Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War:
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| Language: | English |
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Allen & Unwin
1957
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War |c W. W. Gottlieb |
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| 300 | |a 430 S. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Weltkrieg (1914-1918) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a World War, 1914-1918 |x Diplomatic history | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
page
7
PART
ONE: The Great Powers Over Turkey
I PRELUDE TO WAR
1.
British, French and German interests in Turkey
19
2.
Turkey: the domestic scene
24
3.
The Turkish brand of imperialism
27
4.
Germany and the Ottoman Empire
30
II THE DISPOSITION OF TURKEY
L· Overtures to the Triple Entente and Alliance with Germany
34
(2.
Russia s policy towards Turkey
39
3.
Turkey: grounds for war with the West
42
4.
Britain, France, and the importance of keeping Russia
in the War
45
5.
Great Britain and the Arabs
48
6.
The Entente fails to satisfy the Porte
53
1.
Germany s all-out effort in Constantinople
57
8.
The Young Turks decide on war
60
IIJpRUSSIA, CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE STRAITS
1.
Russian economy, strategy and imperialism
63
2.
The partition of the Ottoman Empire, I: London and
Petrograd 66
3.
The partition of the Ottoman Empire, II: Paris and
Petrograd 72
4.
The British in Egypt, the French in Morocco, the Rus¬
sians in a quandary
73
IV CHURCHILL AND THE DARDANELLES
1.
Churchilľs
naval and political strategy
77
2.
British and French divergencies over Turkey
¿0
3.
The political background of the naval operation
82
4.
Extending the British Empire in the Levant
84
V THE DIPLOMATIC WAR AMONG THE ALLIES
1.
Russian reactions to Churchill s plan
88
2. Petrograd
demands Constantinople and the Straits
90
3.
British expedients: internationalization, Greek involve¬
ment, compromise
93
4.
Paris and the
fâcheux
incident. The Franco-Russian
bargain
98
5.
French imperialism in the Middle East; conflict with
Britain
101
6.
Outbidding Germany in Russia
104
14
CONTBNTS
VI THE SECRET AGREEMENTS BETWEEN BRITAIN,
FRANCE AND RUSSIA
1.
The political context of Gallipoli page
106
2.
In Constantinople. Turks and Greeks. The Armenian
massacres
109
3.
Peace feelers and their failure
110
4.
The Bulgarian imbroglio
112
5.
The Russian play for Constantinople
115
VII
WITHDRAWAL
1.
The drama of Gallipoli
119
2.
The diplomatic wrangle over hypothetical details
122
3.
Churchill s resignation and the abandonment of the
Dardanelles
127
4.
The rift between Russia and her Allies
129
PART TWO: Italy Among the Great Powers
VIII
BEFORE
1914
1.
The zig-zag course of Italian diplomacy
135
2.
German investments and influences in Italy
138
ix
Italy s social and economic structure
141
X THE PURSUIT OF EMPIRE
146
XI PEACE OR WAR
1.
The Italian friends of Vienna and Berlin
150
2.
The Italian champions of the Entente
153
3.
Italy s conflicts with her Austrian Ally
155
4.
The Albanian and the Serbian cockpits
157
XII
THE CRISIS IN THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE
1.
A fait accompli and an intrigue
162
2.
Do you think it useful to know the truth?
166
3.
The dispute over Article
VII
169
XIII
NEUTRALITY
1.
The ephemeral neutrality
174
2.
The reasons for marking time
178
3.
The Italian Socialist Party and war
179
4.
The genesis of Mussolini
183
5.
Propaganda and the role of the press
187
XIV
THE DIPLOMATIC DUEL BETWEEN ITALY AND
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
190
CONTENTS
15
XV ITALY
ANI> THE TRIPLE ENTENTE
1.
Soundings
í n
Petrograd
and London
page
198
2.
London* Vienna and the balance of power
201
3.
Britain s response to Italy
203
4.
Paris-Vienna
209
5.
Italy explores possibilities in Paris: Nice, Corsica, Savoy
and Tunis
211
XVI
EXTRA-DIPLOMATIC FACTORS
1.
British, French and Belgian investments in Italy
224
2.
Informal contacts; creating a war atmosphere; the uses
of money
227
XVII
SACRED EGOISM*
1.
The Government of
sacro egoismo
231
2.
The protection of Albania
234
3.
Italy s diplomatic offensive in Vienna
238
4.
German pressure in Vienna
240
5.
The fall of the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister
243
XVIII
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
1.
The social scene
247
2.
The Dual Monarchy and the Yugoslavs
250
3.
Sarayevo and war with Serbia
254
4.
Habsburg
imperialism in the Balkans
256
XIX
TENSION BETWEEN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
GERMANY
1. Mitteleuropa,
the Adriatic and the Road to Baghdad
260
2.
Financial, economic and political dependence on
Germany
261
3.
Differences over strategy
264
4.
Political divergencies
269
5.
Rival designs in Poland and Russia. Seeking a decision:
East or West?
272
6.
Cancelling out the Ally s prospective gains
277
XX THREE CRAFTSMEN OF DIPLOMACY
1.
Implications of the appointment of a new Foreign
Minister
281
2.
Prince
Bülow s
mission and the
Banca Commerciale
Italiana
283
3.
The tussle over Trieste
286
4.
The Minister of the Underworld* and his programme
288
XXI
A DIPLOMATIC TRIANGLE: ROME-BERLIN-VIENNA
1.
A separate peace between Austria and Russia
? 296
2.
Berlin and Vienna
300
3.
Vienna and Rome
304
16
CONTENTS
»
XXII
THE SECRET TREATY OF LONDON
1.
Italy and Turkey page
312
2.
Italy tries to divide France and Russia
314
3.
The origins of the Italo-British partnership
317
4.
London and
Petrograd 319
5.
Franco-Italian rivalry in the Balkans. Anglo-French
interests in the Mediterranean and Africa
323
6.
Italian imperialism in the Balkans and the Yugoslavs
326
7.
The struggle between Italy and Russia over the Balkans
331
8.
Britain and France versus Russia
334
9.
Strife
338
10.
Difficulties between Britain and Italy
344
11.
France tables a formula
346
12.
Russia and the Yugoslavs
348
13.
Dealing in lands and people
349
14.
Agreement over Constantinople and compromise over
Italy
354
XXIII
THE FINAL STRUGGLE
1.
Inside Italy
359
2.
Engineering a break
361
3.
The Central Powers work for a change of Cabinet in
Rome
367
4.
Vatican diplomacy
370
5.
Erzberger as a go-between
375
6.
Plot and counterplot
381
7.
D Annunzio,
poet-mercenary
386
8.
Piazza politics. King and Constitution
388
9.
Austria-Hungary, like Italy, is bent on war
391
10.
The last obstacle. The balance sheet
399
BIBLIOGRAPHY
403
INDEX
413
INDEX
Abbazia
Conference of
1914, 140, 159,
166
Abdul
Hamid
II, Sultan of Turkey,
21,
24, 30
Abdullah, son of Sharif
Húsain,
50-1,
67
Abruzzi,
earthquake in,
294, 304, 359
Abyssinia,
136-7, 146-7, 179, 204, 213
Adalia,
146-7, 156, 204, 314, 317, 369
Adler, von, 2
ІО,
297
Adowa, battle of,
136-7, 146
,
Adriatic Sea,
155, 157-60, 173, 175,
189-90, 198-9, 201, 213, 219,
237, 241, 253-4, 258, 314-15, 320,
326-33, 331, 337, 342, 345, 354
364, 366, 378, 382
Aegean Islands,
28, 34, 36-9, 56, 64
Aehrenthal, Count,
250
Aga
Khan,
56
Alaya,
156
Albania (also Saseno and
Valona),
146,
157-9, 192-3, 195, 198-200, 204,
217, 235-8, 243-4, 251, 253-4,
304, 308, 314-16, 323, 326-7, 329,
331, 334-6, 350-1, 353, 364-6,
380, 382, 395-6, 398
See also
London Conference of Ambas¬
sadors,
1913
Albertini,
L.,
168, 189, 386
Aldrovandi Marescotti, Italian
Chargé
ďAffaires
in Vienna,
166-7, 190,
297, 354
Alexander, Crown Prince and Regent
of Serbia,
349
Alexandretta,
67,79-83, 101, 107, 113,
124
Algeciras Conference,
1906, 137
Alighieri
Society,
155
Allgemeine österreichische Boden¬
kreditanstalt, 209
Alliance and Trade Pact,
1880-83,
between Austria-Hungary and
Serbia,
257
Alp,
Текш,
28-9
Alp,
Zia
Goek,
28
Alphonso, King of Spain,
296
Ambris, see
De
Ambxis
Amette,
Cardinal,
126
Anatolia,
146, 256, 260, 310, 313
Anatolian Railway,
22, 58
Andrassy, Count J.
jun.,
397
Andrąssy,
Count
J.
sen.,
257
Andria, see D Andria
Angeli,
Б.
de,
189
Anglo-Palestine Company,
20
Ашшшдо,
see
D Annunzio
Ansaldo
concern,
142
Antivari,
146, 190, 204, 330
Antivari-Virbazar Line,
156, 330
Arabia,
146, 317
Arabs and Britain,
49-51, 67, 97, 103
Ardahan, battle of,
89
Armenians,
31, 109-10
Armstrong concern,
19, 23, 42, 224
Askold, Russian cruiser,
115
Asquith, H., British Prime Minister,
45-6, 52-4, 79, 84-5, 96, 108, 120,
227, 243, 339-40, 343-5, 347, 350,
364
Assab, Gulf of,
146
Association of Italian Joint-Stock
Companies,
142
Augagneur, French Minister of
Marine,
81
Austria-Hungary, Adriatic and,
158,
160, 258, 364, 382
Aegean and,
258
agriculture in,
248
Albania (Saseno,
Valona)
and,
157-9, 192-3, 195, 235, 244, 254,
304, 308, 364, 366, 380, 382,
395-6, 398
Albania, investments in, of,
257
Anschluss faction in,
262
aristocracy in,
248-50
Austrian rulers,
250, 252, 255-6
Balkans and,
137, 156-61, 166, 170,
191, 193, 239, 242, 251-4, 256-9,
262-3,275-7,281, 306-7, 364, 366,
392, 394-6, 398
Belgium and,
263
bourgeosie in,
249
Bulgaria and,
264, 281
Bülow
and,
239-40, 282-3, 302, 304
China, ambitions in, of,
256
Christian-Social Party in,
246, 262,
311, 376
Dardanelles Expedition and,
131,
309
financial control in,
249-50
France and,
203-4, 208-11, 263,
297-9 354 395
France, investments of, in,
209-10,
262
Galicia and,
60, 68, 248, 265-7,
273-5, 279, 298-9, 303, 380
Germany, conflicts with, of,
135,
163-4, 171-2, 240-2, 260, 263-80.
