Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Horwood
1980
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Ellis Horwood series in analytical chemistry.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 446 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0853121087 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |c Candin Liteanu ; Ion Rîcǎ* |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Horwood |c 1980 | |
| 300 | |a 446 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Oligoéléments - Analyse - Méthodes statistiques | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ultramicrométhodes |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Éléments traces |2 ram | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804122423514103808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface 13
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Current importance of trace analysis 15
1.2 Analytical problems in trace analysis 16
1.3 Analytical errors 19
1.4 Applications of mathematical statistics 22
Chapter 2 Elements of Statistics Applied to Data Processing for
Analytical measurements
2.1 Distribution of random variables 27
2.2 The normal distribution of random variables 29
2.3 Other distributions 31
2.3.1 The x2 distribution 31
2.32 Student s t distribution 33
2.3.3 The F distribution 34
2.3.4 The binomial distribution 35
2.4 Sampling and estimation 36
2.5 The confidence interval 36
2.5.1 Confidence interval for the mean of the distribution N(m, a). . .37
2.5.2 The confidence interval of the sample variance 38
2.5.3 Confidence interval of the binomial distribution parameters ...40
2.6 Testing statistical hypotheses 41
2.6.1 Testing extreme values 43
2.6.2 Testing the sample mean 45
2.6.2.1 Testing the mean with respect to a known value 45
2.6.2.2 Testingtwo means 46
2.6.3 Testing sample variances 49
2.6.3.1 Testing a sample variance with respect to a known value... 49
2.6.35 Testing two sample variances (the F test) 50
2.6.3.3 Testing several sample variances (Bartlett s test) 51
8 Table of Contents
2.6.4 Testing sampling probabilities 51
2.6.4.1 Testing sampling probability with respect to a known value. 51
2.6.42 Testing two sampling probabilities 52
2.6.5 Testing hypotheses about the type of distribution function.... 54
2.6.5.1 The x2test 54
2.6.5.2 Kolmogorov stest 56
2.6.6 Variance analysis 56
2.6.6.1 Single factor variance analysis 57
2.6.6.2 Two factor variance analysis 61
2.6.7 Order statistics 65
2.6.7.1 Smirnov s test 66
2.6.72 Wilcoxon stest 66
2.6.7.3 Van der Waerden s test 67
2.6.8 The sequential probability ratio test 68
2.6.8.1 The sequential probability ratio test for the normal
distribution 69
2.6.8.2 The sequential probability ratio test for the binomial
distribution 74
2.7 Regression analysis 76
2.7.1 Regression analysis for a single independent variable 76
2.7.1.1 Linear regression 76
2.7.12 Non linear regression 82
2.72 Multiple regression 83
2.8 Correlation 83
Chapter 3 Information Processing of Results
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Analogies between information transmission and analytical
systems 89
3.3 Entropy as a measure of uncertainty 92
3.4 Information 95
3.5 The amount of information obtained in detection and identi¬
fication 96
3.6 The amount of information given by a determination 98
3.7 Redundancy of an analysed material 104
3.8 Informational characterization of analytical systems 106
3.8.1 Informational power of an analytical instrument 106
3.8.2 Informational capacity of an analytical system 108
3.8.3 Redundancy of an analytical system 110
3.8.4 Information flow of an analytical system 110
3.8.5 Informational power of an analytical system Ill
References Ill
Table of Contents 9
Chapter 4 Stability of Analytical Systems
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Stability of analytical systems 117
4.2.1 Stationary stability without systematic deviation 118
4.2.2 Stationary stability with constant systematic deviation 120
4.2.3 Stationary stability with random systematic deviation 120
4.2.4 Stationary stability with intermittent gross error 121
4.2.5 Non stationary stability with time — dependent systematic
deviation 122
4.2.6 Non stationary stability with time dependent variance 122
4.3 Statistical methods for assessing stability 124
4.3.1 Regression analysis 124
4.32 Statistical hypothesis for stability 124
4.3.3 Variance analysis 131
4.4 Reliability of analytical systems ;. 134
4.5 Deterioration and regulation of analytical systems 137
4.6 Improvement of stability 138
4.7 Statistical control of the stability of a working analytical system . . 139
Chapter 5 Relation between Signal and Concentration
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Interference 144
5.3 Background 147
5.4 Sensitivity 149
5.5 Calibration function and analytical function 150
5.6 The linear calibration function 151
5.7 Statistical hypothesis and the linear response function 156
5.8 The linear calibration function = b c 161
5.9 The method of multiple standard additions 162
5.10 The intersection of two linear regressions 166
5.11 Non linear calibration and calculation functions 172
5.12 Calibration functions and analytical calculation functions
depending on several variables 175
References 177
Chapter 6 Analytical Signal Detection
6.1 Introduction 181
6.1.1 Analytical detection 184
6.12 Analytical determination 185
6.13 Analytical identification , 186
6.2 Detection of an analytical signal in presence of Gaussian noise.... 187
10 Table of Contents
6.3 Decision level 189
6.4 Formulation of detection by using likelihood criteria 192
6.4.1 The Bayes criterion 193
6.4.2 The minimax criterion 196
6.4.3 The criterion of the ideal observer 197
6.4.4 The criterion of maximal likelihood 197
6.4.5 The Neyman Pearson criterion 198
6.5 The informational definition of the decision level 201
6.6 Sequential detection 202
6.7 Non parametric detection 205
