Wild horses of the great basin: social competition and population size
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chicago u.a.
Univ. of Chicago Pr.
1986
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Wildlife behavior and ecology
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 326 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0226043673 |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Compétition (Biologie) - Grand Bassin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammifères - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammifères - Populations - Grand Bassin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mammifères - Écologie - Grand Bassin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ökologie | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | WILD HORSES OF
THE GREAT BASIN
Social Competition and
Population Size
JoelJBerger
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
Chicago and London
Contents
PREFACE XV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
1 THE
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 1
Introduction 1
Adaptation and Natural Selection
The Sexes 2
Ecology, Social Organization, and
Explanation 4
Social Limitations and Population
Summary 6
Levels of
Size 5
HORSES AND NATIVE EQUIDS: HISTORY, HABITATS, AND
HABITS 7
2 1 Introduction 7
2 2 Existence and Distribution of Wild Horses 7
Native Horses 7
Horses and Nomenclature 9
Geographical Considerations 9
Introduction of Horses into North America 11
2 3 Horses as Companions and Enemies of Humans 12
2 4 Ecology and Niches of Native Equids 13
Morphology and Ecology 13
Food Acquisition and Processing 14
Interpretations of Niches 16
2 5 Predation on Horses and Native Equids 16
Predator Avoidance 16
Horses 17
Native Species 18
2 6 Paleoecology and Late Tertiary Horses of North
America 18
Early Ancestral Horses 18
VII
riii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spread of Savannas and Equid Evolution 19
Fossil Horses of the Great Basin 20
The Pleistocene and Equid Extinctions 20
2 7 Canine Teeth and Social Systems 21
2 8 Summary 24
3 THE STUDY AND THE GREAT BASIN ECOSYSTEM 25
3 1 Introduction 25
3 2 The Study 25
3 3 The Great Basin Ecosystem 26
Location and Topography 26
Glacial Phenomena and Quarternary Environments 27
Vegetation 28
3 4 Mammals 29
Insular Biogeography 29
Ungulates and Carnivores 29
3 5 The Granite Range 30
Setting 30
Weather and Annual Cycle 33
3 6 Wild Horses of the Great Basin and Granite
Range 35
3 7 Methods 36
Recognition of Individuals 36
Study Period and Observations 37
Reproductive Classifications 39
Band Nomenclature 39
Chemical Restraint 40
Body Weight and Age 41
Births and Deaths 42
Statistics 43
3 8 Ethogram and Social Groupings 44
Behavior Patterns 44
Vocalizations 45
Social Groupings 45
Patterns of Interaction and Cooperation 45
3 9 Summary 46
4 LAND-USE SYSTEMS AND RESOURCES 47
4 1 Introduction 47
4 2 Vegetation Description and Use of Habitats 47
4 3 Food Resources 48
Assessment of Vegetation Mosaic 48
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
Overview of Food Sites 49
Distribution and Use of Food Plants 50
4 4 Home-Range Characteristics 50
Definitions and Locations 50
Seasonal Ranges and Core Areas 51
Annual Fidelity to Core Areas 52
Exclusivity of Areas 53
4 5 Diurnal and Nocturnal Movements 54
Patterns among Bands and Bachelors 55
Proximate Causes of Variation 55
4 6 Vertical Migrations and Altitudinal Segregation of
Bands 56
4 7 Selection of Refuges 59
Winter Ecology and Snowstorms 59
Summer Ecology and Insects 61
4 8 Home-Range Quality 64
4 9 Intrapopulation Differences in Home-Range
Ecology 65
Resources and Home-Range Size 65
Home-Range Locations and Quality 66
Breeding Success and Home-Range Quality 67
4 10 Comparisons with Other Equids 70
4 11 Summary 70
5 POPULATION FEATURES 75
5 1 Introduction 75
5 2 Changes in Granite Range Population Size 75
History 75
Rates of Increase 76
Causes of Increase 77
Comparisons with Other Feral Horse Populations 78
5 3 Fecundity 79 °
5 4 Mortality 81
Foals 82
Yearlings 83
Adults 85
High-Altitude Deaths 86
Winter Deaths in Other Temperate Ungulates 88
5 5 Adult Sex Ratios in Feral and Native Equids 89
Causes of Variation 89
Confounding Influences 89
Lack of Predator Effects 90
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Effects of Predators 91
Intermale Reproductive Competition 95
Female-Biased Mortality 95
Predation and Intermale Competition: Proximate and
Ultimate Factors 96
5 6 Effects of Population Size 97
Recruitment of Foals 97
Emigration Distances 99
Potential Density-Dependent Effects 101
5 7 Summary 101
REPRODUCTION AND ECOLOGY 103
6 1 Introduction 103