282-3, 301-3, 310-11, 376-7,
379-80, 393^*, 401
Germany, dependence (war-time)
of, on,
394-5
413
414
Austria-Hungary
—
conťd
Germany, designs of, on,
153,
260-1, 278-80, 286, 306, 368
Germany, economic, financial and
political dependence on, of,
261-3, 310
Germany, military dependence on,
of,
268, 276-7, 310
Germany, peace plans with Russia,
of and,
274-5
Germany, pressure on Italy s be¬
half, of, in,
163-4, 172, 191, 238,
240-2, 278, 282, 291, 293, 296,
300-2, 305, 310-11, 364, 379-80,
393-5, 398
Germany, pressure for war,
1914,
by, in,
165, 263, 281
Giolitti and,
302, 368, 381
Great Britain and,
201-4, 208, 210-
11,263,353,397
imperialism of,
250, 256-9, 262-3,
378, 396
industry in,
249, 256, 258
Irredentism in,
251, 253
Italy and,
135-7, 140, 152, 173, 353
Italy, conflicts with,
135, 155-73,
175, 190-7, 210, 234-46,251, 257-
8,265,271,276,278,281-3,290-2,
294, 299, 302-11, 319, 321, 324,
327, 333, 361-8, 378-82, 385, 388,
390-8, 401
Italy,
1915
offers to, by,
193, 195,
238, 305
Japan and,
263
Magyar rulers,
244, 247, 250, 252,
255-6, 282-3, 377-8
military operations,
195, 235, 239,
242, 244, 264-76, 281, 299, 303,
305, 308-10, 363, 368-9, 380, 383,
397
Montenegro and,
156-8, 254
Montenegro, investments in, of,
257
Poland, designs on, of,
257, 272-3,
276, 299, 394, 398
régime
(internal) of,
247-8, 250-2
Rumania and,
60, 165, 244, 250,
257,264,271,281-2,299,309, 362
Russia, conflicts with,
158, 251,
258, 263, 275, 298-9, 327, 378,
394-5
Russia, separate peace soundings
with, by,
297-300, 367-8
Salonika, designs on, of,
258, 398
separate peace soundings by,
276,
296-7, 347
Serbia, Alliance and Agreements
(1880-83)
with, of,
257
Serbia, conflicts with,
157-9, 162,
164-9,171, 251-5, 257-8, 292, 396
INDEX
Austria-Hungary
—
conťd
Serbia, ultimatum to, by,
162, 16-5
6, 170-1, 201, 240, 281, 397
Serbia,
1914
War against, of,
160,
166, 253-6, 259, 263, 275, 279,
281, 310, 398
Slav restiveness in,
244, 251-3
subject races, oppression of, by,
250-2, 378
Trentino
and,
157, 163, 193-4, 196,
239, 242, 244-6, 276, 281-2, 302,
308, 311, 362, 364, 366, 382, 393,
398
Trialism* in,
252, 261
Trieste and,
258, 366, 382, 398
Triple Alliance and,
135-6, 162-3,
167-8, 171-2, 391, 395-6
Triple Alliance, Article
VII
of, and,
156, 162-6,171-2, 191, 242, 305-7,
362, 396
Triple Entente, Secret Agreement
on Turkey of, and,
397
Triple Entente, Secret Treaty with
Italy of, and,
398
Turkey and,
35-6,60,251,256,258-9
Turkey, imperialist encroachments
on, by,
156, 256, 260
.
Ukraine, ambitions regarding, of,
257, 276
Vatican and,
136, 151, 248-9, 373,
375, 382, 390
war aims of,
255-6, 263, 276, 292,
299, 394
working class in,
248, 390
War of
1914,
apologia for, by,
250,
255, 259
Yugoslavs, conflict with,
250-1,
254, 258-9, 275, 378
See also Central Powers, Triple
Alliance
Austrian Lloyd,
257-8, 286
Austro-Prussian War of
1866, 135
Avanti,
181, 183-5, 369, 399
Avarna, Italian Ambassador in Vienna,
152,
154>
160, 166-7, 169-70, 173,
177, 191, 194-6, 221, 233, 241-3,
277, 282, 300, 304-5, 311, 318,
360, 362-4, 368, 378, 391-2
Avvenire
ď
Italia,
372
Azerbaidjan
(Persian),
69, 73
Balfour, A. J.,
84, 108, 119-20
Balkans,
60, 65, 85, 89, 92, 95, 103,
107, 121, 127-8, 130, 137, 153,
156-62, 166,
17O,
175, 191, 193,
196, 236-7, 239, 241-3, 251-4,
256-9, 263, 275-7, 281, 285, 299,
306-7, 314, 316, 318-19, 323-4,
326-7, 330-1, 348,
350t
353-4,
364, 366, 378, 392, 394-6, 398
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INDEX
Balkan Wars of
1912-13, 25, 27-8, 30,
34, 48, 56, 61, 63, 67, 158, 251,
253-5, 260, 396
Ballin,
Albert
von, 284, 300-1, 310
Balmoral, Sazonov s visit to,
67
Baltic, British naval project regarding,
78
Banat,
341
Banca Commerciale Italiana,
139, 142,
146, 226, 284, 288, 290, 330, 369,
374
Banca Commerciale
Tunisiana,
146
Banque Bardac,
80
Banque
de Paris et des Pays Bas,
209
Banque Périer,
20
Banque Populaire de Menton,
225
Barreré,
French Ambassador in Rome,
206, 209-10, 214, 217-18, 229-30,
283, 334, 369, 384
Barthou, L.,
2O9
Bata
concern,
249
Bataille Syndicaliste,
229
Bazüi,
N.A.,
63-5, 94, 96
Belgium,
37, 54, 177, 224, 227, 229,
263, 275, 363, 372
Belgium, investments in Italy, of,
224-5
Benckendorff, Russian Ambassador
in London,
40-1, 45, 69-70, 96,
102, 115, 199, 202, 206, 297, 323,
338, 341, 351-2, 355-7
Bendzhin coal-bearing area (Poland),
273
Benedict XV, Pope,
229, 370-1, 373-6
Berchtold, Austro-Hungarian Foreign
Minister till Jan.
1915, 140, 159,
162-6, 168, 171-3, 191-3, 195-6,
201, 210, 235, 238-44, 246, 253-6,
258, 260, 262-3, 268, 273-5,
281-2, 297, 370-1, 397
Bergamini,
Editor of
Giornale
ďltalia,
212, 216
Berlin-Baghdad Railway,
20, 22-3, 41,
48, 56, 58,80,85, 87,104,124,261
Bernezzo, General,
155
Bertie, Sir
F.,
British Ambassador in
Paris,
66-7, 86-7, 93, 100-1, 103,
108, 130, 205, 318, 322-4, 353
Bessarabia,
131
Bethmann-Hollweg, Th.
von,
German
Chancellor,
140, 163, 165, 263,
284, 302, 310, 347, 368, 376,
378-80, 390, 395
Bilinski, Austro-Hungarian Finance
Minister,
257
Birdwood, General Sir W.,
101, 108
Bismarck, Prince
Otto von, 135-7,260,
374, 395
Đissolati,
L·.,
Italian Socialist,
180-2
Black Sea,
62-3, 66» 94, 103
415
Black Sea, Russian ports bombarded,
in,
60
Blanqui,
185
Blohm
und Voss
concern,
32
Bodenkreditanstalt, 250, 255-6, 310
Bohemia,
248, 298
Bollati,
Italian Ambassador in Berlin,
151-2, 159, 167-8, 174, 177, 189,
192, 196, 221, 228, 241, 277-8,
293, 296, 300, 307, 347, 360, 363,
365, 367-8, 379, 389, 391, 393-4
Bompard, French Ambassador in
Constantinople,
37, 52, 98
Bonomi,
I., Italian Socialist,
180
Bosphorus,
60, 68, 72, 75, 87, 104,
113, 115, 131
See also Straits
Bossi,
Prof., 377
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
38, 61,157,202-3,
242, 251, 253, 257, 298, 329, 336,
Bourgeois,
L.,
209, 215
Bouvet,
French dreadnought,
102, 346
Boxer Rising,
256
Boy ana river,
146, 257, 330
Bravi,
Massini,
Plata
&
Co.,
330
Breslau,
German cruiser,
43-8, 53-4,
57-8, 60, 88, 202
Briand,
Α.,
French Minister of Justice,
77-9, 82, 126,209,214, 216, 220-1
Britain, see Great Britain
British India Steam Navigation Co.,
20
Buccari,
329
Buchanan, Sir G., British Ambassador
in
Petrograd, 40, 47, 70, 88, 97,
209, 236, 320, 322, 333, 335-6,
342-5
Bukovina,
72, 202, 257, 299
Bulgaria,
31, 36-40, 56, 60, 77, 79,
84-5, 96, 107-8, 113-15, 121,
127-9, 264, 281, 309, 313, 317,
323, 331
Bulow, Prince, German Ambassador
in Rome from Dec.
1914, 138,
151, 220, 229, 239^2, 282-8,
292-4, 296, 300-4, 307, 310, 312,
322, 326, 361-3, 368-9, 374-6,
379-85, 390, 392-5, 397-8
Bund, Der, 263
Burgas, port of,
113-15
Burian,
Austro-Hungarian Foreign
Minister from Jan.
1915, 61,
242, 244-5, 283, 300-11, 361-2,
364, 366-8, 376-80, 390-3, 397
Busi,
island of,
344, 365
Buxton, N.,
66
Cadorna, Italian Chief of Staff,
173,
178, 232, 363, 376
Gaillard,
Sir Vincent,
21
416
Caisse de Crédit de Nice,
225
Cambon, Jules,
French ex-Ambassador
in Berlin,
229
Cambon,
Paul, French Ambassador
in London,
67, 74, 101, 323, 354,
356
ι
Capitulations, see Turkey
Carcano, successor to
Rubini
as Min¬
ister of the Italian Treasury,
232
Carden, Vice-Admiral,
82, 102
Carlotti, Italian Ambassador in
Petro¬
grad, 88, 175, 198, 207, 217, 228,
234, 296-7, 313-15, 318, 327,
330, 332, 339, 345, 347
Carol, King of Rumania,
196
Cassei,
Sir Ernest,
19, 102
Castelnuovo,
329, 350
Cattaro, Bay and port of,
157, 203,
326, 329, 331, 334, 337, 340, 342,
344, 350
Cavasola, Italian Minister of Agri¬
culture,
215
Cazza,
island of,
344, 365
Central Bank for Railway Securities,
262
Central Powers,
135
Central Powers, Bulgaria and,
127-9
Dardanelles Expedition and,
109,
309-11
Italy and,
135-8, 152-4, 159-60,
174-7, 190, 192-3, 195-8, 209,
217, 219, 221, 226, 231-2, 234-8,
241, 243, 277-8, 290, 292, 309,
361, 382, 384, 390
Italy,
1914
military agreements
with,
140
Rumania and,
309
strategy (military),
264
Turkey and,
35-9, 62, 310
Turkey,
1914
Treaty of Alliance
with,
36, 46-7, 58-9, 62
Vatican and,
136, 151, 154, 248-9,
301,310, 369, 372-7,382, 390, 393
War of
1914,
desire for, of,
165, 263
See also Austria-Hungary, Ger¬
many, Triple Alliance, Turkey
Chamberlain, Sir Austen,
120
Chantiers de la Méditerranée,
20
Charles,
Archduke,
Crown Prince
of
Austria-Hungary after death of
Francis Ferdinand,
256-7
Chiapelli,
Alessandro,
148
China,
146-7, 256
Churchill, Winston, First Lord of the
Admiralty,
42, 52-4, 68-9, 77-9,
81-6, 88, 92, 96, 102-4, 106-8,
113, 119-20, 127-9, 205, 313-14,
321, 327, 340
Clemenceau,
Georges,
188, 213-16,
218, 221
INDEX
Colonna,
Prince P.,
188
Compagnia di Antivari,
316, 330
Compagnie
Générale des Eaux,
100
Concordia,
194, 300
Condouriotis,
Greek Admiral,
44-5
Confederazione Generale del Lavoro,
180-1, 399-400
Conrad,
General, Austro-Hungarian
Chief of Staff ,
157-8, 172-5,
192-3, 195, 239-40, 244-6, 253-9,
262-77, 281-2, 299, 301-3, 309,
311, 361-2, 370, 380, 394-6
Constantine,
King
of Greece,
44, 46,
95, 115
Constantinople, Bulgaria and,
40, 114-
15
commercial importance of,
66,123-4
Dardanelles Expedition, impact of,
on,
109
France and,
72, 96, 98, 100-3, 115,
122, 124-5, 130, 324-5, 343
Great Britain and,
78-9, 83, 87,
97, 103, 107, 115, 117-8, 122-3,
125-6
Greece and,
40, 95
internationalization suggested,
91,
93, 95, 99-100, 130
Russia and,
39-40, 47, 64-5, 69-72,
90-2, 95-6, 116-18, 123-5, 313,
319, 331, 333, 356
Russia, Franco-British assurances
to, regarding,
70-1, 73, 86, 97,
99, 101, 103, 105, 322, 333, 343,
347, 355, 357-8
Vatican and,
126, 130
Corbett, Sir J.,
104 ,
Corradini, E.,
148-9
Corridoni,
F., 182, 186, 227
Corriere della Sera,
185, 189, 216, 220,
227, 360, 385-6
Corriere
ď
Italia,
130, 372, 382
Corsica,
135, 217-8, 316, 323. See
also Italy.
