Condensation polymers: by interfacial and solution methods
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Interscience
1965
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Polymer reviews
10 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 561 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONDENSATION POLYMERS:
By Interfacial and Solution Methods
E /
By PAUL W MORGAN
Pioneering Research Division
Textile Fibers Department
du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc
Wilmington, Delaware
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INTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS
A DIVISION OF JOHN WILEY amp; SONS
NEW YORK • LONDON • SYDNEY
CONTENTS
I Introduction 1
High-Temperature Polycondensation Methods 1
Low-Temperature Methods of Polycondensation 7
Comparison of Low- and High-Temperature Polycondensation Methods 11
Applications of the Low-Temperature Methods 13
Fundamental Areas in Need of Study 14
References 14
II Interfacial Polycondensation in Unstirred Systems 19
Introduction 19
Mechanism and Variables 20
Chemistry 20
Polymer Formation 21
Time as a Polymerization Factor 21
Location of the Polycondensation 22
Interface Function 24
Amine Acylation 25
Acid Elimination 27
Acid Chloride Hydrolysis 29
Precipitation of Polymer 30
Optimum Polymerization Conditions for 6-10 Polyainide 30
Concentration Ratios 30
Concentration Level 33
Effects of Polymer-Solvent Interaction 33
Phase Miscibility 35
Nonaqueous Two-Phase Systems 36
Surface-Active Agents and Salts 37
Variations in Phase Dimensions and Rate of Film Withdrawal 40
Polymer Yield 43
Optimum Polymerization Conditions for Some Other Polyamides 46
Polycondensations Other Than Polyamidation 48
Applications 49
Polymer Preparation 49
Film Formation and Properties 50
Fiber Spinning 54
Fibrous Particles 61
Coatings 61
References 63
III Interfacial Polycondensation in Stirred Systems 65
Introduction 65
xi
Xii CONTENTS
Major Variables 66
Reaction Rate : 66
Temperature 67
v Stirring and Concentration Effects 67
Case 1 in Which the Polymer Precipitates Rapidly 68
Case 2 in Which the Polymer Precipitates Rapidly in a Nonswollen State 75
Case 3 in Which the Polymer Remains in Solution 76
Method of Reactant Addition 80
Variation of Acid Acceptors 80
Reactant Equivalence 83
Hydrolysis of Acid Halides f 86
Linear and Cyclic Oligomers 89
Effect of Impurities and Additives 90
Polymerization Rates and Relative Reactivities of Intermediates 95
Special Process Conditions 99
Partial Phase Miscibility 99
Nonaqueous Two-Phase Polymerization Systems 101
Water-Insoluble Reactants 103
Polycondensation without Organic Solvents 103
Continuous Polycondensation Equipment 106
Applications 110
General Polymer Preparation 110
Direct Preparation of Solutions and Emulsions Ill
Block and Ordered Polymers Ill
Polymer Derivatives and Graft Polymers 112
References 113
IV The Low-Temperature Solution Polycondensation Process 115
Introduction 115
Chemistry of the Polycondensation Reactions 115
Outline of Major Variables 117
Preparation of Polyamides from Piperazines and Diacid Chlorides 117
Interfering Chemical Factors 118
Impurities 119
Solvent Reactivity 120
Side Reactions with Amine Acceptors 121
Diacylation 122
Reaction Rates 122
Physical and Mechanical Effects 123
Temperature 123
Concentration 124
Equivalence of Reactants, Mixing, and Stirring 124
Acid Acceptors 131
Secondary Amine Acceptors 131
Tertiary Amine Acceptors 134
Diamines as Acceptors 137
Inorganic Bases as Acceptors 141
Solvents 142
CONTENTS xiii
Function of the Solvent 142
Metastable Solutions of Polymer 143
Selection of Polymerization Media by the Solubility of Model Compounds 146
Reactivity of Polymer Precipitates 149
Polyesters from Bisphenols and Diacid Chlorides 152
Side Reactions 152
Functions of the Acid Acceptor 152
Accelerators 154
Rate of Mixing and Time and Temperature of Polycondensation 154
Polyureas and Polyurethanes by Hydrogen Transfer Reactions 155
Side Reactions 155
Time and Temperature 157
Mixing 157
Selection of Solvents 157
Reactant Balance 159
Applications 161
References 161
V Polyamides and Polyureas 163
Introduction 163
Polyamides 163
Polymer Types Requiring Special Process Conditions 163
Aliphatic Polyterephthalamides 187
Polyorthophthalamides 187
Polyamides from Aromatic Diamines 190
Polyamides from AB Type Intermediates 193
Polycondensation Reactions without Acid Halides 195
Diamines with Trichloromethyl and Tetrachloroeihylene Esters 197 t
Diamines with Diacyl Bis(orthophosphate Diesters) 200
DiaminesJwith Adipic Bis(ethyl Carbonic) Anhydride 200
Diamines with Bisnitroamides 201
Diamines with Esters of Oxalic Acid 201
