Hemisection (Brown-Sequard Syndrome) 475
Multiple Sclerosis 475
Syringomyelia 475
Subacute Combined Degeneration 476
Phedreich's Ataxia 476
An Overall View 476
Selected Readings 477
References 477
37 Posture and Locomotion 478
Thomas J. Carew
Descending Influences Play a Major Role in
Postural Control 478
Decerebrate Rigidity Provides a Model for
Studying Tonic Modulation 478
Reticulospinal Influences 479
Vestibulospinal Influences 480
Cerebellar Influences 480
Applicability of the Model to Clinical Syndromes of
Spasticity and Rigidity 480
Clinical Syndromes of Spasticity
and Rigidity 481
Descending Influences and Reflex Mechanisms
Interact in Controlling Human Posture 481
Neural Control of Locomotion Involves
Translation of a Tonic Descending
Message into Rhythmic Locomotor
Output 482
The Central Program Controlling Locomotion Is
Located in the Spinal Cord 483
The Central Program Is Modulated by Descending
Influences 484
Ascending Information from the Spinal Cord Is
Sent to Higher Brain Centers during
Locomotion 484
Afferent Information Is Crucial for
Locomotion 484
An Overall View 485
Selected Readings 485
References 486
38 Voluntary Movement 487
Claude Ghez
The Motor Cortex Is Topographically
Organized 488
The Corticospinal Tract Originates from
Pyramidal Neurons in the Cortex 489
Corticospinal Neurons of the Motor Cortex Play a
Preeminent Role in Controlling Distal
Muscles 489
Corticospinal Neurons of the Motor Cortex
Influence Motor Neurons Through Direct and
Indirect Connections 489
Neurons of the Motor Cortex, Which Become
Active before the Onset of Voluntary Movement,
Encode the Force to Be Exerted 490
Subgroups of Neurons in the Motor Cortex Encode
Different Aspects of the Force Trajectory
Required for Movement 491
Neurons in the Motor Cortex Are Informed of the
Consequences of Movement 492
Not All Movements Are under the Control of the
Motor Cortex 493
Voluntary Movement Requires a Plan of Action:
The Central Motor Program 494
The Supplementary Motor Area Is Important in
Programming Motor Sequences 496
The Premotor Cortex Is Important in Arm
Projection and Sensory Guidance 498
The Posterior Parietal Cortex Plays a Critical Role
in Providing the Spatial Information for
Targeted Movements 499
An Overall View 499
Selected Readings 500
References 500
39 The Cerebellum 502
Claude Ghez and Stanley Fahn
The Regional Organization of the Cerebellum
Reflects Its Functions 503
The Cerebellum Is Divided into Three Lobes by
Two Deep Transverse Fissures 503
Two Longitudinal Furrows Divide the Cerebellum
into Medial and Lateral Regions 505
The Cellular Organization of the Cerebellum Is
Highly Regular 506
The Cerebellar Cortex Is Divided into Distinct
Molecular, Purkinje, and Granular
Layers 506
Input Reaches the Cerebellum via Two
Excitatory Fiber Systems: Mossy and Climbing
Fibers 507
Inhibitory Side Loops Modulate Purkinje Cell
Activity 508
Aminergic Systems Project from Brain Stem
Nuclei 509
The Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum
Have Different Connections and Different
Phylogenetic Origins 509
The Vestibulocerebellum Controls Balance and
Eye Movements 510
The Spinocerebellum Contains Topographical
Maps of the Body That Receive Sensory
Information from the Spinal Cord 511
Somatic Sensory Information Reaches the
Cerebellum Through Direct and Indirect Mossy
Fiber Pathways 512
Efferent Spinocerebellar Projections Control the
Medial and Lateral Descending Systems 513
The Spinocerebellum Uses Sensory Feedback to
Control Muscle Tone and the Execution of
Movement 516
The Cerebrocerebellum Coordinates the Planning
of Limb Movements 516
Input from the Cerebral Cortex Is Conveyed to
the Cerebellum Through the Pontine
Nuclei 516
The Output of the Cerebrocerebellum Is Mediated
by the Dentate Nuclei, Which Control Motor
and Premotor Areas of the Cortex 518
Lesions of the Cerebrocerebellum Produce Delays
in Movement Initiation and in Coordination of
Limb Movement 518
Does the Cerebellum Have a Role in Motor
Learning? 518
Cerebellar Diseases Can Be Localized by Their
Clinical Features 520
Disease of the Vestibuloceiebellum Causes
Disturbances of Equilibrium 521
Disease of the Spinocerebellum Usually Affects
the Anterior Lobe and Causes Disorders of
Stance and Gait 521
Diseases of the Cerebrocerebellum Cause
Disorders of Speech and Coordinated
Movement 521
Selected Readings 521
References 521
40 Motor Functions of the Basal Ganglia
and Diseases of Transmitter
Metabolism 523
Lucien Cote and Michael D. Crutcher
Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia 524
Basal Ganglia Receive Input from the Cortex,
Thalamus, and Substantia Nigra and
Project Mainly Back to the Cortex via the
Thalamus 524
Afferent Connections 524
Internuclear Connections 525
Efferent Connections 525
Modular and Somatotopic Organization 528
Basal Ganglia May Contribute to Cognition 528
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia Cause Characteristic
Symptoms 528
Parkinson's Disease 529
Huntington's Disease and the Dopaminergic—
Cholinergic-GABA-ergic Loop 531
The Genetic Marker for Huntington's
Disease 532
Tardive Dyskinesia 534