Crawford, Sir R.,
21
Crédit Lyonnais,
20
Credito Italiano,
139
Crespi,
Italian cotton
magnate,
142,
189
Creusot, Schneider concern,
20-1, 35,
253
Crewe, Lord,
67
Crispí,
F., 330
Croatia,
207, 251-2,298, 329, 332, 334,
352-4
Croato-Slovene
Congress,
349
Croce,
Benedetto,
147-8, 174, 186
Curzolari islands,
339-40, 344-5, 347,
349-50, 365-6
Custozza, battle of,
155
Cyprus and Britain,
74, 103
INDEX
417
Czeczen,
Austro-Hungarian
Ambas¬
sador in Paris,
211
Czernin, O.
von,
Austro-Hungarian
Minister in Bucharest,
166, 244,
255, 299
Czestokhowa coal-bearing area
(Poland),
273
Daily Chronicle,
202
D Andria,
Carafa,
367, 369
D Annunzio,
G.,
148, 186-8, 385-7,
389
Dalmaţia,
105, 155, 207-8, 222, 314,
320, 322-3, 326-32, 334, 336-8,
340-2, 344, 350, 353, 366, 380
Danilov,
Russian Quartermaster-
General,
90, 117, 131
Dardanelles, Anglo-French Expedi¬
tion to,
77-9, 81-7, 92, 95, 101-3,
106-8, 112, 114-16, 119, 121,
123, 127, 129, 131, 305, 309, 311,
313, 318, 321, 341, 346, 354,
356, 383
Dardanelles, Anglo-French Expedi¬
tion to, Central Powers and,
109, 309-11
France and,
81-2, 96, 103, 112-13,
127, 129, 325
Italy and,
154, 305, 310, 313-14,
346, 354
Russia and,
75-6, 88-90, 95-6,
115-18, 131
political advantages expected from,
85-7
closure of,
57, 63
German cruisers in,
44, 46, 58
See also Gallipoli, Straits
Dardanelles Commission,
79, 82, 84-6,
108
Darmstädter Bank, 262
D Atri, Salandra s
Chef
du
Cabinet,
216-17, 222-3
De
Ambris,
Α.,
Italian Syndicalist,
183, 186
Dedeagach, port of,
108, 114-15
Delcassé, Th.,
French Foreign Minister
from
26
Aug.
1914, 52, 67,74,94,
96, 98-9, 100-1, 103-5, 110-11,
І13,
117, 122-3, 125-6, 131, 155,
216-17, 220-2, 297, 299, 322,
324-5, 332, 335, 343, 346-9,
351-2, 355-7, 366
Degasperi,
(A. de Gasperrí),
195
Deloncle, French State Councillor,
100, 104
Deraa-Haifa Railway,
124
Deschanel, P.,
209, 215
Destrée, J.,
Belgian Deputy,
227
Deutsche Bank,
23, 139, 260, 262, 310
Deutsche
Nationalbank,
22, 139
Deutsche Orientbank,
22-3, 32
Deutsche
Palästinabank, 21
Deutsche
Tageszeitung, 379
Die
Bagdadbahn, 23, 31
Discontogesellschaft,
22-3, 139, 256,
262
Disraeli,
88
Djavid Bey, Turkish Finance Minister,
37, 52, 55, 110-12
Djemal Pasha, Turkish Minister of
Marine,
25* 29, 31, 34-6, 51, 54,
56-7, 59-62
Djibouti, port of,
323
Dnyestr river, oil wells on,
299
Dodecanese Islands,
147, 155, 157, 175,
213, 244, 304-5, 307, 313-14, 390
DOissel, Baron,
210
Douglas, General, Chief of Imperial
General Staff,
78
Doumergue, G., French Foreign Min¬
ister in Aug.
1914, 42, 199, 205-6,
208-11, 214-17, 220, 263
Dresdner Bank, 22-3, 139, 262
Drin river,
337
Dublin
,
H.M.S.,
44
Dumaine,
Α.,
French Ambassador in
Vienna,
211, 247, 263, 278, 286
Dumas, Secretary to
Guesde,
230
Durazzo,
315, 323, 326, 330, 336
Eastern front,
58, 60, 68-9, 75, 86, 116-
17, 195, 235, 239, 264-76, 299,
301, 303, 305, 308-9, 312, 348,
351, 355-6, 363, 368-9, 380, 383,
392, 397
Ebergard, Russian Black Sea Com¬
mander,
114
Echo
de Paris,
L
218
Edward
VII,
137
Egypt,
35, 56, 60, 81, 101, 121, 285,
315
Egypt, British protectorate established,
Einaudi, L.,
142
Enos-Midia Line, the,
39, 56, 72, 92
Enver Pasha, Turkish Minister of War,
25, 27, 30, 32, 38-9,
GO,
83, 88-9,
109
Epirus, the,
41, 175, 236-7
Eritrea,
146-7 154, 317, 323
Erzberger, M.,
300-1, 310-11, 374-9,
382-3, 387-90, 393
Essad Pasha, Albanian leader,
159,
235, 243
Esterházy,
House of,
248
Ethiopia, see Abyssinia
Euphrates and Tigris Steam Naviga¬
tion Co.,
19
418
INDEX
Falkenhayn, General, German Chief
of Staff from Sept.
1914, 265,
269, 271, 273, 275-6, 302, 368
380
Fasci
ď
Azione Rivoluzionaria
,
183,
186-7
Fasciotti,
Italian Minister in Bucharest,
166, 196, 218, 279, 312, 320, 332
Federazione dei Lavorotari della Terra,
180
Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria,
114-5
Fiat concern,
142, 188
Figaro
■, 91
Fisher, Admiral,
1st
Sea Lord,
79,
82-4, 86, 119-20
Fiume,
222, 258, 352-3
Flandin, P. E.,
81
Floridsdorf Engineering Plant,
249
Flotow, H.
von,
German Ambassador
in Rome till Dec.
