Managing uncertainty in expert systems:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston u.a.
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1991
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science
143. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 224 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0792391691 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | MANAGING UNCERTAINTY
IN EXPERT SYSTEMS
by
Jerzy W Grzymala-Busse
University of Kansas
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
Boston/Dordrecht/London
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xv
PREFACE xvii
1 INTRODUCTION l
1 1 Architecture of an Expert System 4
1 2 Building Expert Systems 6
121 Construction Stages 6
122 Expert System Tools 8
1 3 Uncertainty in Expert Systems : 9
131 Sources of Uncertainty i 10
132 Inference under Uncertainty 11
1 4 Taxonomy of Expert Systems 11
141 By Task Type : 11
142 By User Interaction and Solution Status 12
2 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 13
2 1 First-Order Logic 13
211 Prepositional Calculus 13
212 Predicate Calculus 15
2 2 Production Systems 17
221 Production Rules 17
222 Data Base 19
223 Rule Interpreter 19
2231 Pattern Matching 20
2232 Conflict Resolution 20
224 Forward Chaining 21
225 Depth-First and Breadth-First Search 27
226 Backward Chaining 27
227 Metarules 28
228 Forward and Backward Reasoning
Versus Chaining 29
vii
viii Contents
229 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Production Systems 29
2 3 Semantic Nets 29
231 Basic Properties 30
232 Extended Semantic Nets 30
233 Concluding Remarks 34
2 4 Frames 34
241 Basic Concepts 34
242 Inference 37
243 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Frame Systems 38
Exercises 38
3 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION 43
3 1 Manual and Interactive Techniques 44
311 Interviewing 44
312 Observation 46
313 Multiple Experts 47
314 Psychology-Based Techniques 47
315 Knowledge Acquisition under Uncertainty 48
3 2 Machine Learning 50
3 3 Rule Learning from Examples 52
331 Decision Tables 53
3311A Single Decision Table 54
3312A Set of Decision Tables 58
332 Indiscernibility Relations and Partitions 60
3321 Indiscernibility Relations 61
3322 Partitions 61
333 Attribute Dependency and Rule Induction 62
3331 Attribute Dependency Inequality 62
3332 Equivalent Attribute Sets 63
3333 Coverings 63
334 Checking Attribute Dependency 64
335 An Algorithm for Finding the Set
of all Coverings 65
336 An Algorithm for Finding a Covering 66
337 Rule Induction from a Decision Table 66
3371 Essential Attributes 67
3372 Finding Rules from Coverings 69
338 Attribute Dependency and Data Bases 71
3 4 Rule Base Verification 71
341 Consistency 71
3411 Redundancy 71
3412 Conflict 72
3413 Subsumption 72
3414 Unnecessary Conditions 72
3415 Circularity 73
Contents ix
342 Completeness 73
3421 Unreferenced Attribute Values 73
3422 Illegal Attribute and Decision Values 73
3423 Unreachable Conditions 73
3424 Unreachable Actions 74
3425 Unreachable Goals 74
343 Concluding Remarks 74
Exercises 74
4 ONE-VALUED QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES 77
4 1 Probability Theory 77
411 Definition of a Probability 78
412 Kolmogorov s Axioms 78
413 Conditional Probability 79
414 Independent Events 80
415 Bayes Rule 80
4 2 Systems using Bayes Rule 81
421 Inference Network 81
422 Bayesian Updating 81
423 Uncertain Evidence 84
424 Multiple Evidences and Single Hypothesis 87
425 Multiple Evidences and Multiple Hypotheses 88
4 3 Belief Networks 89
431 Detection of Independences 90
432 Knowledge Updating 91
4 4 Certainty Factors 94
441 Basic Concepts 94
442 Propagation 95
4421 Rules with Certain Single Conditions 95
4422 Rules with Uncertain Single Conditions 95
4423 Multiple Conditions 95
4 5 Concluding Remarks 98
Exercises 99
5 TWO-VALUED QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES 103
5 1 Dempster-Shafer Theory 103
511 Frame of Discernment 104
512 Basic Probability Numbers 104
513 Belief Functions 104
514 Focal Elements and Core 105
515 Degrees of Doubt and Plausibility 105
516 Bayesian Belief Functions 107
517 Dempster s Rule of Combination 109
518 Support Functions 112
519 Combining Simple Support Functions 114
5 2 INFERNO 115
x Contents