Experimental Manipulation of Transmitter
Systems 534
An Overall View 534
Selected Readings 534
References 534
Part VII
The Brain Stem and Retieular Core:
Integration of Sensory and Motor
Systems 537
41 Cranial Nerve Nuclei, the Reticular
Formation, and Biogenic
Amine-Containing Neurons 539
James P. Kelly
Most Cranial Nerves Originate in the Brain Stem
and Innervate the Head, Neck, and Special Sense
Organs 540
Cranial Nerves Contain Visceral and Somatic
Afferent and Efferent Fibers 544
There Are Three Types of Motor Neurons in the
Brain Stem: Somatic, Special Visceral, and
General Visceral 545
There Are Four Types of Afferent Neurons:
General Somatic, Special Somatic, General
Visceral, and Special Visceral 546
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Are Grouped into Seven
Columns 546
The Somatic Motor Column Contains Motor
Neurons That Innervate the Extraocular
Muscles and the Tongue 548
The Special Visceral Motor Column Contains
Motor Neurons That Innervate the
Branchiomeric Muscles of the Larynx,
Pharynx, Face, and faw 549
The General Visceral Motor Column Contains
Preganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons 550
The General and Special Visceral Afferent
Columns Contain Neurons That Provide the
Sensory Innervation for the Taste Buds,
Larynx, Pharynx, Blood Vessels, and
Viscera 552
The Special Somatic Afferent Column Contains
Neurons That Innervate the Cochlear and the
Vestibular Sensory Organs 552
The General Somatic Afferent Column Contains
Neurons That Innervate the Face and the
Mucous Membranes of the Mouth 552
Principles of Organization Governing the Cranial
Nerves 552
Specific Sensory and Motor Tracts Traverse the
Brain Stem 553
Cranial Nerve Fiber Types Mix in the
Periphery 553
Reticular Neurons Form Widespread
Networks 556
Some Reticular Neurons Are Grouped According
to Their Chemical Messengers 558
Noiadreneigic System 558
Dopamineigic System 558
Seiotoneigic System 558
Reticular Neurons Have Several Functions 560
Selected Readings 560
References 560
42 Trigeminal System 562
James P. Kelly
The Fifth Nerve Has Three Major Peripheral
Branches 562
All Three Major Branches Contain Sensory
Fibers 563
Autonomic Fibers Run with Branches of the Fifth
Nerve 563
Fifth Nerve Fibers Ascend to the Main Sensory
Nucleus and Descend to the Spinal Nucleus 564
The Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Fifth Nerve
Mediates Proprioception from the Muscles of
the faws 564
The Spinal Tract and Nucleus of the Fifth Nerve
Mediate Pain and Temperature Sensation 565
Caudal Nucleus 566
Interpolar Nucleus 566
Oral Nucleus 567
The Main Sensory Nucleus Mediates Touch
Sensation from the Face 567
Ascending Information from the Trigeminal
Complex Reaches the Cortex via the
Thalamus 567
Whiskers in Rodents Have a Unique Functional
Representation in the Cerebral Cortex 569
An Overall View 570
Selected Readings 570
References 570
43 Oculomotor System 571
Peter Gouras
Three Pairs of Muscles Move the Eyeball along
Three Axes 571
Five Neural Control Systems Keep the Fovea
on Target 573
Saccadic Eye Movement System 574
Smooth Pursuit Movement System 575
Vestibulo-Oculomotor Reflex System 576
Optokinetic Movement System 577
Vergence Movement System 578
Misalignment 578
Oculomotor Neurons Fire at Very High Rates 578
Premotor Centers Act Directly and Indirectly on
Oculomotor Neurons 579
The Vestibulai Nuclei Are Important foi Many
Types of Eye Movement 579
Neurons in the Pontine Gaze Center Are Heavily
Involved in Programmed Eye Movements Such
as Horizontal Saccades 579
Burst Cells 579
Tonic Cells 579
Burst-Tonic Cells 580
Pause Cells 580
Interconnection of Cell Types 580
The Superior Colliculus Coordinates Visual Input
with Eye Movements 581
Two Cortical Eye Fields Act on the Premotor
Cells 582
Frontal Eye Fields 582
Occipital Eye Fields 583
An Overall View 583
Selected Readings 583
References 583
44 Vestibular System 584
James P. Kelly
The Vestibular Labyrinth Is Part of the
Membranous Labyrinth 585
Endolymph Fills the Vestibular Labyrinth and
Perilymph Surrounds It 586
Specialized Regions of the Vestibular Labyrinth
Contain Receptors 586
The Arrangement of Vestibular Hair Cells Is
Integral to Their Function as Receptors 587
Hair Cells Are Polarized Structurally and
Functionally 587
Semicircular Ducts Work in Pairs 588
Hair Cells in the Utricle Are Polarized toward the
Striola 589
The Central Connections of the Vestibular
Labyrinth Reflect Its Dynamic and Static
Functions 591
The Central Axons of the Neurons of the
Vestibular Ganglion Run in the Eighth Cranial
Nerve to the Brain Stem 591
Each Nucleus of the Vestibular Nuclear Complex
Has Distinctive Connections 591
Lateral Vestibular Nucleus 592
Medial and Superior Vestibular Nuclei 593
Inferior Vestibular Nucleus 594
Movements of the Head and Neck Can Produce
Tonic Neck and Labyrinthine Reflexes 594
An Overall View 594
Selected Readings 596
References 596
45 Clinical Syndromes of the Brain
Stem 597
Lewis P. Rowland
Familiarity with Anatomy Is Necessary to Locate
Lesions in the Brain Stem 598
Extra-axial Lesions Are Illustrated by Tumors of