1914, 164-6,
168-9, 171, 193, 279, 285, 369,
374
Forgách,
Count,
190, 297
France, Albania and,
198-9, 335
Austria-Hungary and,
203-4, 208-
11, 263, 297-9, 354
Austria-Hungary, investments in,
of,
209-10, 262
Austria-Hungary, soundings for a
separate peace, of, with,
296-9
Balkans and,
35, 66, 78-9, 103, 127-
8, 130, 323-6, 354, 395
Bulgaria and,
52, 96, 107, 309, 323
Catholic hierarchy in,
371
Constantinople and,
67, 72, 96, 98,
101-3, 115, 122,124-5,130, 324-5,
343
Dardanelles Expedition and,
81-2,
96, 103, 112-13, 127, 129, 325
German attempts to detach Russia,
and,
105, 117-18
Germany and,
298
Great Britain, common interests
with,
103-5, 325-6, 329
Great Britain, conflicts with,
74,
80-1, 96, 101-4, 112-13, 123, 126,
137, 208, 317-19, 346
Greece and,
96, 107, 309, 323-4
Italy, agreements with,
137-8, 140,
147, 213-14,220, 226
Italy, conflicts with,
135-6, 138,
140,
Д47,
152, 175, 194, 198,
208, 211-12, 217-23, 232, 234-5,
315-16, 323-4, 346, 354, 357-8,
377,401
Italy, investments in, of,
225-6
Italy, towards Alliance with,
198-
200, 203-6, 208-9, 211-17,229-30,
322, 324-5, 335, 347, 351-2,
354-6
France
—
conťd
Mediterranean and,
66, 100, 323-4,
329, 347
military front of,
58, 60, 68-9,75,
77, 81, 102, 177, 194, 209, 215-19,
235-41, 265-7, 277, 312, 324,
334, 346-7
Montenegro and,
323, 352, 354
Morocco, protectorate established
in, by,
74, 80, 137
Mussolini, financed by,
184, 230
Near East, overall policy in, of,
31, 48, 51, 82, 323, 347
Rumania and,
98, 130-1, 324
Russia, Alliance with,
226, 262, 316
Russia, conflicts with,
39-40, 47-8,
66, 72, 78, 86, 91, 98-100, 103-4,
114, 122-7, 129-31, 205, 324-5,
333-5, 341, 343, 351-2, 354-7
Serbia and,
315, 323-4, 343, 354
Socialists in,
229-30
Straits and,
72, 101, 130, 172
Syria and,
67, 73, 80-2, 101, 104,
111,318
Turkey and,
31, 34-5,41-2, 48, 51-2,
72, 124, 322-4
Turkey, investments in, of,
20-1,
41, 80-2, 98
Vatican and,
135, 229, 371-3,
374
(footnote
4), 375
war aims of,
72-3, 80-1, 97, 99, 101,
111,
198
See also Triple Entente, Tunis
Francis I, Emperor of Austria,
244
Francis Ferdinand, Crown Prince of
Austria-Hungary,
168, 254, 258,
261
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria-
Hungary,
65, 166, 169, 172, 188,
191, 193, 196, 202, 210, 240,
245-7, 249, 253, 262, 270-1,
282-3, 297, 299-301, 310-11, 327,
347, 367, 370-1, 373, 375, 379,
394
Franco-Russian Alliance of
1893, 226,
262
Frankfurter
Zeitung, 300, 310
Franckenstein,
G.,
Austro-Hungarian
Commercial Counsellor in Lon¬
don,
202
Frederick, Archduke, Austro-
Hungarian
С
in Ch-,
266, 270
French, Field-Marshal Sir J.,
79
Galicia,
58, 60, 68, 248, 265-7, 273-5,
298-9, 303, 380
Gallieni, French General,
77, 103
Gallipoli,
78-9, 95, 107-8, 112-14, 119-
21, 127, 129, 354, 356, 358
See also Dardanelles,
INDEX
Garibaldi,
Brano,
294
Garibaldi, General, 320
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 188, 385
Garroni,
Italian
Ambassador in Con¬
stantinople,
168, 217
Gasparri,
Cardinal Secretary of
State,
126, 371
Gemlik-Brusa-Simav
Railway,
256
General
Confederation of Agriculture
(Italy),
141
George V,
70, 99, 103, 202, 355, 370
George, David Lloyd,
67, 77-9, 83,
119, 291, 293, 319, 358
Germany, Adriatic and,
153, 220, 261,
279, 286, 368, 380, 382
Austria-Hungary, conflicts with,
135, 163-4, 171-2, 240-2, 260,
263-80, 282-3, 301-3, 310-11,
376-7, 379-80, 393-4, 401
Austria-Hungary, dependence
(military) of, on,
268, 276, 310
Austria-Hungary, dependence
(war-time) on, of,
394-5
Austria-Hungary, designs on, of,
153, 260-1, 278-80, 286, 306, 368
Austria-Hungary, economic, fin¬
ancial and political control in,
by,
261-3, 310
Austria-Hungary, pressure on
Italy s behalf in, by,
163-4, 172,
191, 238, 240-2, 271, 278, 282,
291, 293, 296, 300-2, 305, 310-11,
364, 379-80, 393-5, 398
Austria-Hungary, pressure for War
of
1914
in, by,
165, 263, 281
Bulgaria and,
84, 264
Catholic Centre Party in,
301,
310-11, 374-5, 377
cruisers Goeben and
Breslau, 43-8,
53-4, 57-8, 60, 88, 202
Dardanelles and,
104, 117, 309, 311
Eastern front and,
240, 264-76, 301,
368-9, 380, 383, 392
Great Britain and,
137, 201, 203,
297-8, 301
Italy and,
135^0, 150-1, 153-5,
163-4, 167-9, 171-2, 174-5, 240-1,
265, 277-80, 285-8, 291-2, 296,
305-7, 310, 362-3, 365, 368-9,
374, 378-80, 393
Italy, investments in, by,
138-9,
225-6
Italy,
1914-15
offers to, by,
277-8,
285-6, 322, 326, 337, 369
Mediterranean and,
153, 261, 286
Near East, designs in,
261
Poland, designs on,
272-3, 275
Rumania and,
36, 165, 264, 271
Russia, separate peace approach to,
by,
104-5, 117-18, 131, 339-40
419
Germany
—
conťd
Russia, separate peace plans with,
of,
274-5
Trieste and,
261, 279, 286-7, 365,
368, 382
Trentino
and,
240-2, 277-80, 286-7,
296, 300, 310, 333, 375, 379
Turkey and,
30-3, 43-5, 54, 57-60,
84, 110, 112, 128, 154, 285, 369
Turkey, investments in, of,
21-4
Turkey, Treaty of Alliance with,
35-6
ultimatum to France and Russia
by,
171, 213
Vatican and,
301, 310, 369, 373-7,
390, 393
war aims of,
272-3, 277-9
Western front and,
264-5, 269, 271-
2, 275-6, 278, 301
See also Central Powers,
Marne,
Triple Alliance
Giers, Russian Ambassador in Con¬
stantinople, and later in Rome,
38-9, 55, 207, 217-18
Giesl, Austro-Hungarian Minister in
Belgrade,
253-4
GioUtti, G-,
139, 142, 178, 231, 288-95,
301-2, 317, 361, 368-9, 375-6,
381-3, 385-90, 392, 400
Giornale
ďltalia,
81, 188, 205, 212,
216,232,295, 318
Giorno, 11,
152, 194
Gloucester, H.M.S.,
44
Goeben,
German cruiser,
43-8, 53-4,
57-8, 60, 88, 202
Goltz, General
von der, 129
Goremykin,
Russian Premier,
347
Gorizia,
328, 336, 365-6, 382
Gorlice,
battle of,
380, 383, 397
Gradisca,
336, 365-6, 382
Grandi,
Italian Minister of War,
232
Great Britain, Arabs and,
31, 49-51,
67, 97, 103,
111,
317
Austria-Hungary and,
201-4, 208,
210-11, 263, 297-8, 353, 397
Austria-Hungary, separate peace
soundings of, with,
296-8
Balkans and,
31, 35, 66,318-19, 350
Black Sea and,
66, 103
Bulgaria and,
85, 107-8, 114-15,
121, 309, 317
Conservative Opposition in,
97,
119-20, 202
Constantinople and,
66-7, 78-9, 83,
87, 97, 103, 107, 115, 117-18,
122-3, 125-6, 319, 322
Dardanelles Expedition and,
77-9,
81-7, 92, 101-3, 106-8, 318
Egypt, protectorate established in,
by,
74.
See also Egypt
420
Great Britain
—
conťd
France, common interests vrttibk,
103-5 325-6, 329
France, conflicts with,
74, 80-1, 96,
101-4, 112-13, 123, 126, 137, 208,
317-19, 346
German attempts to detach Russia,
and,
104-5, 117-18
German cruisers and,
43-8, 53-4
Germany and,
137, 201, 203, 297-8,
301
Government crisis, May
1915,
in,
119-20
Greece and,
35, 41-2, 85, 95-6, 107-
9,
П5,
121, 237, 309, 317, 350
Italy and,
85, 136-7,199-201, 203-9,
212, 228, 233, 236-7, 290, 317-19,
321-2, 325, 336-45, 350-2, 355-8,
364
Italy, investments in, of,
142, 224
Mediterranean and,
66, 202-3, 205,
318-19, 329
Mesopotamia and,
19-20, 24, 31,
48, 50-1, 66, 79, 82, 87, 103-4,
128
Montenegro and,
337, 352-3
Near East, overall policy in,
31,
51-3, 87, 103, 128, 319
Nejd
and,
50
parecchio
and,
317
Rumania and,
317
Russia, conflicts with,
39-40, 47-8,
66, 69-70, 72, 78, 86-8, 91, 105,
107, 114, 117-18, 121, 126-7, 129-
31, 201, 203, 205, 207-8, 236,
298, 318-19, 325-6, 333-8, 341-5,
351-2, 355-7, 397
Serbia and,
201-2, 298, 318, 335-8,
340-1, 344, 350, 352-3
Straits and,
66, 68, 78-9, 82-8, 97,
102-3, 126, 128, 319, 322
Syria and,
79, 81, 318
Turkey and,
21, 41-2, 48, 51-2, 68
Turkey, investments in, of,
19-20
Turkey, Naval Mission in, of,
21,
54, 58
Vatican and,
373-4
war aims of,
52-3, 66-7, 96-7, 101,
103,111,317
See also Triple Entente.
Greece,
28, 34, 36-8, 40-2, 44, 79, 82-3,
85, 95-6, 98, 108, 115, 175, 237,
258, 309, 313, 317, 324, 331
Greeks, Turkish persecution of,
109
Greppi,
Count,
151
Grey, Sir E., British Foreign Secretary,
41, 45-7, 52-3, 55-7, 62, 67-70,
73-4, 78-9, 84-5, 88, 91-2, 94-7,
100, 102-4, 106-7, 113-15, 117,
122-3,126,155,199,200-2,204-6,
INDEX
208, 210, 214, 221, 228, 236-7,
263, 297-8, 314, 317-21, 323, 325-
6, 333, 335-8, 340-6, 350-ß,
355-7, 365
Grimm, Prof.
E.
D.,
87, 124
Grossdeutschlandy
261
Guesde, J.,
French Socialist,
230
Gulbenkian, Calouste,
19, 23
Habsburg,
Dynasty of,
135-6, 150, 195,
249-50, 253
Haldane, Lord,
202
НаШ,
President of Turkish Chamber,
29
Hamburg-America Line,
23
Hamilton, General Sir L,
102, 107-8,
113, 126
Hankey, Secretary of British War
Council,
78
Hanotaux, G.,
130
Haus,
Admiral, C. in Ch., Austro-
Hungarian Navy,
204
Helfferich, K., German Vice-Chancel¬
lor,
32, 393
Henderson, Arthur,
399
Heraclea mines,
20, 146-7, 315
Herzen,
Alexander,
247
Hindenburg, General
von, 266-70, 273,
278, 309
Hohenlohe, Prince, Austro-Hungarian
Ambassador in Berlin after
Szögyény,
267, 274, 367
Holy War of Islam,
35, 49, 109
Hoyos,
Α.,
163, 165, 253-4, 259, 262-3,
282, 302, 392, 395-6
Hungary,
247-8, 250, 262, 283, 353,
377-8.
See also Austria-Hungary
Húsain,
Sharif of Mecca,
49-51, 60,
67, 103
Ibn
Saud, Emir
of the
Nejd,
49-51
Idea
Nazionale, L
187, 360
Ikdam,
59
Imbros, island of,
34, 64, 70
Imperial Defence, Committee of,
1908
decision by,
66
Imperial Ottoman Bank, see Ottoman
Bank
Imperiali,
Italian Ambassador in
London,
175, 203, 206, 208-9,
221, 227, 236-7, 319, 321, 323,
337-9, 345, 356
Inchcape, Lord,
20
Iron Gate blast furnaces,
262
Irredentism, see Austria-Hungary,
Italy, Serbia, Turkey
błam,
49, 59, 97, 103, 317
See also
Mecca,
Medina
■■■■■-■■■ ■....■-■ .:■ -. : ..:■ ■ . -. ■; ■ .
¡·
. .·.