6.8 Criterion of the least square mean error 205
6.9 The detection characteristic of an analytical signal 208
6.10 Resolution of analytical signals 214
6.11 Classical statistical tests applied to decision formulation in
analytical detection 220
6.11.1 The decision level 221
6.112 The t test in detection 223
6.11.3 Non parametric tests in detection 226
6.11.4 Sequential probability ratio test in detection 227
6.12 Analytical applications of pattern recognition methods 231
6.12.1 The file search method 233
6.12.2 The learning machine method 240
6.12.3 Other methods of pattern recognition 247
References 251
Chapter 7 The Detection limit in Chemical Analysis
7.1 Introduction 255
7.2 Defining the detection limit 257
7.3 The informational definition of detection limit 261
7.4 Conclusions about definition of the detection limit 262
15 Estimating the detection limit 266
7.5.1 Introduction 266
7.5.2 Estimation of the detection limit from a set of calibra¬
tion data 268
7.5.3 Evaluation of a confidence value for the decision level and
detection limit for a set of calibration data 276
7.5.4 Estimation of the detection limit from the standard devia¬
tion of analysis errors 278
7.5.5 Evaluation of the detection limit when the standard devia¬
tion of the signal varies with amount 280
75.6 The frequentometric method for estimating the detection
limit 281
Table of Contents 11
7.6 Trace analysis methods 286
7.6.1 Spectral methods 288
7.6.1.1 Emission spectroscopy methods 288
7.6.1.2 Luminescence spectroscopy methods 292
7.6.1.3 Absorption spectroscopy methods 298
7.6.1.4 Other spectral methods 302
7.6.2 Radiometric and radiochemical methods 304
7.6.2.1 Radiometric methods 304
7.6.2.2 Radiochemical methods 307
7.6.3 Electrochemical methods 309
7.6.4 Chromatographic methods 310
References 318
Chapter 8 Trace Determination
8.1 Introduction 327
8.2 The reliability of a method of analysis with respect to two
error limits 333
8.3 The determination characteristic of a method 337
8.4 The determination limit 341
8.4.1 Introduction 341
8.42 The determination limit in terms of the coefficient of
variation 342
8.4.3 The determination limit in terms of the entropy 344
8.4.4 The determination limit in terms of p[(Ac)%] 344
8.4.5 The relation between detection and determination limits .... 348
8.4.6 Lowering the determination limit by repeated determinations . 350
8.4.7 Conclusions concerning the determination limit 351
8.5 Analysis of non homogeneous materials 353
8.5.1 The determination of the mean amount of a component
in a noniomogeneous material 353
8.5.2 Experimental design for evaluating the compositional in
homogeneity of a material 356
8.5.3 The criterion for accepting the purity of a material 359
References 363
Chapter 9 Increasing the Signal to Noise Ratio in Analytical Chemistry
9.1 The optimization of analytical conditions 365
9.1.1 Introduction 365
9.1.2 The response surface method RSM 372
9.1.2.1 The complete factorial experiment at two levels —
the 2 experimental design 377
12 Table of Contents
9.1.2.2 The partial factorial experiment 383
9.12.3 Factorial experiment at three levels 385
9.1.3 The Box and Wilson method 393
9.1.4 The simplex method 397
9.2 Signal measuring techniques for increasing the signal to noise
ratio 402
9.2.1 Noise sources and their properties 402
9.2.2 The noise figure 407
9.2.3 Signal modulation and filtration 408
9.3 Improvement of the S/N ratio by signal processing 410
9.3.1 Signal averaging 410
9.3.2 Least squares polynomial smoothing 412
9.3.3 The derivative of the signal 414
9.3.4 Fourier transform data processing 416
9.35 Correlation method for increasing the S/N ratio 420
References 422
Appendix 427
General References 439
Index 441
|
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| series2 | Ellis Horwood series in analytical chemistry. |
| spelling | Liteanu, Candin Verfasser aut Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis Candin Liteanu ; Ion Rîcǎ* 1. publ. Chichester Horwood 1980 446 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ellis Horwood series in analytical chemistry. Chimie analytique ram Oligoéléments - Analyse - Méthodes statistiques Ultramicrométhodes ram Éléments traces ram Trace analysis Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd rswk-swf Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 s Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s DE-604 Ricǎ, Ion Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005302543&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Liteanu, Candin Ricǎ, Ion Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis Chimie analytique ram Oligoéléments - Analyse - Méthodes statistiques Ultramicrométhodes ram Éléments traces ram Trace analysis Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4056593-2 |
| title | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |
| title_auth | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |
| title_exact_search | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |
| title_full | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis Candin Liteanu ; Ion Rîcǎ* |
| title_fullStr | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis Candin Liteanu ; Ion Rîcǎ* |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis Candin Liteanu ; Ion Rîcǎ* |
| title_short | Statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |
| title_sort | statistical theory and methodology of trace analysis |
| topic | Chimie analytique ram Oligoéléments - Analyse - Méthodes statistiques Ultramicrométhodes ram Éléments traces ram Trace analysis Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Spurenanalyse (DE-588)4056593-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chimie analytique Oligoéléments - Analyse - Méthodes statistiques Ultramicrométhodes Éléments traces Trace analysis Statistical methods Statistik Spurenanalyse |
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