the Cerebellopontine Angle 598
Intra-axial Lesions Often Cause Gaze Palsies and
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 599
Gaze Palsies 599
Syndrome of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus:
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia 600
Vascular Lesions of the Brain Stem and Midbrain
May Cause Characteristic Syndromes 601
Medial Syndromes of the Medulla and Pons 604
Lateral Syndromes of the Medulla and Pons 604
Midbrain Syndromes 606
Coma and the Locked-in Syndrome 606
An Overall View 606
Selected Readings 606
References 607
Part VIII
Hypothalamus, Limbic System, and Cerebral
Cortex: Homeostasis and Arousal 609
46 Hypothalamus and Limbic System I:
Peptidergic Neurons, Homeostasis,
and Emotional Behavior 611
Irving Kupfermann
The Anatomy of the Limbic System and
Hypothalamus Is Related to Their Functions 612
Higher Cortical Centers Communicate with the
Hypothalamus via the Limbic System 612
The Structure of the Hypothalamus Reflects Its
Diverse Functions 614
The Hypothalamus Contains Various Classes of
Peptidergic Neuroendocrine Cells 616
The Hypothalamus Controls Endocrine Function
by Means of Peptidergic Neurons 616
Magnocellular Neurons Release Oxytocin and
Vasopressin 618
Parvicellular Neurons Release Inhibiting and
Releasing Hormones 619
Hypothalamic Neurons Participate in Four Classes
of Reflexes 620
Milk Ejection and Uterine Contraction Are
Regulated by a Neural Input and a Humoral
Output 620
Urine Flow Is Regulated by a Humoral Input and
a Humoral Output 620
The Brain Itself Is a Target for Hormone
Action 621
Feedback Loops Involve a Humoral Input and a
Humoral Output 621
Central Effects of Hormones on Behavior Involve
a Humoral Input and a Neural Output 622
Hormones May Be Important for Learning 622
The Hypothalamus Helps Regulate the Autonomic
Nervous System 623
The Hypothalamus Is Involved in Emotional
Behavior 623
An Overall View 624
Selected Readings 625
References 625
47 Hypothalamus and Limbic System II:
Motivation 626
Irving Kupfermann
Motivational or Drive States Are Thought to
Intervene between Stimuli and Complex
Responses 626
Homeostatic Processes Can Be Analyzed in Terms
of Control Systems 627
Temperature Is Regulated in Response to
Peripheral and Central Input 628
Feeding Behavior Is Regulated by a Variety of
Signals 629
Set Point 629
Controlling Elements 630
Hypothalamic Lesions and Fibers of Passage 630
Sensory and Motor Deficits 630
Alterations of Set Point 631
Hormonal Effects 631
Nonhypothalamic Elements 631
Signals Regulating Feeding 631
Thirst Is Regulated by Tissue Osmolality and
Vascular Volume 632
Motivated Behaviors Can Be Regulated by Factors
Other Than Tissue Needs 633
Ecological Constiaints 633
Anticipatory Mechanisms 633
Hedonic Factors 634
Intracranial Self-Stimulation Can Reinforce
Behavior 634
An Overall View 634
Selected Readings 634
References 634
48 Cortical Neurons, the EEG,
and the Mechanisms of Epilepsy 636
John H. Martin
Cortical Neurons Have Properties That Are
Specially Suited to Their Function 637
The Cerebral Cortex Contains Two Major Classes
of Neurons 637
Powerful Inhibitory Synapses Are Located Close
to the Cell Body 638
Pyramidal Cells Are Capable of High-Frequency
Firing 638
Dendritic Trigger Zones Boost Remote Input 639
Glial Cells May Buffer the Extracellular K+
Concentration 639
The Collective Behavior of Neurons Can Be
Studied Noninvasively in Humans by Using
Macroelectrodes 640
Electroencephalograms Reflect Summated
Postsynaptic Potentials in Cortical Neurons 643
Stimulation of Sensory Pathways
Can Be Recorded as Evoked
Potentials 644
Epilepsy Is a Disease of Cerebral Neuron
Dysfunction 645
Partial and Generalized Seizures Have Different
Clinical and EEG Features 645
Epileptic Seizures Can Be Produced in
Experimental Animals 646
An Overall View 646
Selected Readings 647
References 647
49 Sleep and Dreaming 648
Dennis D. Kelly
Sleep Is an Active and Rhythmic Neural
Process 649
Normal Sleep Cycles Through Identifiable Stages
within a Single Sleep Period 650
Slow-Wave Sleep without Rapid Eye
Movements 650
Sleep with Rapid Eye Movements 650
Architecture of a Night's Sleep 651
The Daily Sleep Requirement Varies with Age 651
The Phylogeny of Sleep May Provide a Clue to the
Function of REM Sleep 652
The Psychophysiology of Dream Content 652
Intensity Gradient of Dreams within a Night's
Sleep 652
The Content of Dreams 653
Erection Cycles during Sleep 653
Passage of Time in Dreams 653
REM Versus Non-REM Mentation 653
Selective Deprivation of REM Sleep Results in a
REM Rebound 654
Several Neural Mechanisms May Be Responsible
for the Sleep-Wake Cycle 654
Early Concept of the Reticular Activating
System 654
Evidence for a Sleep-Inducing Area in the Brain
Stem 655
Raphe Nuclei 655
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract 655
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and the Biological
Clock for the Sleep-Wake Cycle 655
Distinct Regions of the Brain Stem May Also
Trigger REM Sleep 656
A Perspective on Neurotransmitters and
Sleep 656
Selected Readings 657
References 657
50 Disorders of Sleep and Consciousness 659