6 2 Seasons of Births 103
Ungulate Parturition 103
The Granite Population 104
6 3 Factors Influencing Parturition Dates 105
Postpartum Estrous Cycles 105
Conception 105
Male Takeovers 106
6 4 Birth Times and Sites 107
6 5 Body Condition and Weight 110
Males and Females 110
Seasonal Variations 111
6 6 Ecological Factors and Offspring Physical
Development 113
Gestation 114
Lactation and Weaning 115
Puberty and Home-Range Quality 117
6 7 Effects of Reproduction and Home Ranges on
Feeding 120
Seasonal Influences 120
Lactating and Barren Females 122
Sex Differences 122
Home Ranges 123
6 8 Summary 123
BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 128
7 1 Introduction 128
7 2 Grouping Patterns of Males and Females 129
Band Compositions and Associations 129
Bachelor Males 131
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
7 3 Aggression and Combat 131
Inter band Encounters 132
Description of Interactions 132
Combat and Use of Agonistic Behavior Patterns 134
7 4 Male Takeovers, Fighting, and Tenure 136
Should Males Fight to Acquire Mates? 137
Which Males Fight for Mates? 138
Is Aggression Related to Old Age? 139
Loss of Harems by Old Stallions 140
Tenure 142
7 5 Costs and Energetics of Mate Defense and
Acquisition 142
Vigilance and Feeding Times 143
Energy Expenditure and Harem Size 143
Injuries and Deaths 147
7 6 Cooperation and Mate Protection 150
Associations among Males 151
Alliances and Reciprocity 151
Costs and Benefits of Helping 153
Old Age and Last Chances 155
7 7 Females and Their Relationships 156
How Important A re Dominance Hierarchies ? 157
Scramble Competition and Implications for Female
Behavior 159
Cooperation among Females 160
7 8 Sexual Conflict and Feticide 160
Forced Copulations and Unfamiliar Females 161
New Social Environments 163
Abortions and Male Reproductive Success 164
Functional Considerations 165
Origins 167
Infanticide 168
Reproductive Consequences 169
7 9 Summary 170
8 PARENTAL INVESTMENT AND OFFSPRING ECOLOGY 174
8 1 Introduction 174
8 2 Maternal Investment 174
Birth Sex Ratio 174
Differential Investment toward Sons 176
8 3 Lost Foals and Mistaken Identities 177
8 4 Male Investment and Recognition of Sons 178
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Investment Patterns 178
Factors in Recognition 180
8 5 Dispersal of Young Horses 181
Proximate Factors Influencing Dispersal 181
Fates of Females and Males 182
Functional Considerations 184
8 6 Incestuous Matings 186
8 7 Bachelorhood: Fighting Skills and Female
Acquisitions 189
Successful and Unsuccessful Males 189
Fighting Skills 191
Multiple Factors 193
8 8 Summary 193
9 REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND NATURAL SELECTION 196
9 1 Introduction 196
9 2 Variation among Males 197
Rationale and Assumptions 197
Number of Offspring Sired 199
9 3 Causes of Male Variation 201
Weight 201
Fighting 203
Home-Range Locations 204
Reproductive Lifespan 204
Incidental Opportunities 205
9 4 Variation among Females 206
Rationale and Assumptions 206
Number of Offspring Produced 206
9 5 Causes of Female Variation 209
Home Range of Birth 209
Home-Range Residency While Pregnant 210
Band Stability 210
Body Size/Weight Relationships 211
Anomalous Situations and Possible Trade-offs 214
Harem Size 215
9 6 Behavioral and Ecological Strategies of Mares and
Stallions 216
Convergence in Neonatal Tactics 216
Adult Females 216
Adult Males 217
9 7 Lifetime Reproductive Success: Estimations and
Speculations 218
TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii
Dilemmas, Rationale, and Assumptions 218
Variance among Males and Females 219
Quandaries concerning Sexual Selection in Ungulates 221
9 8 Adaptation and Selection in a Feral Species 223
On Native and Feral Species 223
Coat Color Patterns 224
Parturition-Related Characteristics 225
Problems in Interpreting Habitat Use 226
Antipredatory Behavior 227
Selection Pressures 228
9 9 Summary 228
10 ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE 232
10 1 Introduction 232
10 2 Resources and Regulation by Beha vior 232
10 3 Criteria Needed to Demonstrate Social Effects 233
First Two Criteria 233
Last Two Criteria 235
Comparisons with Other Species 236
10 4 Density, Resources, and Reproduction 238
The Model: Ideal Free Distributions 238
Horse Distributions: Ideal or Despotic? 238
Large Mammals and Ecological Models 242
Comparisons with Other Ungulates 243
10 5 Wild Horses, Phylogeny, and Generalizations 243
10 6 Summary 245
11 HORSES AND CONSERVATION IN THE GREAT BASIN
DESERT 246
11 1 Introduction 246
11 2 Prior Conservation Efforts 247
11 3 Ecological Segregation of Ungulates 248
Biomass of Ungulate Species 248
Resource Partitioning in Native Species 250