INDEX
Isonzó
river,
155,241,300, 366,382,384
Istria,
155, 207, 304, 326, 328-9, 331-2,
334, 336, 352
Italia Nostra,
290
Italian
Commercial, Industrial and
Financial Corporation,
313
Itaio-American Petroleum Co.,
330
Italo-Rumanian Treaties of
1914-15,
309
Italy, Abyssinia and,
136-7, 146-7, 179,
204,213
Adriatic and,
155, 157-9, 173, 175,
189-90, 198-9, 201, 203, 213, 219,
237, 241, 314-15, 320, 326-33,
337, 342, 345, 354, 364, 366, 378
Africa, expansion in, of,
146-7,
152-4, 156, 186, 204, 285, 317,
323, 325, 336,
agriculture in,
141, 147
Albania (Saseno,
Valona)
and,
157-9, 192-3, 198-200, 204, 217,
235-8, 243, 254, 304, 314-15, 323,
326, 329, 331, 335, 350, 353, 365
Albania, investments in, of,
146,
330
Arabia, enterprises in, of,
146
armed forces of,
163, 178-9
Austria-Hungary and,
137, 140,
152, 173, 353
Austria-Hungary, conflicts with,
135, 155-73, 175-7, 188, 190-7,
200-1, 205, 234-46, 251, 257-8,
265, 271, 276, 278, 281-3, 290-2,
294, 302-11, 319, 321, 324, 327,
333, 361-8, 378-82, 385, 388,
390-8, 401
Austria-Hungary, investments of,
in,
138
Austria-Hungary,
1915
offers by,
to,
193, 195, 217
Austria-Hungary, separate peace
possibilities of, and,
296, 300,
347-8
Austrophiles in,
151, 153, 179, 195,
289
Balkans and,
137,146,153, 156-62,
175, 191, 237, 241-3, 285, 306-7,
314, 316, 319, 323, 326, 330-1,
353-4, 378, 395-6
Belgium, investments oft in,
224-5
Bulgaria and,
313, 331
Catholics in,
145, 151, 154, 179,
186, 195, 289, 294-5, 369, 376,
382, 393
Central Powers and,
135-6, 152-4,
159-60, 174-7, 190, 192-3, 195-8,
206, 209, 217, 219, 221, 226,
231-2, 234-8, 241, 243, 277-8,
290, 292, 309, 361, 382, 384, 390
Chinese venture of,
146-7
421
a y~—conťd
Corsica,
Nïce,
Savoy, claims to, of,
135, 152, 186, 217-19, 316
Croatia and,
207, 222, 3524
Dalmaţia
and,
105, 155, 207-8, 222,
323, 326-32, 341, 350, 353, 366
Dardanelles and,
154, 305, 310,
313-14, 321, 346, 354
dictatorship, governmental, in,
359-
60,400
economy of,
141-4, 147
economy depressed by European
War,
359
emigration from,
143-4, 147
Ententophiles in,
154, 294
exports of,
143
Fascists in,
187, 231-2, 294, 360,
387, 389, 399
France, agreements with,
137-8,
140, 147, 213-14, 220, 226
France, conflicts with,
135-6, 138,
140, 147, 152, 175, 194, 198, 208,
211-12, 217-23, 232, 234-5, 315-
16, 323-4, 346, 354, 357-8, 377,
401
France, investments of, in,
225-6
France, towards Alliance with,
198-
200,203-6,208-9,211-17, 229-30,
332, 324-5, 335, 347, 351-2,
355-6
Futurists in,
186
Germanophiles
in,
150-3, 179, 282,
284, 287-91, 294, 301, 382, 393
Germany and,
135-40,150-1,153-5,
167-9, 171-2, 174-5, 240-1, 265,
277-80, 285-8, 291-2, 296, 305-7,
310, 362-3, 365, 368-9, 374, 378-
80, 393
Germany, investments of, in,
138-9,
225-6
Germany,
1914-15
offers by, to,
277-8, 285-6, 322, 326, 337, 369
governmental changes in,
231-2,289
Great Britain and,
85, 136-7,153-5,
199-201, 203-9, 212, 228, 233,
236-7, 290, 317-19, 321-2, 325,
336-45, 350-2, 355-8, 364
Great Britain, investments of, in,
142, 224
Greece and,
237, 313, 331
Hungary and,
353, 377-8
imperialism of,
147-9,155,160,180,
231, 290-1, 326, 331, 400
imports of,
143, 153
industry in,
142-3, 147
intervention in World War I,
reasons for,
154, 176-7, 234, 314
interventionist elements in,
186-9,
234, 289, 295, 360, 384-7, 389,
399-400
422
Italy
—
conťd
investments abroad of,
144, 146-7.
See also Albania, Arabia, Monte¬
negro, Turkey
Irredentism,
135-6, 152, 155, 187
244-5, 307, 326
Liberal Party in,
187, 231, 288-90,
295
Libya and,
137,147-8,168, 313, 395
Libyan (Tripolitanian) War of,
25,
28, 30, 51, 63, 67, 144, 147-8,
152, 157, 178-81, 185, 242, 288,
290, 313, 396
Malta and,
152, 186-7
mediation and,
174-6
Mediterranean and,
135, 146, 152-3,
155, 160, 175, 194, 205, 213, 217,
219-20, 285-6, 313-16, 319, 322,
324-5, 329, 345, 353, 309
Montenegro and,
156-7, 203, 306,
323, 331
Montenegro, investments in, of,
146, 156, 190, 316, 330
Nationalist Party in,
186-7, 231-2,
294, 387, 399
neutrality of,
173-9, 194, 209, 232,
277, 291-2, 294, 312-13
parecchio
policy in,
294-6, 302, 361,
365, 375, 383
partisans of peace in,
179, 181-2,
188, 197, 289-90, 295, 359-60,
369, 375, 381, 383-4, 387, 393,
399-400
peasantry in,
141, 179
preparations for war in,
178, 188,
196-7, 238-40, 246, 294, 303, 319,
360, 363
press, influence of, in,
188-9, 194-5,
287, 360
Red Week in,
154, 168, 180-1, 289
Rumania and,
161, 198, 309, 331,
377-8
Russia, Agreement (Racconigi)
with,
137, 140, 327
Russia, conflicts with,
105, 151-2,
175, 207-8, 228-9, 243, 314-16,
320-2, 325, 327, 331-4, 339-41,
345, 350-2, 356-8, 364,368, 377-8,
401
Russia, towards Alliance with,
198-200, 205-6, 208-9, 212, 320,
322, 334-6, 337,342, 344, 348,357
Savoy dynasty, the,
135, 389
Serbia and,
160-2, 169-72, 194, 203,
306, 327, 347, 396
Serbia, conflicts with,
152,157, 207,
323, 327-9, 331, 340, 345, 349,353
Socialist Party in,
154, 179-82,
185-7, 230, 289, 294-5, 360, 369,
381, 393, 399-400
INDEX
Italy
—
conŕd
social structure in,
141-2, 144-5
Straits and,
234, 313-14, 320
suffrage in,
144-5, 288
Syndicalists in,
181, 183-4, 186-7
Trentino
and,
135, 153, 155, 163,
188, 193-4, 196, 198-201, 213,
217-20, 238, 240-1, 277, 287, 291,
304, 365-6, 378, 392
Trieste and,
153, 188, 199-201, 213,
217-20, 222, 286-7, 291, 304, 326,
334, 353, 365-6, 378
Triple Alliance
(Triplice)
and,
37,
135-8, 140, 150, 153-5, 162-3,
168, 170-1, 174, 194-5, 214, 217,
242, 277-8, 285, 294, 303, 378-9
Triple Alliance, Article
VII
of,
and,
156, 162, 165, 169-72, 191,
209, 216, 238-9, 242, 305-6, 362,
396
Triple Entente and,
105, 107, 153-5,
175-7, 193, 197-201, 205-6, 209,
215-16, 219, 224, 226-7, 231,
233-8, 291-2, 311-58, 360, 363,
366, 378, 383-4, 389-90, 392-3,
401
Triple Entente, Secret London
Treaty with,
325, 354, 358, 377-8,
384-5, 389-90, 398, 401
Tunis and,
135-6, 146, 152, 187,
217-19, 232, 313, 315-16, 320,
323
Turkey, designs on, of,
135, 137
155-6, 175, 200, 204, 213, 234-5,
310,313-14, 316-17, 320, 325.
See
also Arabia
Turkey, investments in, of,
146-7,
200
unpreparedness of,
178-9, 194, 196,
203, 205, 303
unrest in,
141, 151, 154, 163, 179,
231, 238, 359-60, 384-5, 399-400
Vatican (Pope) and,
135-6, 145,
151, 154, 288, 373, 375, 377-8,
382-3
war aims of,
150, 155, 198, 200,
204, 217, 242-3, 245, 316-17,
323, 325-30, 345
working class in,
179-80
World War I and,
150, 291, 312-
13, 351
Yugoslavs, conflict with,
327-30,
349, 353
Izvolski, Russian Ambassador in Paris,
42, 72, 98, 105. 122, 127, 130,
198-9, 203, 206, 211, 297, 324,
332, 335, 343, 355, 357
Izzedin, Crown Prince of Turkey,
60
INDEX
Jackson, Sir,
H.,
82
Jagow,
G.
von,
German Foreign
Minister,
61, 117-118, 164-5,
167-8, 235, 240-2, 270, 272, 277,
284, 302, 307, 368, 393, 395
Japan,
118, 205, 263
Jeune Turc,
59
Jewish National Trust, the,
20
Jews, Turkish persecution of,
109
Joel, Director of
Banca Commerciale
Italiana,
139, 226, 284, 288, 369,
374
Joffre,
Marshal, French C. in
Ch.,
79,
123, 318, 351, 354
John Bull,
202
Joly,
Inspector-General
©f
Finance in
Turkey,
21
Jonescu,
T.,
61
Journal
des Débats,
130
Jung, French ex-Resident in Tonkin,
51
Kaiser, see William II
Karolyi,
House of,
248
Karolyi,
Michael,
210, 353
Kerr, Vice-Admiral,
46
Khimara,
326, 334
Kitchener, Lord, Secretary of State for
War,
49-50, 53, 56, 67, 75, 78-9,
82-4, 107, 113, 117, 119-20,
128-9, 355
Kölnische Zeitung, 307, 310
Kreditanstalt
(Rothschild s),
249
Krka
river,
334
Krupenski, Russian Ambassador in
Rome,
189, 205-9, 228, 312-13,
320, 332, 334-5, 360
Krupp
concern,
22, 32
Kudashev,
Ν. Α., Π
6-17
Kuwait, Sheikh of,
50
Labriola, Antonio, Italian Socialist,
147, 180
Labriola,
Arturo,
Italian Syndicalist,
148, 180
Lagosta,
island of,
328, 344, 365
Lansdowne, Lord,
120
Lapeyrère,
French Admiral,
44, 46
Law,
Bonar,
119-20, 128
Lazzari,
С,
Italian Socialist,
181-2, 399
Lemnos,
island of,
41, 64, 107,
Я
5
Lenin, V.
L,
181-2, 399
Lesina,
island
of,
347, 365
Levante-Kontor, 22
Libya, see Italy
Libyan (Tripolitanian) War of
1911-12,
see Italy.
Lichtenstein,
House of,
248
Lichtenstein,
Prince,
376
423
Liebig, Austrian magnate,
249
Limpus. Admiral,
21, 54
Lissa,
battle of,
396
Lissa,
island of,
344, 365
London Conference of Ambassadors
on Albania of
1913, 158, 235
London Secret Treaty of
1915,
see
Italy, Triple Entente.
Lombardy,
136
Loti,
Pierre,
111-12
Lotta dì Classe, La,
185
Loránd,
G.,
Belgian Deputy,
227
Loubet,
Emile,
137
Lovchen, Mount,
157, 159, 190, 235
Lublin,
266
Luchaire, Director French Institute,
Milan,
227
Ludendorff, General
von, 266-8, 270-2,
310
Lugano, Socialist Conference at,
1914,
182
Lusitânia,
385
Luzzati,
Luigi,
227, 384
Lynch, H.
В.,
22
Macchio,
Austrian Ambassador in
Rome from Aug.