Dennis D. Kelly
Insomnia Is a Symptom, Not a Unitary
Disease 659
Two Normal Sources of Insomnia Are Disrupted
Rhythms and Aging 660
Psychopathology Is Often Mirrored in Disturbed
Sleep 660
Medication May Initially Help, Then Harm
Sleep 660
Nocturnal Enuresis Is Not Caused by
Dreaming 662
Somnambulism Is a Non-REM Phenomenon 662
Night Terrors, Nightmares, and Terrifying Dreams
Occur in Different Stages of Sleep 662
Sleep Apnea May Result in Hyposomnia or
Hypersomnia 664
Narcolepsy:
Irresistible Sleep Attacks Are
Accompanied by Several REM-Related
Symptoms 664
Loss of Consciousness:
Coma Is Not Deep Sleep 666
Transient Losses of Consciousness Can Result
from Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow 666
Coma Has Many Causes 666
Infratentorial Lesions 667
Supratentorial Lesions 66H
Metabolic Coma 669
The Determination of Cerebral Death Constitutes
a Medical, Legal, and Social Decision 669
Selected Readings 670
References 670
Part IX
Localization of Higher Functions and the
Disorders of Language, Thought, and
Affect 671
51 Hemispheric Asymmetries and the
Cortical Localization of Higher Cognitive
and Affective Functions 673
Irving Kupfermann
The Association Areas Are Involved in Higher
Functions 675
Intracortical Association Pathways Are
Hierarchically Organized 676
The Association Areas of the Prefrontal Region
Are Thought to Be Involved in Cognitive Behavior
and Motor Planning 677
Lesions of the Principal Sulcus Interfere with
Specific Motor Tasks 677
Lesions of the Inferior Prefrontal Convexity
Interfere with Appropriate Motor
Responses 679
The Association Areas of the Limbic Cortex
Mediate Affective Aspects of Emotional Behavior
as well as Memory 679
The Orbitofiontal Portion of the Limbic
Association Cortex Is Concerned with
Emotional Behavior 679
The Temporal Lobe Portion of the Limbic
Association Cortex Is Thought to Be Concerned
with Memory Functions 680
The Association Areas of the Parietal Lobe Are
Involved in Higher Sensory Functions and
Language 680
The Two Hemispheres Are Not Fully Symmetrical
and Differ in Their Capabilities 681
Split-Brain Experiments Reveal Important
Asymmetries and Show That Consciousness and
Self-Awareness Are Not Unitary 683
Why Is Function Lateralized? 685
An Overall View 686
Selected Readings 686
References 686
52, Natural Language, Disorders of Language,
and Other Localizable Disorders of
Cognitive Functioning 688
Richard Mayeux and Eric R. Kandel
All Human Languages Share Four Distinctive
Features 689
Animal Models of Human Language Have Been
Largely Unsatisfactory 690
What Is the Origin of Human Language? 691
Is the Capability for Human Language an Innate
Cognitive Skill or Is It Learned? 691
Aphasias Are Disorders of Human Language That
Also Interfere with Other Cognitive
Processing 693
The Aphasias Can Be Understood on the Basis of
the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
for Language 693
Six Clinical Syndromes of Aphasia Can Be
Distinguished and Related to Different Anatomical
Loci 694
Wernicke's Aphasia 694
Broca's Aphasia 694
Conduction Aphasia 695
Anomic Aphasia 695
Global Aphasia 695
Transcortical Aphasias 695
Aprosodias Are Disorders of the Melodic
Intonation of Language and Its Perception 696
Some Disorders of Reading and Writing Can Also
Be Accounted for by the Wernicke—Geschwind
Model 696
Alexias and Agraphias Are Acquired Disorders of
Reading and Writing 696
Word Blindness Accompanied by Writing Impairment:
Alexia with Agraphia 696
Pure Word Blindness: Alexia without Agraphia 696
Phonetic Symbols and Ideographs Are Localized to
Different Regions of the Cerebral Cortex 697
Dyslexia and Hyperlexia Are Developmental
Disorders of Reading 697
Apraxia Is a Disorder in the Execution of Gesture
and Learned Movements 698
An Overall View 699
Postscript: A Clinical Exercise in Distinguishing
the Aphasias 700
7s Spontaneous Speech Fluent or Nonfluent} 700
Can the Patient Repeat Words or Phrases} 700
How Well Can Language Be Comprehended^ 701
7s There Difficulty in Naming} 701
Are There Associated Disturbances of Reading
and Writing} 702
Are There Other Associated Signs} 702
Selected Readings 702
References 702
53 Disorders of Thought:
The Schizophrenic Syndromes 704
Edward J. Sachar
The Diagnosis of Mental Illnesses Must Meet
Certain Criteria 705
Schizophrenia Can Now Be More Accurately
Diagnosed 705
There Is an Important Genetic Component to
Schizophrenia 706
Specific Drugs Are Effective in the Treatment of
Schizophrenia 707
Antischizophrenic Drugs Affect Dopaminergic
Transmission 708
A Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Has
Been Proposed 712
The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia Might Be
Located in the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic
System 713
There Are Important Weaknesses in the
Dopamine Hypothesis 714
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia May Have
Other Causes 715
Are There Two Distinct but Overlapping Forms of
Schizophrenia? 715
Selected Readings 715
References 715
54 Disorders of Feeling:
Affective Diseases 717
Edward J. Sachar
The Clinical Features of Major Depressive
