A history of Lloyd's: from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London
Macmillan
1928
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 475 S. Ill. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A history of Lloyd's |b from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day |c by Charles Wright and C. Ernest Fayle |
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Vll
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
EDWARD LLOYD AND THE RISE OF LLOYD’S
COFFEE HOUSE, 1689-1713.
Edward Lloyd not the founder of “Lloyd’s”—Its origins nevertheless
traceable to his times—Commercial conditions in seventeenth century
London—Lack of business facilities and importance of personal inter-
course—Rise of the coffee-houses as business centres—Lloyd’s Coffee
House in Tower Street—Edward Lloyd and his family—His removal
to Lombard Street—Site and character of Lloyd’s Coffee House in
Lombard Street—Sales by inch of candle—The brief career of Lloyd s
News—Lloyd’s Coffee House as a news centre—The Pulpit at Lloyd’s
—Private life of Edward Lloyd; his children, second marriage, and
parochial activities—His candidature for the Common Council—Third
marriage, will, and death—His son-in-law and successor . 1—33
CHAPTER II
THE EARLY UNDERWRITERS AND THE MARINE
INSURANCE CORPORATIONS, 1574-1720.
Lloyd’s Coffee House not specially connected with underwriting in
the time of Edward Lloyd—-State of the marine insurance market in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries—Attempts at regulation; the
Office of Assurances in the Royal Exchange, and the Court of Assur-
ances—Rise of the Insurance Brokers—Proposal of 1660 for a marine
insurance corporation—The catastrophe of the Smyrna Fleet, and the
Merchants-Insurers Bill of 1693—Revival of the idea of amarine insur-
ance corporation in 1717—Opposition of the private insurers—On-
slow’s and Chetwynd’s schemes—Evidence as to state of underwriting
—Lack of a recognised centre; no mention of Lloyd’s Coffee House—
Select Committee on Projects in 1720—The Bubble Act and Marine
Insurance—Incorporation of the Royal Exchange Assurance and
London Assurance . . . . . . . 34-63
CHAPTER III
LLOYD’S COFFEE HOUSE IN LOMBARD STREET
1713-1768.
THE FOUNDATION OF LLOYD’S LIST AND LLOYD’S
REGISTER.
Unexpected consequences of the Act of 1720—Prohibition of under-
writing in partnership strengthens the position of private underwriters
■—Centralisation of underwriting at Lloyd’s Coffee House—Changes
in proprietorship of Lloyd’s Coffee House—William Newton, Samuel
Shepherd, Thomas Jemson, and Richard Baker as Masters—Publica-
tion of Lloyd s List—Arrangements with Post Office for shipping in-
Vlll
CONTENTS telligence—Correspondents of Lloyd’s Coffee House—Contents of
Lloyd s List—Increase of underwriting—The war of 1739-48—
Richard Baker’s great “scoop”—Insurance of Enemy Property—
Death of Richard Baker—Samuel Saunders as Master of Lloyd’s—
A Summer Voyage to the Gulph of Venice—Lloyd’s Evening Post—The
“Memorandum” added to Policies—The first Register of Shipping
published by a Society of Underwriters at Lloyd’s . . 64-87
CHAPTER IV
THE EXODUS TO NEW LLOYD’S, 1769.
Death of Saunders—The business left to his brother-in-law Thomas
Lawrence—Charles Waller as Manager—Growth of gambling policies
—Act prohibiting insurances “Interest or no Interest”—Wager poli-
cies on lives and events—The evidence of Mr. Thomas Mortimer—
Attack on Lloyd’s Coffee House in the London Chronicle—Dissatisfac-
tion of the more reputable frequenters, who persuade Thomas Fielding
to set up New Lloyd’s Coffee House in Pope’s Head Alley—Postal
privileges secured—Dismay of Thomas Lawrence—His partnership
with Richard Baker Junior—Rivalry of Old Lloyd’s Coffee House and
New Lloyd’s—Concurrent publication of Lloyd’s List and New
Lloyd s List—Gradual decay of Old Lloyd’s Coffee House . 88-108
CHAPTER V
THE FOUNDATION OF LLOYD’S
1771-1774.