1914, 158, 174,
191-5, 229, 232, 239, 241-2, 244,
246, 252, 277-8, 284, 296, 300,
302-5, 308, 368, 375, 379-82,
389-90, 392, 394, 396-7, 400-1
Macedonia,
39, 156
Mallet, Sir L., British Ambassador in
Constantinople,
37-8, 50-1, 56-7
67
Manchester Guardian,
202
Mannesmann
Tube Works,
262
Marcora, President of Italian Lower
Chamber,
155
Mare Nostro,
157
Margherita,
Italian Queen Mother,
151, 389
Marne
battle,
58, 60, 68, 177, 194,
216-19, 235, 241, 265-7, 277,
see
also Western front
Marinetti,
186
Martini,
F.,
Italian Colonial Minister,
212, 232, 388
Mary, Queen,
202
Massa
wa,
146, 156
Matin, Le,
80
Mat
ino, 11,
152, 159, 194
Matsui, Japanese Deputy Foreign
Minister,
118
Mauser concern,
22, 32
Mecca,
49, 81, 97, 103, 317
Medina,
49,
8Í,
97, 103, 317
Mediterranean, see France, Germany,
Great Britain, Italy, Russia.
424
Mediterranean Alliance of
1887, 137
Mehmed V, Sultan of Turkey, Abdul
Hamid s successor,
24, 35, 65,
109
Melas,
G.,
44
Meleda, island of,
347, 365
Melot,
Α.,
Belgian Deputy,
227
Mensdorff, Austro-Hungarian Ambas¬
sador in London,
201-2
Merey, Austro-Hungarian Ambassador
in Rome till Aug.
1914, 159,
162-5, 169, 171, 174, 190-1
Mersina-Tarsus and Hedjaz-Adana
Railways,
22, 124
Mesopotamia,
19-20, 24, 31, 48, 50-1,
66, 79, 82, 87, 103-4, 128
Messagero, II,
188, 385
Metkovich, port of,
329, 340
Metternich,
Princess Pauline,
250
Millerand, French Minister of War,
79
Milne, Admiral,
43-6
Milyukov, P., Leader Russian Liberal
Party,
64, 66, 91, 94, 313
Minghetti, M.,
144
Mitteleuropa, 260
Moltke, German Chief of Staff till
Sept.
1914, 36, 174, 240, 264
Momento,
II,
185
Monelli,
P.,
184
Monro, General,
128
Montecatini Trust,
142, 188
Montenegro,
146, 156-8, 190, 203, 254,
257, 306, 316, 323, 330-1, 334,
337, 339, 342, 350, 352, 354, 356
Montenuovo, Prince,
249
Monts,
Count,
242
Monzie,
de,
221
Moravia,
248
Morgenthau, H-, U.S. Ambassador in
Constantinople,
27, 43, 46-8,
54-5, 109, 129
Morocco,
74, 80, 137
Moukhtar Pasha, Turkish Ambassador
in Berlin,
30, 46, 48,
111
Murray, General, Chief of Imperial
General Staff,
83
Mussolini,
В.,
183-7, 227, 230, 294,
360, 386, 389, 399
Naldi,
F., 183-4, 230
Napoleon I,
185, 294
Napóleonul,
135
Narenta river,
326, 329, 336-7, 340-2,
344, 350
National Bank of Turkey, the,
19, 102
Nava,
Italian Deputy,
216
Naval Agreements, Franco-British,
1912
and
1914, 81
Naval Agreement, Franco-Russian,
1912, 67
INDEX
Naval Convention between Central
Powers and Italy,
1913, 140
Naval Convention, British-Italian,
1915, 327
Nejd,
the,
50
Neklyudov, Russian Minister in Stock¬
holm,
91
Nemitz, Russian Chief of Black Sea
Operations,
70
Nenni,
Pietro,
184
Neuve Chapelle,
battle of,
107, 334
Nice,
135, 217-19, 316, 323.
See also
Italy
Nichi Nichi, US
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia,
40,
62, 72-4, 78, 86, 95, 98-9, 101,
104, 106, 114-16, 118, 137, 140,
202, 228, 274, 299, 333, 339, 342,
348-9, 354-6, 367-8, 370, 333
Nicolson, Sir
Α.,
357
Nikolai Nikolayevich, Grand Duke,
Russian Generalissimo,
66, 76,
86, 116, 331, 348
Nitti, Francesco,
144, 147, 225, 231,
330
Nouvelles de
Basle,
263
Novibazar,
258, 279
Obotti Co.,
257
Ogadiri, Japanese Military
Attaché
in
Petrograd, 88, 91
Olmütz,
Archbishop of,
248
Oriental Railway,
22, 58, 256, 261, 310
Orlando, Italian Privy Seal,
142, 360
Orosdi Back concern,
20, 80
Osservatore
Romano,
Ъ11
Osmanischer Lloyd,
59
österreichische Bodenkreditbank, 209
Otranto,
Straits of,
158, 204
Ottoman Bank,
20-1, 23, 80, 98, 102
Ottoman Empire,
19, 31, 33, 48-9, 67,
124.
See also Turkey.
Ottoman Public Debt,
20-2,25,98,124,
146
Ottoman Railway Co.,
313
Ottomanism,
27
Page,
T. N.,
U.S. Ambassador in
Rome,
129, 179, 235, 292-3, 295,
331, 366, 374-5, 381, 385, 392
Paléoîogue, M.,
French Ambassador
in
Petrograd, 72, 88, 92, 99, 101,
103, 106, 209-10, 234, 297-9, 322,
332, 343, 367
Palestine,
67, 73, 80-1, 101
Pallavicini, Austro-Hungaxian Am¬
bassador in Constantinople,
35-6,
59
Palmerston, Lord,
88
Pan-German League,
260-1
ÍNDEX
Pan-Islamism,
29-30
Pan-Turanianism,
27-30, 61
Pashich,
Serbian
Prime
Minister,
251,
253, 332, 349
Peano,
Italian Deputy,
294
Pelagosa,
island of,
344, 365
Persia,
35, 66, 69-70, 73-4, 97, 103
Persian Gulf,
48-50, 66, 97, 103
Pétrie,
Sir
Ch.,
185
Piffl, Cardinal-Archbishop of Vienna,
375
Pirelli, G.
В.,
142, 189
Pius X., Pope,
370, 372
Planka, Cape,
337-40, 342, 344, 350
Poincaré, R.,
French President,
34, 41,
47, 55, 62, 66-7, 74, 81, 98-9,
101, 103,
111,
121, 126, 175, 198,
210, 213-16, 218-19, 312, 318,
323-4, 335, 346, 351, 354, 358,
384, 386
Poklevski, St., Russian Minister in
Bucharest,
218, 293
Pola,
100, 216, 218, 222, 328, 353, 396
Poland,
257, 266, 271-3, 275-6, 299,
394, 398
Pollio, General,
163, 173
Pope, the, see Vatican.
Popolo
ď
Italia,
II,
184-5, 230, 360
Porto Re,
329
Posqualini, Minister of the Italian
Royal Household,
212
Przemyśl,
fortress of,
300, 309, 336-7,
339, 348, 363
Puglia Line,
the,
330
Quarnero, Gulf and islands of,
326,
334, 336
Racconigi Agreement of
1909, 137,
140, 327
Radoslavov, Bulgarian Premier,
114-
J
5
Ragusa, 329, 350, 352
Rampolla,
Cardinal,
373
Railway Conventions, see Austria-
Hungary and Serbia
Regia Co-interessata dei Tabacchi del
Montenegro,
330
Renaudel,
French Socialist,
399
Reshadìeh,
Turkish battleship,
42-3, 54
Resita
combine,
249
Resto del Carlino, II,
183, 230
Rhodes, bland of,
217, 313, 330
Ribot,
Α.,
221
Rifaat, Turkish Ambassador in Paris,
52,60
Risorgimento,
the,
135, 137, 144, 188,
231,326
Robeck, Vice-Admiral,
102
Rodd,
Sir R., British Ambassador in
Rome,
44, 200, 205-6, 208-9,
425
227-9, 232-3, 285, 287, 293, 295,
318-19, 321, 327, 345, 350, 372,
384, 386, 389
Rodostó,
port of,
114
Rohrbach,
Dr. P.,
23, 31
Rothschild, Alfred
de, 227
Rothschild Bank, S.M.
von, 249
Rothschild, Edmund
de, 67
Rothschild (Austrian) House of,
250
Rothschild Syndicate,
262
Rubatţino
Company,
146
Rubini,
Italian Minister of the
Treasury,
231
Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria-
Hungary before Francis Ferdin¬
and,
256
Rumania,
31, 36-8, 60, 77, 85, 98,
130-1, 161, 165, 244, 250, 257,
264, 271, 281-2, 299, 309, 317,
324, 331, 362, 367-8, 377-8
RuspoH, Prince,
214
Russia, Albania and,
198-9, 236-7,243,
314-16, 334-5, 351
Appeal to the Slavs, Aug.
1914,
by,
66
Austria-Hungary and,
202-3, 251,
264, 276, 298-9, 327, 378, 394-5
Austria-Hungary, possibilities of a
separate peace with,
297-300,
367-8
Balkans and,
38,65,75, 89,151,318,
348
Black Sea and,
62-3, 66, 75, 86, 94,
115
bourgeoisie, pro-Western, in,
68,
131, 313
Bulgaria and,
31, 39, 72-3, 113-15
Caucasian front,
75, 83, 89, 109
Constantinople and,
39-40, 47,
64-5, 69-72, 90-2, 95-6, 116-18,
123-5, 313, 319, 331, 333-4, 341,
356
Constantinople, Franco-British as¬
surances regarding, to,
70-1, 73,
97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 322, 333,
343, 347, 355, 357-8
Croatia and,
298, 332, 334, 352
Dalmaţia
and,
207, 320, 322, 331-2,
334-5, 337, 340, 342, 344, 350,
352, 356
Dardanelles Expedition and,
75-6,
88-9, 95-6, 112-18, 131
Duma in,
68, 90-2, 107, 116, 313
Entente, dependence on, of,
39,
73, 125, 356
France, Alliance with,
226,262, 316
France, conflicts with,
39-40, 47-8,
66, 72, 78, 86, 91, 98-100, 103-4,
114, 122-7, 129-31,205, 298, 324
-5, 333-5, 341, 343, 351-2, 354-7
426
INDEX
Russia
—
con
ť d
France, military agreements with,
75
General Staff, influence of, in,
40,
75-6, 89-90, 95, 113, 116, 348
Germanophiles
in,
68, 104, 131
Germany, separate peace soundings
by, with,
104-5, 117-18, 131,
274-5, 339-40
Great Britain, conflicts with,
39-40,
47-8, 66, 72-3, 78, 86-8, 91, 105,
107, 114, 117-18, 121, 126-7,
129-31, 201, 203, 205, 207-8,
236, 298, 318-19, 325-6, 333-8,
341-5, 351-2, 355-7, 397
Great Britain requested to act
against Turkey by,
76-7, 89-90
Greece and,
95-6, 114,237, 314, 335
Italy, conflicts with,
105, 151-2,
175, 207-8, 228-9, 243, 314-16,
320-2, 325, 327, 331-4, 339-41,
345, 350-2, 356-8, 364, 368,
377-8, 401
Italy, Racconigi Agreement with,
137, 327
Italy, towards Alliance with,
198-
200, 205-6, 208-9, 212, 320, 322,
334-6, 337, 342, 344, 348, 357
Japan and,
128
Mediterranean and,
64-6, 100, 318,
329, 331
military operations on East-Euro¬
pean front,
60, 68-9, 75, 86,
116-17, 195, 235, 240, 264-76,
299, 301, 303, 305, 308-9, 312,
348, 351, 355-6, 363, 368-9, 380,
383, 392, 397
Montenegro and,
334, 337, 350,
352, 356
Near East, overall policy int of,
64-5, 94, 331-4, 341, 343-4, 355-8
Rumania and,
31, 131, 309, 367-8
Serbia and,
39, 207, 237, 259, 314,
318-19, 327, 331-2, 334-5, 337-8,
340-2, 344, 348-52
steamroller* (Russian), Franco-
British need of,
40, 47, 67-9, 75,
85, 98, 104, 127, 299, 347, 357
Straits and,
39-40, 47, 63-5, 68,
70-3, 75-6, 90-2, 94-6, 99, 118,
131, 313, 319-20, 333-4
Straits, Franco-British assurances
regarding, to,
70-1, 73, 75, 78,
86, 97, 99, 101, 105, 322, 333,
343, 347, 355-8
Turkey and,
31, 38-42, 60, 62, 89
Vatican and,
154, 332, 370-1, 373
Vladi
vostock contingent of,
116-18
war aims of,
64, 68, 70-3, 90-1, 99,
101, 298, 331-4, 356
Russia
—
con
ľ d
Yugoslavs and,
332-4, 342, 348-9
See also Triple Entente.
