Private enterprises in rural China: impact on agriculture and social stratification
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Aldershot [u.a.]
Avebury
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Teilw. zugl.: Kopenhagen, Univ., Diss., 1991 |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 293 S. |
| ISBN: | 1856284050 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 7 | |a Particuliere bedrijven |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Kapitalismus | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Landwirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture |x Economic aspects |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Capitalism |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Income distribution |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rural industries |z China | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
PREFACE xii
THE AUTHOR xiv
CHAPTER 1. OBJECTIVES AND CONTENT OF STUDY 1
Objectives of study 1
Resource mobilization 2
Authority and state control in local communities 3
Background of study 4
The policy process some recent (macro) studies 6
Some recent studies of rural decentralization 7
CHAPTER 2. CONCEPTUALIZING INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE . 11
Literature on decentralization 12
Why decentralize? 14
Major types of decentralization 15
The function of decentralization: Some important conditions 20
Political and administrative conditions for decentralization. ... 21
Behavioural and cultural conditions for decentralization 22
v
Organizational conditions for decentralization 22
Resource conditions for decentralization 23
Implications 27
CHAPTER 3. DECENTRALIZATION AND RESOURCE PROBLEMS
IN THE CHINESE COUNTRYSIDE 29
Chinese rural decentralization A brief note 30
Deconcentration 30
Delegation 30
Devolution 31
Privatization 31
Resource problems 32
Local revenues from agriculture 35
Local revenues from rural enterprises 36
Local investments in agriculture 38
Collective investments in agriculture 38
Private investments in agriculture 40
The crisis of inadequate investments in agricultural infrastructure ... 43
Agricultural crises and rural development 47
Recent changes in decentralization in rural China 51
CHAPTER 4. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND IMPORTANCE OF
PRIVATE RURAL ENTERPRISES 55
Different types of private enterprises 55
The scale of private rural enterprise Development 58
Employment 58
Enterprise sizes and distribution of branches 61
Economic results 65
Bias in reports on private enterprise development 67
Links between agriculture and private rural enterprises 68
Support or neglect of agriculture ? 69
CHAPTER 5. RURAL PRIVATE ENTERPRISES: IMPACT ON
INCOME DISTRIBUTION 71
Part I. Rural income distribution 71
Income differences in agriculture 72
vi
Incomes of specialized households 73
Insufficient increases in agricultural incomes 74
Income increases by switching to non agricultural occupations 75
Comprehensive analyses of occupational pattern and income
distribution among households 77
Part II. Occupational pattern and income inequality
in a Sichuan village 78
Xincun village 79
Occupation and income inequality in Xincun 82
Income inequality in agriculture 84
Income inequality in crop production 87
Income inequality in animal husbandry 88
Income inequality in non farming activities 89
CHAPTER 6. REDISTRIBUTION OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN¬
COME: RESOURCE MOBILIZATION TO AGRICULTURE ? 91
Part I. Redistribution of private enterprise income: Some case studies 91
The widespread tax evasion 92
Methods of tax evasion 93
Problems in decentralization of the tax system 95
Imperfect legal system 95
Inadequate administrative means of control 95
Inadequate administrative coordination 96
Understaffed tax bureaux 96
Legislative incentives to tax evasion 97
Recent changes in methods of private enterprise taxation 99
Cadre responsibility system 99
Improved organizational conditions 99
Increased tax payments 100
The struggle between central and local tax authorities 101
Maintained decentralized financial responsibilities 103
Substantial redistribution of private enterprise incomes 104
Local levies on agriculture 105
Some general implications 106
Local levies on private enterprises 107
Fictive fees and donations 108
Cadre corruption 110
Surveys of private enterprise levies Ill
vii
Private enterprises contribution to agricultural investment and rural
welfare 114
Summary of part I 115
Part II. Private rural enterprises and resource mobilization in
Renshou county 117
The rural enterprises in Renshou 118
The private rural enterprises 118
Private enterprise incomes 119
Redistribution of private enterprise incomes 120
Redistribution of private enterprise incomes at county level 121
Redistribution of private enterprise income at township
and village level 122
Redistribution of private enterprise income at the enterprise
level 123
Methods of private enterprise taxation 127
Methods to increase state taxes 128
Methods to increase local levy payments 129
Financial importance of redistributed incomes from private enterprises 131
Enterprise support to agriculture ? Which indicators to use ? 133
Private enterprises financial contribution to agriculture 134
Basic farmland construction 135
Decentralizing the burden of investment 138
The private enterprises contribution to local agricultural
investments 139
Other ways to support or neglect agriculture 143
CHAPTER 7. RURAL PRIVATE ENTERPRISES: HOUSEHOLD
STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ... 144
Entrepreneurial households strategies for agricultural development . . 144
Rural enterprises impact on agriculture 146
New ideals and concepts of farming life 148
Private rural enterprises and neglect of agriculture 151
Agricultural land left unfilled 152
Little land is contracted to agricultural households 153
Neglect of agriculture and official countermeasures: Some initial results
from Renshou county 155
Declining incomes from agriculture 156
Countermeasures against private enterprise malpractice 157
Joint enterprise benefits 158
viii
Summary 159
CHAPTER 8. INCOME DIFFERENTIATION AND SOCIAL STRATI¬
FICATION AMONG PRIVATE ENTERPRISES 160
Income differentiation between private enterprises 161
General distribution of private enterprise incomes 161
Private enterprise as a means of survival 162
Branch distribution of private enterprise income 163
Private enterprise as a means to accumulate wealth via hired
labour 164
Working conditions for hired labour in private enterprises . . . 169
Malpractice in private enterprise employment 169