Essential difference in character between “Old” and “New” Lloyd’s
Coffee House—Relation of Fielding to his Patrons—The subscription
of 1771 for building a New Lloyd’s Coffee House—Election of
Committee—Martin Kuyck van Mierop, the First Chairman of
Lloyd’s—Fruitless house-hunting—First appearance of John Julius
Angerstein—Premises secured at the Royal Exchange—The first regu-
lations of Lloyd’s—Position of the Masters—Removal of New Lloyd’s
Coffee House to the Royal Exchange—The “Subscribers’ Room”—
Terms of Membership-—“The Book”—The passing of Old Lloyd’s
Coffee House—Death of Fielding and van Mierop—Alderman George
Hayley as Chairman of Lloyd’s ..... 109-125
CHAPTER YI
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LLOYD’S POLICY
1523-1779.
The Lloyd’s Policy of to-day—Its contradictions and peculiarities—
Reasons for retention of the form—The great “S.G.” mystery and its
solution—Origins of the marine insurance policy—Florentine policy
of 1523—The earliest English policies—The customs of Lombard
Street—Policies of 1547-1563—Evolution of a common form—The
IX
Symboleographie policy of 1598—Later policies The Tiger (1614)
The Three Brothers (1657)—Appearance of the printed form—The
Golden Fleece (1681)—Addition of the “Memorandum” in 1749—The
influence of Lloyd’s Coffee House—The Corporations develop differ-
ent forms of the Memorandum—Attempted innovations in the
printed form of policies—Unseaworthiness or deviation not to preju-
dice the insurance—The policy “revised and confirmed” at New
Lloyd’s in 1779—Other forms in use at the Outports—Lloyd’s form
made compulsory in 1795—Subsequent history of the policy
126-152
CHAPTER VII
LLOYD’S DEVELOPING, 1774-1793.
Lloyd’s and the War of American Independence—The question of
ransoming prizes—Naval disasters—Many failures at Lloyd’s—Losses
of British Shipping—Insurance of Enemy property—State of the In-
surance market—John Weskett’s attack on Lloyd’s Coffee House—
Attempted codification of insurance law in 1748—Conservatism of
New Lloyd’s—Informality of proceedings and infrequency of General
Meetings and Committee Meetings—Functions and responsibilities
of the Masters—Repeated efforts to exclude non-subscribers—Exten-
sion of Premises in 1786 and 1791—Angerstein’s part therein—Com-
mittee procure Act of 1785 for compelling Assured to insert his name
in the policy—Condition of Lloyd’s in 1793 . . . 153—175
CHAPTER VIII
WAR RISKS AT LLOYD’S, 1793-1815.
The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars a severe test of the stability
of Lloyd’s—Raiders and Privateers—The Continental System—Forms
of policy in use—Trading with the Enemy—Insurance of French
ships and goods prohibited—The question of Insurance against
British capture—Complexity of War Risk business—Losses of British
shipping—Conflicting evidence—Figures from Lloyd’s—A new esti-
mate of percentage losses—Analysis of War Risk premiums—The un-
derwriting crises of the war—The credit of Lloyd’s never seriously
shaken . . . . . . . . . . 176—193
CHAPTER IX
LLOYD’S AND THE WAR-TO THE PEACE OF AMIENS
1793-1802.
Growth of commerce and wealth during the war—Its effect on
Lloyd’s—Big insurances on single ships—Rise of the professional un-
derwriter—Leading men at Lloyd’s—Sir Francis Baring, “Dicky”
Thornton, Zachary Macaulay, Angerstein, and Brook Watson—Cor-
respondence with the Admiralty on Convoy questions—Naval Com-
manders communicate with Lloyd’s as to trade protection—Subscrip-
CONTENTS
X
CONTENTS tions at Lloyd’s for War Funds—Nelson’s gratitude to Lloyd’s—
Growth of a corporate spirit in the Room—Reforms of 1796—Reforms
of 1800—Qualification of Subscribers defined—Membership doubled
in a single year ........ 194-216
CHAPTER X
LLOYD’S AND THE WAR—THE SECOND PHASE
1803-1814.
State of Lloyd’s in 1803—Enlarged membership and premises—
Mixing of risks and specialisation—Fire insurance at Lloyd’s—The
first Secretary of Lloyd’s—Growth of the system of shipping intelli-
gence—Lloyd’s and the Lifeboat—The Patriotic Fund at Lloyd’s—
Growth of Lloyd’s in public repute and influence—Lloyd’s and the
Convoy System—Parallels with the Great War—Lloyd’s and Coast
Signals—Controversy with the Post Office—False intelligence of neu-
tral sailings inserted in »Lloyd’s List by desire of Government—Wide
range of the Committee’s activities—Appointment of Agents in the
Downs—Lloyd’s “gives law to the trading part of the universe”
217-239
CHAPTER XI
LLOYD’S ON ITS TRIAL, 1810-1811.