Syntheses with Heterocyclic Amides (Azolides) 201
Diamines with Dithiooxamide 202
Polyaddition Reactions 203
Diamines with Carbon Suboxide 203
Poly(methylene Diamides) from Aldehydes and Dinitriles 203
Dinitriles and Tertiary Diols 208
Cyclic Imines with Acid Anhydrides 209
Polyureas 209
Diamines with Phosgene and Thiophosgene 210
Diamines with Biscarbamyl Chlorides 211
Diamines with Diisocyanates 217
Polyureas by Other Reactions 223
Copolymerization and Copolymers 224
Alternating Copolymers 225
Random Copolymers 230
Block Copolymers 232
Xiv CONTENTS
Applications, Structures, and Properties 234
Deuterium-Substituted Polyamides 234
Polyamides and Polyureas with Reactive Functional Groups 234
Polymers with Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Thiol, Amine, and Sulfonic Acid
Groups 234
Heteroatom Links and Heterocyclic Structures 236
Unsaturation 239
Cis-trans Isomers 239
Polyamides from Carbohydrates and Optically Active [ntermediates 240
Physical Property-Structure Relationships 241
Polymer Melting Temperature 241
Solubility in Organic Solvents 247
Water Absorption 251
References 253
VI Polyurethanes 261
Introduction 261
Polymer Preparation 271
Interfacial Polycondensation Method 271
Bischloroformates with Diamines 271
Biscarbamyl Chlorides with Bisphenols 278
AB Type [ntermediates 279
Solution Polycondensation Method 279
Bischloroformates with Diamines 279
Polyurethanes by Diisocyanate-Diol Addition 281
Bis(cyclic Carbonates) with Diamines 282
Bis(trichloroacetates) with Piperazine 283
Bis(imino Cyclic Carbonate) with Diacids 284
Bis(A ,/V-ethyleneurethanes) with Dithiols 285
Properties, Structural Variations, and Applications 286
General Physical Characteristics 286
Variations in Chemical Structure 287
Effect of Cis and Trans Structures on Polymer Preparation and Properties 287
Unsaturation 290
Polar Substituents 291
Polythiolurethanes 293
Copolymerization and Copolymers 293
Random Copolymers 293
Alternating Copolymers 295
Block Copolymers 295
Direct Formation of Fibers and Coatings 300
References ) 300
VII Polysulfonamides and Polyphosphonamides 305
Introduction 305
Polycondensation Procedures 306
Interfacial Polycondensation 306
Purity of Materials 306
CONTENTS XV
Dispersing Agent 308
Temperature 308
Concentration of Reactants 309
Basicity of Acid Acceptor 310
Sulfonimide Formation 310
Aliphatic Polysulfonamides 313
Polyphosphonamides 313
Solution Polycondensation 315
Properties, Structural Variations, and Processing 316
Solubility 316
Hydrolytic Stability 317
Melt Temperature and Stability 317
Copolysulfonamides 318
Polysulfonamides from Chlorinated Disulfonyl Chlorides 319
Spinning of Polysulfonamides 319
Post-React ions on Polysulfonamides 321
JV-Chlorinated Polysulfonamides 321
N-Alkylation of Polysulfonamides 323
References 323
VIII Polyesters 325
Introduction 325
Polycondensation Procedures 332
Purification of Bisphenols 332
Interfacial Polycondensation Method 342
Polymerization Mechanism 342
Selection of Solvents 344
Detergents 349
Accelerators 349
Antioxidants 354
Temperature, Duration of Reaction, Speed of Mixing and Stirring 355
Concentration Level and Phase Ratios 357
Acid Chloride Hydrolysis and Its Relation to the Ratio of Intermediates 358
Molecular Weight Control by Monofunctional Intermediates 360
Solution Polycondensation Method 361
Additional Process Variations 362
Polymers from Diacids, Bisphenols, and Phosgene 362
Isolation of Polyesters from Polymerization Mixtures 364
Polyesters by Routes Not Involving Diacid Halides 364
Halomethyl Esters with Diols 364
Diimidazolides with Diols 365
Carbon Suboxide with Diols 365
Trifluoroacetic Anhydride as an Esterification Promoter 366
Condensation of Dinitriles with Diols 367
Ring-Opening Addition Reactions 367
Self-Addition of Bisaldehydes 367
Poly(thiol Esters) 368
Polysulfonates 370
XVi CONTENTS
Polyphosphates and Polyphosphonates 370
Copolymerization 371
Alternating Copolycarbonates 371
Random Copolymers 374
Block Copolymers 375
Applications and Physical Property Structure Relationships 379
General Application and Properties 379
Polyesters with Additional Functional Groups 380
Polysulfonates, Thiolesters, and Thiocarbonates 383
Post-Reactions of Polycarbonates 385
References 386
IX Unusual and Lesser Known Polymer Classes 395
Introduction 395
Polymers Derived from Hydrazines and Hydrazide; 395
Polymonoacyl- and Polydiacylhydrazines 397
Polybiureas, Polysemicarbazides, and Polyacylsemicarbazides 399
Polyazines 403
Polyacylhydrazones 403
Polyazomethines 404
Polyazobenzenes 405
Polymers Derived from Dioximes 405
Poly(orf/io-carboxy Aromatic Amides) and PolyimiJes 409
Polyoxadiazoles and Polytriazoles 412