Lack of legal protection 169
Child labour 169
Shortcomings of labour contracts and trade unions 170
Traditional representation of workers interest 172
Motivations for becoming an employee 173
Relatively high labour incomes 173
The favour of hiring friends and relatives 174
The highest stratum: Employment as a means for relatives to
become employers 174
The second stratum: Employment of fellow villagers as a means
to become employer 175
The third stratum: Employment as benevolence 176
The lowest stratum: Underpaid and ill treated migrant workers . 177
Stratified wages 179
Summary 180
CHAPTER 9. ELITE FORMATION AND RURAL ENTREPRE¬
NEURS IN CHINA SOME RECENT TRENDS 182
Part I. Entrepreneurs as the political elite ? 183
Cadres as entrepreneurs 183
Entrepreneurs as cadres 184
Party members as entrepreneurs 185
The entrepreneurs are not the political elite some contrary findings . 187
Few cadres are entrepreneurs 187
When most households have (had) a cadre, so have the
entrepreneurial households ! 188
ix
Many cadres hold little political authority 190
Recent changes in the entrepreneurs social background 191
The local institutions: Intervention for or against Entrepreneurial
power? 193
Analytical difficulties 193
Intervention to eradicate malpractice 194
Tighter market inspection 194
Restricted activities for private enterprises 195
Discrimination against the private sector 196
From correction to control: Official doubt in the market 197
The market does not optimize benefits 198
Failures in private enterprise development 198
Corruption 201
Kinship ties between cadres and entrepreneurs 202
Marriage to extend clan power 203
Institutional means to control the entrepreneurs 204
The Individual Business Association 205
Expropriation of private enterprises 206
Part II. Local institutions and entrepreneurial
power in Renshou county 209
The entrepreneurs occupational and political background 209
The powerful entrepreneurs and Individual Business Association .... 211
Cadre attitudes to different types of private enterprises in Renshou . . 213
Power struggle and expropriation of large private enterprises 215
Breaking private enterprise monopoly 215
Revoking business license for the easily replaced businesses . . 215
Turning expropriation into cooperation 216
Losing the benefits of expropriation 217
Conditions for expropriation 217
Summary 217
CHAPTER 10. CONCLUDING REMARKS 220
Summary of main findings 220
Impact of decentralization on agriculture 221
Institutional guidance of private enterprises impact on
agriculture 221
Social stratification of entrepreneurs and employees 223
Merger of economic and political elite 224
Local state conduct under decentralization: A theoretical discourse . . 225
x
Center locality relations under Chinese decentralization 225
The role of local government under decentralization 227
Local elite formation under decentralization 230
APPENDIX 1. STATISTICS ON PRIVATE RURAL ENTERPRISES 234
Terminology 234
Inadequate and insufficient national statistics 236
Different sets of statistics 236
Unreliable data on illegal private enterprises before 1984 . . . 239
Biased sampling techniques 239
A part of the private sector is excluded from statistics 239
Yearly incomparability of private enterprise statistics 240
Inadequate and inaccurate local level statistics 240
Unreliable categorization of private enterprises 241
Lack of criteria for registration of private enterprises 241
Many unregistered private enterprises 241
Big private enterprises (siying qiye) register as joint or collective
enterprises 242
Private enterprises register as specialized households 243
Underestimated number of people engaged in private enterprises 244
No private business accounts 245
Underreported tax payment 246
Insufficient collection of statistical data 247
Rural income surveys 248
Methods to underreport rural incomes 249
APPENDIX 2. FIELD STUDIES: CONTENT AND
METHODOLOGY 251
Xincun village 251
Renshou county 254
Interviews with entrepreneurs 254
Interview with cadres 257
Two types of questionnaires 258
BIBLIOGRAPHY 261
xi
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| discipline | Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| spelling | Odgaard, Ole Verfasser (DE-588)170414833 aut Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification Ole Odgaard Aldershot [u.a.] Avebury 1992 XIV, 293 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Teilw. zugl.: Kopenhagen, Univ., Diss., 1991 Inkomensverdeling gtt Landbouwbedrijven gtt Particuliere bedrijven gtt Kapitalismus Landwirtschaft Agriculture Economic aspects China Capitalism China Income distribution China Rural industries China Privatunternehmen (DE-588)4175755-5 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Privatunternehmen (DE-588)4175755-5 s DE-604 Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004892579&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Odgaard, Ole Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification Inkomensverdeling gtt Landbouwbedrijven gtt Particuliere bedrijven gtt Kapitalismus Landwirtschaft Agriculture Economic aspects China Capitalism China Income distribution China Rural industries China Privatunternehmen (DE-588)4175755-5 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175755-5 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification |
| title_auth | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification |
| title_exact_search | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification |
| title_full | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification Ole Odgaard |
| title_fullStr | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification Ole Odgaard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Private enterprises in rural China impact on agriculture and social stratification Ole Odgaard |
| title_short | Private enterprises in rural China |
| title_sort | private enterprises in rural china impact on agriculture and social stratification |
| title_sub | impact on agriculture and social stratification |
| topic | Inkomensverdeling gtt Landbouwbedrijven gtt Particuliere bedrijven gtt Kapitalismus Landwirtschaft Agriculture Economic aspects China Capitalism China Income distribution China Rural industries China Privatunternehmen (DE-588)4175755-5 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Inkomensverdeling Landbouwbedrijven Particuliere bedrijven Kapitalismus Landwirtschaft Agriculture Economic aspects China Capitalism China Income distribution China Rural industries China Privatunternehmen Ländlicher Raum China Hochschulschrift |
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