Relations of Lloyd’s with the Corporations—A new marine insurance
company projected—Agitation for repeal of the Act of 1720- —War de-
clared against Lloyd’s—Joseph Marryat’s defence of Lloyd’s in the
House of Commons—Parliamentary Inquiry into Marine Insurance,
1810—The points at issue—Adequacy of facilities—Stability of the
underwriters—Proposal for underwriters to lodge security—Alleged
litigiousness of the underwriters—Counter-attack on fraudulent in-
surances—Alleged difficulty of placing risks in Autumn months—The
question of the brokers’ remuneration—The Committee’s Report
and Marryat’s criticisms—Bill to repeal the exclusive privileges of the
Corporations—Its rejection—Comments on the controversy . 240-260
CHAPTER XII
CONFLICT AND REORGANISATION, 1811.
Bennett’s correspondence with the Secretary to the Admiral in the
Baltic—Baltic seizures in 1810—Underwriters’ Committee on Baltic
claims—The House Committee charged with suppressing material
information—Committee of Inquiry appointed—Vote of censure on
the House Committee, who resign—Reorganisation Committee ap-
pointed—Investigations of the Reorganisation Committee into the
management of Lloyd’s—A code of By-Laws passed—Proposal to pay
the Committee defeated—Committee empowered to appoint Agents—
Trust Deed to be signed by all Subscribers . . . 261-274
XI
CHAPTER XIII
THE NEW SYSTEM AT WORK, 1811-1824.
The Trust Deed—Remuneration of the Committee—Managing
Member for Correspondence—-Accommodation for the Public cur-
tailed—Appointment of the first Lloyd’s Agents—Problems of the
American War—Quarrel with the Admiralty, 1822—Piracy—Develop-
ment of the Agency System—Instructions to Agents—Separation of
sound from damaged goods—Co-operation of Liverpool Under-
writers’ Association—Lloyd’s and the development of marine signal-
ling—Agitation for reduction of the Policy Duty—The use of “slips”
prohibited—Prolonged struggle between legal requirements and busi-
ness necessities—Death of Joseph Marryat—His services to Lloyd’s—
Benjamin Shaw becomes Chairman .... 275-293
CHAPTER XIV
THE PASSING OF THE COFFEE HOUSE, 1823-1844.
Position of the Masters under the new constitution—Light respon-
sibilities and big profits—A system of dual control—Death of Bennett
senior and White—Investigation of 1823—Accounts of Lloyd’s
Coffee House—Reorganisation of 1823—All Subscriptions carried to
General Fund—Offices of Master and Secretary separated—The Mas-
ters become subordinate to the Secretary—Compensation to John
Bennett junior for loss of Mastership—Anomalous position and un-
satisfactory conduct of new Masters—-Partnership between the Masters
dissolved, 1829—Abolition of post of Master in the Subscribers’
Rooms, 1837—Final abolition of the Mastership 1844 , 294-302
CHAPTER XV
DIEHARDS AT LLOYD’S—THE OPPOSITION TO
REGISTRY REFORM AND REPEAL, 1824.
Connection between Lloyd’s and the Underwriters’ Register—Es-
tablishment of the Shipowners’ Register in 1798—Disastrous rivalry
between the two Registers—John Marshall’s agitation for fusion of the
Registers—Committee of Investigation appointed—Lloyd’s invited to
co-operate—Committee of Lloyd’s opposed to co-operation—Mr.
Marshall persuades the Subscribers to over-rule the Committee—
Agitation for repeal of the Corporations’ monopoly—The Alliance
Company and its founders—Lloyd’s prepare to oppose repeal—The
fight in the House of Commons—Thomas Fowell Buxton’s attack on
Lloyd’s—The Bill passes the Commons—Struggle in the Lords—
Gloomy forecasts at Lloyd’s—The Bill passes—Natusch v. Alliance
Insurance—Foundation of the Indemnity Company and others— Hos-
tility of Lloyd’s to the Companies—By-Law against underwriting in
partnership ........ 303-318
CONTENTS
*
Xll
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XVI
DEPRESSION AND REVIVAL, 1824-1837.