Disorders Suggest a Defect in the
Hypothalamus 718
Unipolar (Recurrent Depressive) Disorders 718
Bipolar (Manic Depressive) Disorders 718
There Is a Strong Genetic Predisposition for the
Major Depressions 718
There Are Effective Somatic Treatments for
Depression 719
A Biogenic Amine Hypothesis of Depression Has
Been Proposed 720
The Original Biogenic Amine Hypothesis Is
Undergoing Major Revision 723
There Are Disordered Neuroendocrine Functions
in Depression 724
An Overall View 725
Selected Readings 725
References 725
PartX
Development, Critical Periods, and the
Emergence of Behavior 727
55 Determination and Differentiation in the
Development of the Nervous
System 729
Samuel Schacher
Determination of Nervous Tissue Occurs Through
an Interaction between Mesoderm and a Special
Region of Ectoderm 731
Underlying Mesoderm Leads to Neural Induction
of Neuroectoderm 732
Neural Induction Produces a Regional
Specification of the Neuroectoderm That Is
Irreversible 733
Differentiation Occurs in Three Phases 734
Proliferation Occurs in Specific Locations and at
Specific Times 734
Cell Proliferation Occurs in Each Region of the
Brain at a Particular Germinal Zone 734
Certain Neurons Proliferate Again after
Migration 735
Different Types of Cells Are Generated at
Different Times: The Role of Cell Lineage 735
Migration Affects Cell Differentiation 736
Cells of the Neural Crest Are Influenced by Their
Local Environment 736
Cellular Interactions Aid Migration in the
Cerebellar Cortex 738
An Overall View 741
Selected Readings 741
References 741
56 Synapse Formation, Trophic Interactions
between Neurons, and the Development
of Behavior 743
Eric R. Kandel
Information about Final Position Is Important for
Establishing Precise Connections in the Central
Nervous System 744
The Initial Mapping of Connections Is Thought to
Involve Three Sequential Processes 746
The Outgrowing Presynaptic Cells and Their
Target Cells Are Chemically Coded to Mark
Their Position 746
Outgrowing Axons Are Guided to Targets by Cues
Distributed along the Pathway 748
The Outgrowing Axons Selectively Recognize the
Target Cells 749
The Final Stages of Synapse Formation Are
Thought to Involve Numerical Matching and Fine
Tuning Through Competition and Activity 749
The Size of the Target Population Influences the
Number of Surviving Neurons 750
Some Early Synoptic Contacts Are Later
Retracted 751
Nerve Growth Factor Is an Example of a Trophic
Signal 751
Activity Can Influence the Distribution of the
Acetylcholine Receptor in the Muscle
Membrane 753
Activity Can Influence the Speed of Muscle
Contraction 754
An Overall View 754
Selected Readings 755
References 755
5 7 Early Experience, Critical Periods, and
Developmental Fine Tuning of Brain
Architecture 757
Eric R. Kandel
There Is a Critical Period in the Development of
Normal Social and Perceptual Competence 757
Isolated Young Monkeys Do Not Develop Normal
Social Behavior 758
Eaily Sensory Deprivation Alters Perceptual
Development 759
There Are Cellular Correlates of Sensory
Deprivation in Experimental Animals 759
Loss of Responsiveness of Cortical Neurons to the
Closed Eye Results from Altered Competition
between Inputs 762
Balanced Competition Is Important
for Segregating Inputs into the Cortical
Columns during Normal
Development 763
The Development of Ocular Dominance Can Be
Followed by Injecting Single Geniculate Axons
with a Marker Substance 767
Columns Can Be Induced in Brain Regions
Lacking Them by Establishing Appropriate
Competition 767
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
Is an Important Model for Understanding the
Development of Behavior 768
Studies of Development Are Important
Clinically 769
Selected Readings 769
References 769
58 Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous
System 771
Dennis D. Kelly
Reproductive Behaviors Are Sexually
Dimorphic 772
Gonadal Hormones Influence the Sexual
Differentiation of the Brain 772
Perinatal Hormones Affect the Sexual
Differentiation of the Developing Organism 774
Fetal Exposure to Male Hormones Causes
Hermaphroditism in Genetic Females 774
Steroid Hormones Influence Perinatal
Development Only during Critical
Periods 774
Timing of the Critical Period Varies in Different
Species 775
The Brain Can Be Androgenized by Many Natural
and Experimental Compounds 775
Sexually Differentiated Brains Have Different
Physiological Properties and Behavioral
Tendencies 776
Perinatal Hormones Also Determine the Degree to
Which Sex-Linked Behaviors Are Expressed by
Normal Males and Females 778
Sexual Differentiation Is Reflected in the
Structure of Certain Neurons 778
Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the
Development of Sex Differences in the Brain
Can Be Studied in Vitro 779
A Wide Range of Behaviors Is Influenced
by Sex Differences in the Organization
of the Brain 780
Aggressive Behaviors: Stimuli Differ for the Two
Sexes 780
Cognitive Behaviors: The Development of the
Monkey Cortex Is Sexually Dimorphic 781
Human Cerebral Asymmetries Display Sexual
Dimorphism 781
Human Sexuality Also Depends upon
Learning 782
Selected Readings 782