Russkoye
S
lovo
y
118
Ryan, Sir
Α.,
48, 51
Sabbioncello,
Peninsula of,
326, 336,
339-42, 344-5, 347-50, 352, 356
Sabini,
С,
Commercial
Attaché,
Italian
Embassy in Paris,
175, 212-23,
233, 314
Sadowa,
battle of,
135
Said
Halim,
Turkish Grand Vizier,
24,
37, 54-5, 60, 109-10
Salandra,
Α.,
Italian Prime Minister,
139, 150-1, 153-5, 157, 160, 166,
168-71, 174, 176-9, 182, 184,
187-9, 193, 196, 199, 206, 212,
215-17, 219, 222-3, 228-9, 231-4,
236-7, 241-2, 284-5, 287, 289-90,
292-6, 302, 312, 314, 325-6, 328,
339, 344-5, 347, 351, 358-61,
363-5, 368-9, 374-6, 381-4, 386-
91, 397, 399-400
Salonika,
77-9, 82-3, 103, 127-8, 258,
398
Samothrace, island of,
64
Samuel, Sir H.,
67
San Giuliano,
Italian Foreign Min¬
ister till Oct.,
1914, 140, 151,
153-5, 159-60, 162, 164-72, 174-6,
184, 190-6, 200-1 204-5, 207-11,
214, 216-17, 221, 229, 231, 240-2,
254, 289, 292, 296, 327
San river, oil wells on,
299
Sanders, General
Liman
von
(Liman
Pasha),
24, 33, 35, 58, 60, 112,
129
Sarakamysh, battle of,
89, 109
Sarayevo,
34, 154, 160, 162, 166-8,
202, 254-6, 261-2, 283, 397
Saseno, island of,
192, 235, 237-8, 326,
336, 365.
See also Albania,
Austria-Hungary, Italy.
Savoy,
135, 217, 219.
See also Italy.
Sazonov, S., Russian Foreign Minister,
38-41, 43, 45, 62-5, 68-73, 75-6,
88-92, 94-7,99-105, 107, 110-11,
113-18, 122-3, 125-7, 155, 175-6,
179, 198-9, 201, 205-8, 217-18,
228, 236-7, 243, 297-9, 313-16,
318, 320-22, 326, 328-9, 331-45,
347-52, 354-7, 364
Schaaffhausenscher
Bankverein, 22
Scheidemann,
Ph., German Social-
Democrat,
182, 399
Schichau ship-yards,
23
Schneider-Creusot concern,
20-1, 35,
253
INDEX
Schönborn,
House of,
248
Schratt, Frau, 310
Schwarzenberg, House of,
248-9
Scutari, Lake and town of,
146, 330
Sebenico,
334-6
Secolo,
11, 182, 185, 188, 329, 360
Second International,
181-2, 399
Secret Agreements of Triple Entente
regarding partition of Turkey,
1915, 97, 99, 101, 106, 357-8,
397
Secret London Treaty between Triple
Entente and Italy,
1915, 358,
377-8, 384-5, 389-90, 398, 401
Sedan, battle of,
57, 135, 265
Sella,
Italian textile magnate,
142
Serbia,
38, 84, 127-8, 256, 279, 318,
323, 337, 341, 398
Adriatic and,
253-4, 328-9, 331
Albania and,
251, 253-4, 327
Austria-Hungary, Alliance and
Agreements with,
257
Austria-Hungary,
1914
War of,
against,
160, 166, 253-6, 259,
263, 275, 279, 281, 310, 398
Austria-Hungary, conflicts with,
157-9, 162, 164-9, 171, 251-5,
257-8, 292, 396
Austria-Hungary, ultimatum of, to,
162, 201, 240, 281, 397
Dalmaţia
and,
314, 328, 332, 349
France and,
315, 323-4, 343, 354
Great Britain and,
201-2, 298, 318,
335-8, 340-1, 344, 350, 352-3
Irredentism (Serbian),
253
Italy and,
160-2, 169-72, 194, 203,
306, 327, 347, 396
Italy, conflicts with,
152, 157, 207,
323, 327-9, 331, ,340, 345, 349,
353
Montenegro and,
159, 251, 327
rise of,
251-4
Russia and,
39, 207, 237, 259, 314,
318-19, 327, 331-2, 334-5, 337-8,
340-2, 344, 348-9,
35І-2
Sarayevo and,
254-5, 261
Yugoslav unification and,
251-3,
327 332 349
Serrati,
Italian Socialist,
181-2, 399
Servizi Marittimi
Co.,
330
Shevket Pasha, General
Mahmud, 32
Sieghart,
Governor of Bodenkreditan-
stalt,
310
Simplicissimus,
272
Skoda concern,
209-10, 249, 253, 273
Smyrna-Aidin Railway,
19, 313
Società Commerciale d Oriente,
146,
313, 316, 330
Société Générale,
209
Sokol
organization,
251
427
Somaliland, 146-7, 154, 317, 323
Sonnino,
Italian Foreign
Minister
from
Nov.
1914, 189, 212, 322-6, 238-9
241-3, 245, 283-4, 286-7, 289-93,
295-6, 302, 304-8, 310-12, 314-19,
321-3, 325-6, 331, 333-6, 339-40,
344-5, 347-8, 350-4, 357-8, 360-4,
366-9, 376-8, 381-4, 387-93,
397-8,400
Sosnowice coal-basin,
311
Souchon, Admiral
von, 54, 58, 60
Spalato,
329, 336, 338-9, 356
Sporades
islands,
155, 313
Stampa, La,
138, 188, 293, 382
Starhemberg,
House of,
248
Steed, Wickham,
286
Stefani
news agency,
228
Steyr armaments concern,
209, 249
Storrs, Ronald,
50-1
Stinnes, Hugo,
22
Straits (Narrows), the, Conventions of
1856
and
1871
regarding,
46
France and,
72, 101, 130, 172
Great Britain and,
66, 68, 78-9,
82-8, 97, 102-3, 126, 128, 319,
322
Great Britain and France, assur¬
ances to Russia, of, regarding,
70-1, 73, 75, 78, 86, 97, 99, 101,
105, 322, 333, 343, 347, 355-8
internationalization or neutraliza¬
tion, question of,
91, 93-4, 99-
100, 130
Italy and,
234, 313-14, 320
Russia and,
39-40, 47, 63-5, 68,
70-3, 75-6, 90-2, 94-6, 99, 118,
131, 313, 319-20, 333
Russia s demand for,
70, 72, 92, 94,
99, 313
Strempel, German Military
Attaché in
Turkey,
33
Stürgkh,
Austrian Premier,
247, 255,
263
Stylos,
326, 334
Südekum,
Dr., German Social-Demo¬
crat,
182
Suez Canal,
53, 58, 93-4, 103, 146, 261
Sultan
Osman,
Turkish battleship,
42-3, 54
Suphi,
Mustapha,
Turkish Socialist,
27
Supilo,
Franco, Dalmatian leader,
332,
349
Switzerland, investments in Italy, of,
138-9
Syria,
50-1, 79-82, 101, 104,
111,
318
Szilassy, Austro-Hungarian Minister
in Athens,
156, 395
Szögyény,
Austro-Hungarian Ambas¬
sador in Berlin,
165, 263
428
INDEX
Talaat, Turkish Home Minister,
25,
32, 37, 56, 60, 109,
111
Tannen
berg, R.,
261
Tannenberg,
battle of,
266
Tardieu,
André,
80
Temps,
Le,
80, 91, 216, 384
Tenedos,
island of,
34, 64, 70
Thomson, French Minister for Indus¬
try and Commerce,
220
Thrace,
38-9, 56, 72, 78, 99
Tiber floods,
359
Times, The,
202
Tirpitz, Admiral
Α.,
German Minister
of Marine,
274-5, 279, 375
Tisza,
Stefan, Hungarian Premier,
60,
193, 195, 240, 244-7, 250, 255,
268, 279,282-3, 301-3, 305, 308-9,
311, 361-2, 367-8, 377-8, 380,
390, 394, 397-8
Tittoni, Italian Ambassador in Paris,
176, 203, 212, 214-17, 221-3, 237,
312, 346
Torre,
Α.,
Italian Deputy,
212
Trans-Balkan Railway project,
146,
330
Trans-Caucasia,
66
Transylvania,
72, 202, 244, 282, 299
Trentino,
135, 153, 155, 157, 163, 188,
193-4, 196,
І98-201,
203, 213,
215, 217-20, 238-42, 244-6, 276-
82, 286-7, 291, 300-2. 304, 308,
310-11, 322, 362, 364-6, 378,
382, 392-3, 398
Trêves,
Italian Socialist,
181, 399
Tribuna,
294, 369, 382-3
Trieste
153, 188, 199-201, 213, 215,
217-20, 222, 258, 261, 279, 286-7,
291, 304, 322, 326 328, 334, 336,
353, 365-6, 368, 378, 382, 398
Triple Alliance
(Tríplice),
135-6, 140,
150
Article Vn of,
156, 162-6, 169-72,
191, 209, 216, 238-9, 242, 305-7,
362, 396
Austria-Hungary and,
135-6,162-3,
167-8, 171-2, 395-6
Germany and,
136, 285
Italy and,
37,135-8,140,150,153-5,
162-3, 168, 170-1, 174, 194-5,
214, 217, 242, 277-8, 285, 294,
303
members, conflicts among, see
Austria
-
Hungary, Germany,
Italy
Triple Entente, Albania
(Valona,
Saseno) and,
198-9, 235-7.