Introduced Ungulates: Facilitators or Competitors? 251
Interspecific Social Interactions and Dominance 254
11 4 Horses, Other Feral Ungulates, and Their
Environmental Effects 256
Feral Mammals on Oceanic Islands 257
Exotics in Australian Deserts 258
Exotics in American Deserts 259
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS
11 5 Great Basin: Confounding Issues and Conservation
Dilemmas 260
Preserves and Questions about Ecosystem Dynamics 260
Grasses and Large Grazers 261
11 6 Concluding Remarks 261
11 7 Conservation Recommendations 262
11 8 Summary 265
APPENDIXES 267
1 Common and Scientific Names of Extant Mammals and
Birds Mentioned in the Text 267
2 Common and Scientific Names of Some Frequent Plant
Species in the Granite Range 271
3 Determination of Ages 273
4 Evaluation of Home Ranges 274
5 Food Profiles of Granite Horses 276
6 Estimation of Conception and Gestation Lengths 278
7 Collection of Data on Reciprocity and Its
Calculation 279
8 Male Reproductive Success and Paternity 280
REFERENCES 283
INDEX 317
|
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| spelling | Berger, Joel Verfasser aut Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size Chicago u.a. Univ. of Chicago Pr. 1986 XXI, 326 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wildlife behavior and ecology United States - Great Britain - Wild horses Chevaux sauvages - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Chevaux sauvages - Écologie - Grand Bassin Compétition (Biologie) - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Populations - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Écologie - Grand Bassin Ökologie Competition (Biology) Great Basin Mammal populations Great Basin Wild horses Behavior Great Basin Wild horses Ecology Great Basin Wildpferd (DE-588)4193764-8 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd rswk-swf USA Großes Becken (DE-588)4238458-8 gnd rswk-swf Großes Becken (DE-588)4238458-8 g Wildpferd (DE-588)4193764-8 s Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005346777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Berger, Joel Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size United States - Great Britain - Wild horses Chevaux sauvages - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Chevaux sauvages - Écologie - Grand Bassin Compétition (Biologie) - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Populations - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Écologie - Grand Bassin Ökologie Competition (Biology) Great Basin Mammal populations Great Basin Wild horses Behavior Great Basin Wild horses Ecology Great Basin Wildpferd (DE-588)4193764-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4193764-8 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4062860-7 (DE-588)4238458-8 |
| title | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_auth | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_exact_search | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_full | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_fullStr | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_short | Wild horses of the great basin |
| title_sort | wild horses of the great basin social competition and population size |
| title_sub | social competition and population size |
| topic | United States - Great Britain - Wild horses Chevaux sauvages - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Chevaux sauvages - Écologie - Grand Bassin Compétition (Biologie) - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Populations - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Écologie - Grand Bassin Ökologie Competition (Biology) Great Basin Mammal populations Great Basin Wild horses Behavior Great Basin Wild horses Ecology Great Basin Wildpferd (DE-588)4193764-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Verhalten (DE-588)4062860-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | United States - Great Britain - Wild horses Chevaux sauvages - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Chevaux sauvages - Écologie - Grand Bassin Compétition (Biologie) - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Murs et comportement - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Populations - Grand Bassin Mammifères - Écologie - Grand Bassin Ökologie Competition (Biology) Great Basin Mammal populations Great Basin Wild horses Behavior Great Basin Wild horses Ecology Great Basin Wildpferd Verhalten USA Großes Becken |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005346777&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bergerjoel wildhorsesofthegreatbasinsocialcompetitionandpopulationsize |