References 783
59 Aging of the Brain and Dementia 784
Lucien Cote
Several Hypotheses Have Been Proposed for the
Molecular Mechanisms of Aging 785
Dementia Is Prominent in the Clinical Syndromes
of Aging 786
Five Characteristic Cellular Changes of Aging
Occur with Increased Frequency in
Dementia 786
Characteristic Biochemical Changes Take Place in
the Brain with Aging 790
Alzheimer's Disease Involves Selective
Loss of Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal
Forebrain 791
One Form of Dementia Is of Viral Origin 791
An Overall View 791
Selected Readings 791
References 792
Part XI
Genes, Environmental Experience, and the
Mechanisms of Behavior 793
50 Genetic Determinants of Behavior 795
Irving Kupfermann
The Concept of Instinct:
Are Aspects of Behavior Genetically
Determined? 795
Ethologists Define Instincts as Inborn Motor
Patterns 796
Can Behavior Be Inherited^ 797
Sign Stimulus and Fixed Action Pattern Are Two
Key Concepts in the Analysis of Species-Specific
Behavior 797
Fixed Action Patterns Are Generated by Central
Programs 798
The Role of Genes in the Expression of Behavior
Can Now Be Studied Directly 800
Higher Mammals and Humans Seem to Have
Certain Innate Behavioral Patterns 801
Certain Human Behavioral Traits Have a
Hereditary Component 801
Many Human Behaviors Are Universal 801
Stereotyped Sequences of Movements Resemble
Fixed Action Patterns 802
Certain Complex Patterns Require Little or No
Learning 802
The Brain Sets Limits on the Structure of
Language 802
Selected Readings 803
References 804
51 Learning 805
Irving Kupfermann
Certain Elementary Forms of Learning Are
Nonassociative 806
Classical Conditioning Involves Associating a
Conditioned and an Unconditioned Stimulus 806
Conditioning Involves the Learning of Predictive
Relationships 807
Operant Conditioning Involves Associating an
Organism's Own Behavior with a Subsequent
Reinforcing Environmental Event 808
Food-Aversion Conditioning Illustrates How
Biological Constraints Influence the Efficacy of
Reinforcers 809
Conditioning Is Used as a Therapeutic
Technique 809
Classical Conditioning Has Been Applied in
Systematic Desensitization 809
Opeiant Conditioning Has Been Used to Treat
Severe Behavioral Problems 809
Learning and Memory Can Be Classified as
Reflexive or Declarative on the Basis of How
Information Is Stored and Recalled 810
The Neural Basis of Memory Can Be Summarized
in Four Principles 811
Memory Has Stages 811
Long-term Memory May Be Represented by Plastic
Changes in the Brain 812
Memory Traces Are Often Localized in Different
Places Throughout the Nervous System 812
Reflexive and Declarative Memories May Involve
Different Neuronal Circuits 813
Reflexive Memory 813
Declarative Memory 813
Reflexive Versus Declarative Memory in Amnesic
Patients 814
Selected Readings 814
References 815
52 Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and the
Biological Basis of Individuality 816
Eric R. Kandel
Habituation Involves a Depression of Synaptic
Transmission 817
Sensitization Involves an Enhancement of
Synaptic Transmission 819
Sensitization Can Now Be Understood in
Molecular Terms 820
Sensitization Can Reverse the Synaptic
Depression of Habituation 821
Long-term Habituation and Sensitization Produce
Morphological Changes 822
Cell-Biological Studies of Habituation and
Sensitization Have Provided Some Basic Insights
into the Mechanisms of Learning and Memory 823
Classical Conditioning Involves Activity-Dependent
Enhancement of Presynaptic Facilitation 823
The Somatotopic Map in the Brain Is Modifiable
by Experience 827
Changes in the Somatotopic Map Produced by
Learning May Contribute to the Biological
Expression of Individuality 829
Studies of Neuronal Changes with Learning
Provide Insights into Psychiatric Disorders 831
An Overall View 831
Selected Readings 832
References 832
Appendix I
Brain Fluids and Their Disorders 835
A. Blood-Brain Barrier, Cerebrospinal Fluid,
Brain Edema, and Hydrocephalus 837
Lewis P. Rowland
Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Secreted by the Choroid
Plexus 837
Specific Permeability Barriers Exist between Blood
and Cerebrospinal Fluid and between Blood and
Brain 839
The Blood—Brain Barrier Breaks Down in Some
Diseases 841
Cerebrospinal Fluid Has Multiple Functions 842
The Composition of Cerebrospinal Fluid May Be
Altered in Disease 842
Increased Intracranial Pressure May Harm the
Brain 842
Brain Edema Is a State of Increased Brain Volume
Due to Increased Water Content 842
Vasogenic Edema Is a State of Increased
Extracellular Fluid Volume 843
Cytotoxic Edema Is the Swelling of Cellular
Elements 843
Interstitial Edema Is Attributed to Increased
Water and Sodium in Periventricular White
Matter 843
Hydrocephalus Is an Increase in the Volume of the
Cerebral Ventricles 843
Selected Readings 844
References 844
B. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 845
Shu Chien
Mean Cerebral Blood Flow and Regional Cerebral
Blood Flow Are Measured by Different
Techniques 846
Mean Cerebral Blood Flow Is Measured by
Arteriovenous Equilibration with Freely
Diffusible Inert Gas 846