Depression at Lloyd’s following the Act of Repeal—Slump in marine
insurance—Heavy burden of the policy duties—Resignation of Ben-
jamin Shaw—Alderman Thompson as Chairman—Protest against
closing on Christmas Day and Good Friday—Committee accused of
financial mismanagement—“Distressed Proprietors . . . begging on
the stairs of the House”—Lloyd’s Benevolent Fund—Proposal to
abolish remuneration of Committee—Violent scenes at a General
Meeting—A compromise arrived at—Personal attack on the Chairman,
who resigns—Death of John Bennett—G. R. Robinson elected Chair-
man—The turn of the tide—Reduction in policy duties—Foundation
of Lloyd’s Register—Lloyd’s List and its rivals—Suppression of the
Post Office List—Lloyd’s List becomes a daily paper—Its subsequent
history—Lloyd’s Medals ...... 319-333
CHAPTER XVII
LLOYD’S IN EXILE, 1838-1844.
Destruction of the Royal Exchange by fire—Subscribers take refuge
at the Jerusalem Coffee House—Salvage of the Minute Books—Loss
of the Trust Deed of 1811—New Trust Deed prepared—Temporary
quarters obtained in South Sea House—Confidence and energy shown
by Lloyd’s in exile—The Index to Lloyd’s Improvements in in-
telligence system—Loss of Lloyd’s postal privileges—Peace made
with the Companies—Opening of the new Royal Exchange—Lloyd’s
new premises—The Merchants’ Room—“The Times” Memorial—
Revision of the By-Laws—Decreased proportion of underwriters
among the Subscribers—Distinction between Members and Annual
Subscribers—The privilege of underwriting confined to Members.
334-347
CHAPTER XVIII
MODERN LLOYD’S TAKING SHAPE, 1845-1870.
A period of transition—Safe seas and expanding trade—Develop-
ment of communications—Growth of the intelligence system at
Lloyd’s—Death of G. R. Robinson and Chairmanship of Thomas
Baring—Institution of the Missing Vessels Book and Captains’ Regis-
ter—The Special Agency experiment—The Committee and the staff:
the great Moustache incident—The early closing controversy—A
financial crisis and its results—Subscription of underwriters increased
—The problem of accommodation—Abortive search for new premises
—Abolition of the Merchants’ Room—Reorganisation of 1859—Un-
derwriting Members distinguished from Non-Underwriting Members
—Growing predominance of the underwriting interest—Lloyd’s and
the revival of shipping......................348-362
CONTENTS
xm
CHAPTER XIX
THE COMMITTEE AND THE UNDERWRITERS
1845-1870.
The seamy side of progress—Banking failures and speculation in
marine insurance—Competition of new companies—Many failures at
Lloyd’s—Growth of solidarity at Lloyd’s—The system of Guarantees
—Beginnings of the Deposit system—Development of insurance prac-
tice—The Running Down Clause—“Protection and Indemnity”-
The Waiver Clause—General Average Problems—Slips and Policies
—Prompt Payment of Claims—Limited powers of the Committee
Speculative Insurances—Goschen as Chairman—Inadequate By-Laws
—The fetters of the Trust Deed . • . . • 3^3~377
CHAPTER XX
INCORPORATION, 1871.
The case of the Venezuelan—Action of Forwood v. Goschen—Appli-
cation for Incorporation—Act of Incorporation gives legal sanction to
By-Laws—“The Fundamental Rules of Lloyd’s”—Rights of the indi-
vidual safeguarded—Effects of the Act—Development of the Agency
System and Lloyd’s Signal Stations—The Lutine—Lloyd’s accused of
“respectable senility”—A false prophet . . . 378-391
CHAPTER XXI
THE SALVAGE ASSOCIATION—LLOYD’S FORM OF
SALVAGE AGREEMENT
1856-1927.
Lloyd’s and the Salvage Association—Origin of the Association—Its
objects and methods—Influence of Sir Joseph Lowrey—Lloyd’s
Form of Salvage Agreement, its origin and utility—Co-operation of
the Salvage Association with Lloyd’s, and with Shipowners 392-399
CHAPTER XXII
LLOYD’S IN THE GREAT WAR, 1914-1918.