See
also France, Russia.
Balkan States and,
77-8,85,107,130,
309,317.
See also France, Great
Britain, Russia.
Triple Entente
—
con
ľ d
Bulgaria and,
56,127, 309.
See also
France, Great Britain, Russia.
Greece and,
95, 175, 199, 309.
See
also France, Great Britain,
Russia.
Italy and,
85, 105, 107, 153-5, 175-7,
193, 197-201, 205-6, 209, 215-16,
219, 224, 226-7,231,233-8,291-2,
311-58, 360, 363, 366, 378, 383-4,
389-90, 392-3, 401
members, conflicts among, see
France, Great Britain, Russia,
peace approach by Austria-
Hungary to,
296-7
peace approach by Turkey to,
110-12
Rumania and,
77, 85, 198, 309, 317.
See also, France, Great Britain,
Russia.
Secret Agreements on Turkey of,
97, 99, 101, 106, 357-8, 397
Secret Agreements on Turkey of,
and Italy,
313, 316, 318, 320,
357-8
Secret Treaty of London with Italy,
of,
358, 377-8, 384-5, 389-90,
398, 401
Serbia and,
199.
See also France,
Great Britain, Russia.
Turkey, designs on, of,
31-2, 48-51,
56-7, 64, 67, 70-3, 90-7, 101
Turkish orientation and,
34-5, 37-
42, 51-7, 62, 68, 78.
See also
France, Great Britain, Russia.
Tripolitama,
61,136,147,180,395.
See
also Libya.
Tripolitanian War, see Libyan War
under Italy.
Troubridge,
Rear-Ądmiral,
44-5
Trubetskoi, Russian Minister to
Serbia and High Commissioner
designate for Constantinople,
90, 125, 279, 296, 349
Trubetskoi, Prof.
E. N.,
64, 91
Tsar, see Nicholas II.
Tschirsky, German Ambassador in
Vienna,
163-5, 240, 242,263,277,
281-2, 301
Tugan-Baranovski, Russian economist,
64
Tunis,
135-6, 146, 187, 217-19, 232,
315-16, 320, 323
Tunisia,
74, 80, 152, 323
Turati,
Italian Socialist,
181, 399-400
Turk Jourdou (Turkish Hearth) Assoc¬
iation,
28
Turkey (Ottoman Empire), agriculture
in,
26
Arabs and,
49-51
; *-■:./■; ·%*■<!5
џ
;ί;ί~ά -φ.ρ.
&ц
;ş.·:]
-«·■:*.
INDEX
429
Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
—
cortŕd
armed forces of,
58, 112
Austria-Hungary and,
35-6, 60,
251, 256, 258-9
Austria-Hungary, imperialist en¬
croachments by, on,
156, 256,
260
Black Sea ports (Russian) bom¬
barded by,
60
Bulgaria and,
38, 40,
Π
5, 313
Capitulations in,
25, 31, 36-7, 39,
41, 56, 59
Caucasian front,
75, 83, 89, 109
Central Powers and,
35-9, 62, 310
Central Powers,
1914
Treaty of
Alliance with,
36, 46-7, 58-9, 62
diplomatic soundings, autumn
1914, 36-8
economic structure of,
25-6
Egypt, invasion of, by,
60
foreigners holding Turkish official
posts in,
21, 24
France and,
31, 34-5,41-2,48, 51-2,
72, 124, 322-4
France, investments of, in,
20-1,
41, 80-2, 98
Germany and,
30-3, 43-5, 54, 57-60,
84, 110, 112, 128, 154, 285, 369
Germany, investments of, in,
21-4
Germany, Treaty of Alliance with,
35-6
Great Britain and,
21, 31,41-2, 48,
51-2
Great Britain, investments of, in,
19-20
Greece and,
28,34,37-8,40, 95,313
Irredentism (Turkish) abroad,
28-9
Italy, designs of, on,
135, 155-6,
175, 200, 204, 213, 234-5, 310,
313-14, 316-17, 320, 325, 336
Italy, investments of, in,
146-7,200.
See also Arabia,
orientation of, Triple Entente s
attitude to,
34-5, 37-42, 51-7, 62,
78
Pan-Islamism in,
29-30
Pan-Turaniąnism
in,
27-30, 61
partitioning of,
31-2, 48-9 51, 56-7,
67, 71-3, 96-7, 100-1, 155
peace approach to Triple Entente
by,
110-12
persecutions in,
109-10
Ottomanism in,
27
railways in,
19-20, 22-3, 25, 58, 80,
256, 258, 310, 313
Russia and,
31, 38-42, 60, 62, 89
Socialism in,
27
Triple Entente s Secret Agree¬
ments on,
97, 99, 101, 106, 357-8,
397
Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
—
conťd
U.S. interest in,
93
(footnote
2)
See also Arabia, Constantinople,
Dardanelles Expedition,
Mesopotamia, Palestine, Straits,
Syria
Turkish Petroleum Company,
19, 23
Tyrrel, Sir William,
318
Ukraine,
63, 66, 250, 257, 276
Ulk, 227
Ungarische Bank-und Handelsgesell¬
schaft, 256
Ungarische Escompte-und Wechsler¬
bank, 262
Uniate
Church,
257
U.S.A. and Turkey,
93
(footnote
2)
Val,
Merry del, Cardinal Secretary of
State before Gasparri,
372
Valona.
158, 164, 175, 193, 198-201,
204, 217, 220, 235-8, 243, 304-5,
307, 315, 322, 326, 328-30, 335-6,
353, 365-6, 382.
See also
Albania, Austria-Hungary, Italy,
Triple Entente.
Van, fall of,
109
Vanderyelde, Belgian Socialist,
182
Vasilchikova,
Mme. M.A.,
104, 1
Π¬
Ι
8, 339-40
Vatican, Austria-Hungary and,
136,
151, 248-9, 373, 375, 382, 390
Belgium and,
372
Central Powers and,
136, 151, 154,
248-9, 301, 310, 369, 372, 374,
382, 390-3
Constantinople and,
126, 130
France and,
135, 229, 371-3, 374
(footnote
4), 375
Germany and,
301, 310, 369, 373-7,
381-2,390,393
Giolittì
and,
375
Great Britain and,
373-4
Italy and,
135-6, 145, 151, 154,
288, 373, 375, 377-8, 382-3
neutrality of,
372
Russia and,
154, 332, 370-1, 373
Serbia and,
372
Spain, activities in,
374
Temporal Power, the Pope s striv¬
ing for,
135-6, 154, 372-5
Triple Entente and,
130, 151, 154,
372
1914
War and,
370-2
Veneţia,
135-6
Venizelos, E., Greek Prime Minister,
95-6, 107
Vickers concern,
19, 21, 23, 35
Vickers-Terai,
142, 144, 224, 360
430
INDEX
Victor Emmanuel IIT, King of Italy,
137, 140, 155-6, 172, 176, 188,
229, 285, 289, 348, 381-2, 384-5,
388-90, 398
Victoria,
194, 300
Villa Malta, Rome,
284-5, 293, 301,
381
Viviani, R., French Premier (also
Foreign Minister in June-July,
1914), 34-5, 98, 103, 215, 219-20
Voloşca,
326, 334, 336, 352
Volpi,
G.,
Italian financier,
315-16
Voyusa river,
326, 337-9, 352
Wangenheim,
German Ambassador in
Constantinople,
33-5, 43, 52,
58-60, 109-10, 129, 168
Wars, see Austro-Prussian, Balkan,
Libyan.
Warsaw-Ivangorod, battle of,
268-70
Wechselstuben A/G Merkur , 262
Wedel,
Prince,
301
Western front, 58, 60, 68-9, 75, 77,
81, 102, 107, 121, 177, 194,
209, 215-19, 235, 263-7, 269, 271-
2, 275-8, 301, 312, 324, 334, 346-
7, 355
Westminster Gazette,
202
Wied, Wilhelm
v., Prince
of Albania,
158-9, 235, 254
Wiedenfeld,
Prof., 31
Wiener
Bankverein, 210
William II, Emperor of Germany,
21,
30, 32, 35-6, 44, 46, 59, 104, 109,
117-18, 138, 140, 171-2, 174, 177,
188, 196, 218, 239-40, 263-4,
266,, 268-70, 276, 284, 286, 302,
360, 370, 375, 379, 398
Williams, General, British Military
Attache in Russia,
89
Wilson, Sir Arthur,
84
Witkowitz Coal and Iron Works,
249
Woods, H.,
21
World, The,
86, 130
Vanushkevich, General, Russian Chief
of Staff,
75
Yemen,
317
Young Turk Committee of Union and
Progress,
24, 27-8
Young Turks,
26-7, 29-31, 37, 48, 56,
110-12
Ypres, first battle of,
269, 271
Ypres, second battle of,
355
Yugoslavs,
250-4, 258-9, 275, 298,
327-30, 332-4, 342, 348-9, 353,
378
Zara,
328, 334-6, 338, 341-2, 344
Zimmermann,
E.,
German Under¬
secretary for Foreign Affairs,
192, 275, 277-9, 301, 307, 380
Zupelli, General, Italian Minister of
War,
232, 363
f
B&rerisclia
I StiratElMGUiek
Imoncheh
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gottlieb, Wolfram Wilhelm |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1159193657 |
| author_facet | Gottlieb, Wolfram Wilhelm |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gottlieb, Wolfram Wilhelm |
| author_variant | w w g ww wwg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV007207973 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | D610 |
| callnumber-raw | D610 |
| callnumber-search | D610 |
| callnumber-sort | D 3610 |
| callnumber-subject | D - General History |
| classification_rvk | NP 4460 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1188469 (DE-599)BVBBV007207973 |
| dewey-full | 940.32 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.32 |
| dewey-search | 940.32 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.32 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV007207973 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:57:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004614579 |
| oclc_num | 1188469 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-N2 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-N2 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | 430 S. |
| psigel | HUB-HI096aak200610 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 1957 |
| publishDateSearch | 1957 |
| publishDateSort | 1957 |
| publisher | Allen & Unwin |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gottlieb, Wolfram Wilhelm Verfasser (DE-588)1159193657 aut Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War W. W. Gottlieb 1. publ. London Allen & Unwin 1957 430 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Diplomatic history Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Geheimdiplomatie (DE-588)4127762-4 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Geheimdiplomatie (DE-588)4127762-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004614579&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004614579&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Gottlieb, Wolfram Wilhelm Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Diplomatic history Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Geheimdiplomatie (DE-588)4127762-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4127762-4 |
| title | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War |
| title_auth | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War |
| title_exact_search | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War |
| title_full | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War W. W. Gottlieb |
| title_fullStr | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War W. W. Gottlieb |
| title_full_unstemmed | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War W. W. Gottlieb |
| title_short | Studies in secret diplomacy during the First World War |
| title_sort | studies in secret diplomacy during the first world war |
| topic | Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Diplomatic history Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Geheimdiplomatie (DE-588)4127762-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg (1914-1918) World War, 1914-1918 Diplomatic history Erster Weltkrieg Geheimdiplomatie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004614579&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004614579&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gottliebwolframwilhelm studiesinsecretdiplomacyduringthefirstworldwar |