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Is Measured by the
Equilibrium Diffusion Technique 847
Cerebral Blood Flow Is Affected by Changes in
Arterial Pressure and Cerebral Flow
Resistance 848
Arterial Pressure Is Regulated by Circulatory
Reflexes 848
Baroreceptor Reflex 848
Cerebral Ischemic Response 848
Cerebral Flow Resistance Is Subject to Several
Types of Regulation 848
Blood Viscosity 848
Neural Regulation 848
Autoregulation (Independent of Vasomotor
Neurons] 848
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Change
under Various Conditions 849
Mean Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism Are
Affected by Certain Pathological
Conditions 849
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
Vary with Physiological Activities and
Disease 849
Selected Readings 852
References 852
C. Stroke: Diagnostic, Anatomical, and
Physiological Considerations 853
John C. M. Brast
The Blood Supply of the Brain Can Be Divided into
Arterial Territories 854
Clinical Vascular Syndromes May Follow Vessel
Occlusion, Hypoperfusion, or Hemorrhage 857
Infarction Can Occur in the Middle Cerebral
Artery Territory 857
Infarction Can Occur in the Anterior Cerebral
Artery Territory 858
Infarction Can Occur in the Posterior Cerebral
Artery Territory 858
The Anterior Choroidal and Penetrating Arteries
Can Become Occluded 858
The Carotid and Basilar Arteries Can Become
Occluded 858
Diffuse Hypoperfusion Can Cause Ischemia or
Infarction 859
The Rupture of Microaneurysms Causes
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage 859
The Rupture of Berry Aneurysms Causes
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 859
Stroke Alters the Vascular Physiology of the
Brain 860
Selected Readings 861
Appendix II
Neuroophthahnology 863
A. Physiological Optics, Accommodation,
and Stereopsis 865
Peter Gouras
The Lens Focuses an Inverted Image on the
Photoreceptors 865
Light Is Refracted in the Eye 866
Snell's Law Predicts the Refraction of Light 866
Thin Lens Formulas Are Derived from Snell's
Law 867
Image Formation in Monocular Vision Has
Physical Limitations 869
Alterations in Refractive Power Affect Image
Formation 869
The Image Can Be Degraded by Spherical and
Chromatic Aberrations 870
Blurs Can Also Be Caused by Diffraction 871
Ocular Reflexes Adapt the Eye to Changing
Conditions 871
The Pupillary Light Reflex Is an Automatic
Brightness Control Mechanism 871
Accommodation Allows the Eye to Focus up
Close 872
Binocular Vision Is Important for Depth
Perception 872
Selected Readings 874
References 875
Appendix III
The Flow of Ionic and Capacitive Current
in Nerve Cells 877
A. Review of Electrical Circuits 879
John Koester
Definition of Electrical Parameters 879
Potential Difference (V or E) 879
Current (I) 880
Conductance (g) 880
Capacitance (C) 880
Rules for Circuit Analysis 882
Conductance 882
Current 882
Capacitance 883
Potential Difference 883
Current Flow in Circuits with Capacitance 884
Capacitive Circuit 884
Circuit with Resistor and Capacitor in Series 885
Circuit with Resistor and Capacitor in
Parallel 886
B. Problem Set for Chapters 5-9 887
Bibliography 895
Illustration and Table Credits 923
Name Index 927
Subject Index 941 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)113801955 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV008128762 |
| classification_rvk | WW 2200 WW 2204 WW 4204 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)242648341 (DE-599)BVBBV008128762 |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed., 2. print. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV008128762</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">930712s1985 ad|| |||| 00||| und d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0444009442</subfield><subfield code="9">0-444-00944-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)242648341</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV008128762</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">und</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 2200</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)158906:13423</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 2204</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)158906:13428</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 4204</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)152097:13428</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Principles of neural science</subfield><subfield code="c">ed. by Eric R. Kandel ...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed., 2. print.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York u.a.