Polybenzimidazoles, Polybenzoxazoles, Polybenzborimidazolines, and Poly-
thiazoles - 414
Polyanhydrides 416
Poly(arylenedioxy Silanes), Poly(silphenylene Siloxane), and Poly(arylenedioxy
Silazanej) 416
Polyethers 417
Poly(cyclic Acetals) 421
Polyamines 422
Polysulfides 423
Polymonosulfides 423
Oxidation of Polymonosulfides to Polysulfones 426
Polydisulfides 426
Polymercaptals and Polymercaptols 427
Polystannanes 429
Polymers from Decaborane Derivatives 431
Polymers with Metal Chelate Links 431
Polyhydrocarbons 432
References 435
X Molecular Characteristics 441
Introduction 441
Molecular Weight Distribution 441
Distribution by Fractional Precipitation and Sedimentation Experiments 442
Nonuniformity Indicated by Intrinsic Viscosity Molecular Weight Ratios 445
CONTENTS XVii
o
Ratio of Weight-Average to Number-Average Molecular Weights 447
Mechanical Fractionation of Polymers 450
Formation and Isolation of Oligomers 451
Melting and Hydrolytic Treatments 455
Viscosity Number-Molecular Weight Relationships 456
Terminal Groups on Polymer Molecules 457
Branched Structures 460
References 462
Appendix A Classification of Polymers 465
Linear, Branched, and Network Structures 465
Condensation Versus Addition Polymers and Processes 465
Polymer Nomenclature 467
References 468
Appendix B Definition of Physical Characterization Tests 469
Dilute Solution Viscosity Numbers 469
Tests of Softening and Melting Behavior 471
Fiber Tests : 472
References 472
Appendix C Intermediates and Solvents 474
Solvents 474
Diacid Chlorides 474
Diamines 475
Bisphenols 475
Diisocyanates 475
Sources of Polymer-Forming Intermediates 475
References 481
Appendix D Preparation of Polymers 483
Appendix E Bibliography of Additional Recent Publications 510
Acylation Rates of Amines 510
Hydrolysis of Acid Halides 510
Interfacial Polycondensation on Fibers 510
Polyamides 510
Polyurethanes 512
Sulfonamide Solubility 512
Polycarbonates 512
Polyesters Other Than Polycarbonates 514
Polysulfonate s and Polysulfites 514
Polyphosphonates and Polyphosphonites 515
Polyimides 515
Polyhydrazides 515
Polybenzimidazoles 515
Polypyrazoles 515
Dialdehyde Condensations 515
xviii CONTENTS
Polysilanes 515
Polyethers 515
Polystannanes 516
Poly(/;-xylylidene) 516
Molecular Weight Distribution 516
Hydrolysis of Imide Groups 516
Author Index 517
Subject Index 541
|
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| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T17:05:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004953632 |
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| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-210 |
| physical | XVIII, 561 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1965 |
| publishDateSearch | 1965 |
| publishDateSort | 1965 |
| publisher | Interscience |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Polymer reviews |
| series2 | Polymer reviews |
| spelling | Morgan, Paul W. Verfasser aut Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods by Paul W. Morgan New York [u.a.] Interscience 1965 XVIII, 561 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Polymer reviews 10 Polymerisation (DE-588)4046704-1 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Polymerisation (DE-588)4046704-1 s DE-604 Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Polymer reviews 10 (DE-604)BV001890082 10 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004953632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Morgan, Paul W. Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods Polymer reviews Polymerisation (DE-588)4046704-1 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046704-1 (DE-588)4046699-1 |
| title | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods |
| title_auth | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods |
| title_exact_search | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods |
| title_full | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods by Paul W. Morgan |
| title_fullStr | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods by Paul W. Morgan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods by Paul W. Morgan |
| title_short | Condensation polymers |
| title_sort | condensation polymers by interfacial and solution methods |
| title_sub | by interfacial and solution methods |
| topic | Polymerisation (DE-588)4046704-1 gnd Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polymerisation Polymere |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004953632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV001890082 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT morganpaulw condensationpolymersbyinterfacialandsolutionmethods |