521 Representation of Uncertainty 115
522 Relations 115
523 Propagation 116
524 Constraints 116
525 Termination of Propagation 120
526 Consistency of Information 122
5 3 Concluding Remarks 123
Exercises 123
6 SET-VALUED QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES 127
6 1 Fuzzy Set Theory 127
611 Fuzzy Sets and Operations 128
612 Extended Venn Diagrams 137
613 Fuzzy Relations and Operations 138
614 Possibility Theory and Possibility
Distributions 143
615 Linguistic Variables, Linguistic Modifiers,
and the Translation Modifier Rule 144
616 Fuzzy Logic—a PRUF Approach 146
6161 Propositions of Fuzzy Logic 146
6162 Translation Rules 148
6163 Semantic Entailment 153
6164 Rules of Inference 156
6 2 Incidence Calculus 158
621 Incidences 159
622 Probability Calculus Enhanced by
a Correlation 161
623 Inference 162
6 3 Rough Set Theory 162
631 Rough Sets 163
632 Rough Definability of a Set 165
633 Rough Measures of a Set 167
634 Partitions 168
635 Certain and Possible Rules 170
6 4 Concluding Remarks ! 172
Exercises 173
7 QUALITATIVE APPROACHES 181
7 1 ModalLogics 182
7 2 Nonmonotonicity 185
721 Nonmonotonic and Autoepistemic Logics 185
722 DefeultLogic 187
723 Circumscription 188
724 Truth Maintenance System 189
7241 Justifications 191
Contents x i
7242 Node Types 191
7243 Circular Arguments 193
7244 Truth Maintenance 195
7245 Default Assumptions 197
725 Reasoned Assumptions 199
7 3 Plausible Reasoning 199
7 4 Heuristic Methods 202
741 Endorsements 202
742 CORE 204
7 5 Concluding Remarks 205
Exercises 205
REFERENCES 209
INDEX • 217
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| spelling | Grzymala-Busse, Jerzy W. Verfasser aut Managing uncertainty in expert systems by Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse Boston u.a. Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1991 XIX, 224 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science 143. Gestion des connaissances ram Systèmes experts (informatique) ram Expert systems (Computer science) Unsicherheit (DE-588)4186957-6 gnd rswk-swf Unvollkommene Information (DE-588)4140474-9 gnd rswk-swf Expertensystem (DE-588)4113491-6 gnd rswk-swf Unschärfe (DE-588)4273405-8 gnd rswk-swf Expertensystem (DE-588)4113491-6 s Unschärfe (DE-588)4273405-8 s DE-604 Unvollkommene Information (DE-588)4140474-9 s Unsicherheit (DE-588)4186957-6 s Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science 143. (DE-604)BV023545171 143 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005055217&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Grzymala-Busse, Jerzy W. Managing uncertainty in expert systems Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science Gestion des connaissances ram Systèmes experts (informatique) ram Expert systems (Computer science) Unsicherheit (DE-588)4186957-6 gnd Unvollkommene Information (DE-588)4140474-9 gnd Expertensystem (DE-588)4113491-6 gnd Unschärfe (DE-588)4273405-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4186957-6 (DE-588)4140474-9 (DE-588)4113491-6 (DE-588)4273405-8 |
| title | Managing uncertainty in expert systems |
| title_auth | Managing uncertainty in expert systems |
| title_exact_search | Managing uncertainty in expert systems |
| title_full | Managing uncertainty in expert systems by Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse |
| title_fullStr | Managing uncertainty in expert systems by Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse |
| title_full_unstemmed | Managing uncertainty in expert systems by Jerzy W. Grzymala-Busse |
| title_short | Managing uncertainty in expert systems |
| title_sort | managing uncertainty in expert systems |
| topic | Gestion des connaissances ram Systèmes experts (informatique) ram Expert systems (Computer science) Unsicherheit (DE-588)4186957-6 gnd Unvollkommene Information (DE-588)4140474-9 gnd Expertensystem (DE-588)4113491-6 gnd Unschärfe (DE-588)4273405-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gestion des connaissances Systèmes experts (informatique) Expert systems (Computer science) Unsicherheit Unvollkommene Information Expertensystem Unschärfe |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005055217&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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