</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier</subfield><subfield code="c">1985</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXXVIII, 979 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Gehirn</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4019752-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Neurobiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041871-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Neurophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041897-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nervensystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041643-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Krankheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4032844-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Neurochemie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041872-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Pathophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4044898-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mensch</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4038639-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4151278-9</subfield><subfield code="a">Einführung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neurobiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041871-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Nervensystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041643-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Krankheit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4032844-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Pathophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4044898-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neurophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041897-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Mensch</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4038639-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">3\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neurochemie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041872-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">4\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Gehirn</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4019752-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">5\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kandel, Eric R.</subfield><subfield code="d">1929-</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)113801955</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005359680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">2\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">3\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">4\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">5\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005359680</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV008128762 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-14T00:48:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444009442 |
| language | Undetermined |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-005359680 |
| oclc_num | 242648341 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| physical | XXXVIII, 979 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1985 |
| publishDateSearch | 1985 |
| publishDateSort | 1985 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Principles of neural science ed. by Eric R. Kandel ... 2. ed., 2. print. New York u.a. Elsevier 1985 XXXVIII, 979 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd rswk-swf Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd rswk-swf Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd rswk-swf Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd rswk-swf Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 s DE-604 Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 s Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 s Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 s 2\p DE-604 Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s 3\p DE-604 Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 s 4\p DE-604 Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 s 5\p DE-604 Kandel, Eric R. 1929- Sonstige (DE-588)113801955 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005359680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Principles of neural science Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019752-9 (DE-588)4041871-6 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4041643-4 (DE-588)4032844-2 (DE-588)4041872-8 (DE-588)4044898-8 (DE-588)4038639-9 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Principles of neural science |
| title_auth | Principles of neural science |
| title_exact_search | Principles of neural science |
| title_full | Principles of neural science ed. by Eric R. Kandel ... |
| title_fullStr | Principles of neural science ed. by Eric R. Kandel ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of neural science ed. by Eric R. Kandel ... |
| title_short | Principles of neural science |
| title_sort | principles of neural science |
| topic | Gehirn (DE-588)4019752-9 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Neurochemie (DE-588)4041872-8 gnd Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gehirn Neurobiologie Neurophysiologie Nervensystem Krankheit Neurochemie Pathophysiologie Mensch Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005359680&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kandelericr principlesofneuralscience |