Position of underwriters at the outbreak of War—War Risks accepted
at peace premiums—Collapse of credit—An Insurance Broker’s diary
—The State Insurance Scheme—Open market rates for war risks—
The State Scheme leaves large business to Lloyd’s—Effect of enemy
raiders and submarines on rates, and volume of business—Perplexities
of the brokers—Increase in insurable values—War Risk premiums in
}91 7—Aircraft and Dock Risks—War and Marine Perils—The Miss-
ing Ships Agreement—Co-operation with Government to prevent in-
surance of enemy trade—Large volume of risks placed by neutrals—
War Risks and Lloyd’s Policy—The Frustration Clause—Boom in
shipping values after the War—Colossal frauds in connection with
* *
XIV
CONTENTS Greek and Spanish ships—War Services of Lloyd’s—The Roll of
Honour—Contributions to War Funds—Rewards and Honours to
Mercantile Marine ....... 400-419
CHAPTER XXIII
LLOYD’S TO-DAY
1871-1927.
“What is Lloyd’s?”—The Corporation and the Underwriters—
Members and Annual Subscribers—Underwriting Agents—The
career of a “Name”—Premium Trust Fund—The “Audit”—How
the Assured is protected—Amount of Deposits and Guarantees—In-
dividual trading and individual responsibility maintained—Growth of
corporate spirit in the “Room”—Mr. F. W. Marten and large scale
underwriting—Lloyd’s and the Companies—Mr. Cuthbert Heath
and the growth of Non-Marine business at Lloyd’s—Amendment of
Lloyd’s Act to permit application of deposit system to Non-Marine
business—Speculative Insurances—The Gambling Policies Act, 1909
—The “Slip” and the Policy—Lloyd’s Signing Office—Work of
Lloyd’s Average Department—Lloyd’s Underwriters’ Association,
and Lloyd’s Fire and Non-Marine Underwriters’ Association—
Lloyd’s Brokers’ Association ..... 420-440
CHAPTER XXIV
LLOYD’S AS UNIVERSAL PROVIDER
Ï927.
Growth of Non-Marine Guarantees—Reasons for extension of mis-
cellaneous insurance business at Lloyd’s—Elasticity of the market at
Lloyd’s—Importance of the insurance factor in modern business—-
Great variety of contingencies covered—The Householder’s security
—Air risks at Lloyd’s ...... 441-444
CHAPTER XXV
THE FUTURE OF LLOYD’S.
Site of the East India House acquired for Lloyd’s New Building—
Foundation Stone laid by H.M. the King—The Chairman’s Address
—His Majesty’s Reply—The Spirit of Lloyd’s . . 445-450
APPENDIX “A”: SHIPPING LOSSES IN THE REVOLU-
TIONARY WAR.............................451-455
APPENDIX “B”; THE TRUST DEED OF 1811 . 456-458
APPENDIX “C”: SUMMARY OF LLOYD’S ACTS,
1871-1925 ... ..... 459-461
INDEX .
. 462-475
|
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| author | Wright, Charles Fayle, C. Ernest 1881-1943 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055170049 |
| author_facet | Wright, Charles Fayle, C. Ernest 1881-1943 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV007301152 |
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| callnumber-subject | HG - Finance |
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| dewey-ones | 368 - Insurance |
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| geographic | Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV007301152 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:59:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004694301 |
| oclc_num | 1079629 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-384 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-824 DE-384 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXI, 475 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1928 |
| publishDateSearch | 1928 |
| publishDateSort | 1928 |
| publisher | Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wright, Charles Verfasser aut A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day by Charles Wright and C. Ernest Fayle London Macmillan 1928 XXI, 475 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lloyd's of London Lloyd's (Firm) Lloyd's (DE-588)4204181-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Marine insurance Great Britain Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Lloyd's (DE-588)4204181-8 b Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Fayle, C. Ernest 1881-1943 Verfasser (DE-588)1055170049 aut Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004694301&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wright, Charles Fayle, C. Ernest 1881-1943 A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day Lloyd's of London Lloyd's (Firm) Lloyd's (DE-588)4204181-8 gnd Marine insurance Great Britain Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4204181-8 (DE-588)4054198-8 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day |
| title_auth | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day |
| title_exact_search | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day |
| title_full | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day by Charles Wright and C. Ernest Fayle |
| title_fullStr | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day by Charles Wright and C. Ernest Fayle |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of Lloyd's from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day by Charles Wright and C. Ernest Fayle |
| title_short | A history of Lloyd's |
| title_sort | a history of lloyd s from the founding of lloyd s coffee house to the present day |
| title_sub | from the founding of Lloyd's coffee house to the present day |
| topic | Lloyd's of London Lloyd's (Firm) Lloyd's (DE-588)4204181-8 gnd Marine insurance Great Britain Seeversicherung (DE-588)4054198-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lloyd's of London Lloyd's (Firm) Lloyd's Marine insurance Great Britain Seeversicherung Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004694301&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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