Oceanography for geographers:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Arnold
1969
|
| Ausgabe: | Repr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XII,337 S. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Oceanography for geographers |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804121260626542592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Oceanography for geographers
Autor: King, Cuchlaine A. M.
Jahr: 1969
CONTENTS
page
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ?
Chapter i. THE ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE
OF THE OCEAN BASINS AND THEIR WATER
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4
?. The character of the major structural units of the Earth .. 4
(a) Methods of investigation .. .. .. .. . . 7
i. Seismic studies . . .. .. .. .. .. 7
ii. Gravity surveys .. .. .. .. .. .. 8
iii. Magnetic studies .. .. .. .. . . 9
iv. Heat-flow studies .. .. .. .. .. 10
(¿ ) The Pacific Ocean............ 11
(c) The Atlantic Ocean .. .. .. .. .. .. 13
(d) The Indian Ocean............ 16
2. The permanency of the ocean basins .. .. .. 16
(?) Theories of permanency . . .. .. .. . . 17
(?) Theories of drifting continents and changing oceans .. 20
3. The origin of the ocean water .. .. .. .. 23
4. Changes in sea-level during the Tertiary and Quaternary
periods .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24
(?) Tertiary changes .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
(?) Pleistocene changes .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
(c) Late and post-glacial changes .. .. .. .. 29
(d) Present trends in sea-level changes .. .. .. .. 33
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34
Chapter 2. THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE
OCEAN FLOOR
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36
1. The abyssal plain and abyssal hills .. .. .. .. 37
2. Deep-sea trenches and island arcs .. .. .. .. 38
3. Submarine ridges .. .. .. .. .. .. 43
4. The continental slope and continental rise .. .. 46
vii
viii Contents
5. The continental shelf............ 54
(?) Shelf types .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54
i. Glaciated shelves .. .. .. .. .. 54
ii. Large river shelves .. .. .. .. .. 55
iii. Other shelf types .. .. .. .. .. 55
(?) The origin of the shelf .......... 56
(c) The southern Californien borderland .. .. .. 57
(d) The continental shelf and adjacent shallow basins around
Britain .. .. .. .. .. .. 60
i. Continental shelf .. .. .. .. .. 60
ii. Adjacent shallow sea areas .. .. .. .. 61
6. Other submarine features .. .. .. .. .. 63
(a) Submarine canyons .. .. .. .. .. .. 64
i. Distribution .. .. .. .. .. .. 64
ii. Types of canyons .. .. .. .. .. 64
iii. Examples of submarine canyons .. .. .. 64
iv. Origin of submarine canyons .. .. .. .. 67
(è) Sea-mounts and guyots .. .. .. .. .. 69
(c) Coral atolls and other reefs .. .. .. .. .. 72
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76
Chapter 3. THE WATER OF THE OCEANS
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79
1. Oceanographical instruments .. .. .. .. 80
2. The characteristics of sea water .. .. .. .. 81
(a) Temperature of the ocean water .. .. .. .. 82
(b) Salinity of the surface water .. .. .. .. 86
(c) Oxygen content of the ocean water .. .. .. 89
3. Water masses .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90
(ß) Definition and concept .. . . .. .. .. 90
(b) Method of formation and character of the major surface
water masses .. .. . . .. .. .. 94
i. North Atlantic Central Water . . .. .. . . 95
ii. South Atlantic Central Water . . .. .. .. 98
iii. Arctic Surface Water .. .. .. .. .. 99
iv. Subantarctic Water .. . . .. .. . . 99
v. North Pacific Subarctic Water .. .. .. .. 99
vi. Pacific Central Waters .. . . .. .. .. 99
vii. Pacific Equatorial Water.. .. .. .. .. 100
viii. Indian Central Water .. . . .. .. .. 100
ix. Indian Equatorial Water.. .. .. .. .. 101
x. Antarctic Surface Water.. . . .. .. .. xoi
xi. Circumpolar Water .. .. .. .. .. 102
Contents ix
(e) Deeper-water masses .. .. .. .. .. 103
i. Antarctic Intermediate Water .. .. .. .. 103
ii. North Atlantic Intermediate Water .. .. .. 105
iii. Pacific Intermediate Water .. .. .. .. 105
vi. Mediterranean Water .. .. .. .. .. 105
v. North Atlantic Deep Water .. .. .. .. 107
vi. Deep Water of the Pacific .. .. .. .. 108
vii. Antarctic Bottom Water .. .. .. .. 109
4. Ice in the ocean .. .. .. .. .. .. no
(?) Ice-bergs .. .. .. .. .. .. .. no
(?) Sea-ice or pack-ice .. .. .. .. .. .. in
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113
Chapter 4. THE CIRCULATION OF THE OCEANS
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 115
1. Causes and character of the ocean currents .. .. 115
2. The surface currents .. .. .. .. .. .. 123
(a) The currents of the North Atlantic Ocean .. .. .. 123
i. North Equatorial Current .. .. .. .. 123
ii. Equatorial Counter-current and South Equatorial Current 123
iii. The Gulf Stream System .. .. .. .. 126
(b) The currents of the South Atlantic Ocean .. .. .. 133
i. Benguela Current .. .. .. .. .. 133
ii. Brazil Current .. .. .. .. .. .. 134
(e) The currents of the Southern or Antarctic Ocean .. .. 134
(d) The currents of the Indian Ocean .. .. .. .. 135
(ß) The currents of the Pacific Ocean .. .. .. .. 136
i. South Pacific currents .. .. .. .. .. 136
ii. Equatorial currents of the Pacific .. .. .. 138
iii. Currents of the North Pacific .. .. .. .. 140
3. Deep-water circulation .. .. .. .. .. 142
(a) Theoretical analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. 142
(è) Observations .. .. .. .. .. .. 146
(c) The deep-water circulation of the oceans .. .. .. 148
i. The Atlantic Ocean .. . . .. .. . . 148
ii. The Southern Ocean .. .. .. .. .. 152
iii. The Pacific Ocean .. .. .. .. .. 152
vi. The Indian Ocean .. .. .. .. .. 153
v. General conclusions .. .. .. .. .. 154
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 155
? Contents
Chapter 5. THE TIDE
Introduction................ 157
1. Tide-producing forces .. .. .. .. .. 157
2. Types of wave motion in tidal theory .. .. .. 162
(?) Progressive wave .. .. .. .. .. .. 162
(?) Stationary wave or standing oscillation .. .. .. 163
3. The effect of the rotation of the Earth—Amphidromic
systems .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 166
4. The response of the oceans to the tide-producing forces .. 168
(?) Early ideas of oceanic tides .. .. .. .. .. 168
(?) Types of oceanic tides .. .. .. .. .. 17°
(c) Tides in gulfs and seas .. .. .. .. .. i74
(d) Tides around the British Isles .. .. .. .. 176
5. Tidal currents and their channels .. .. .. .. 181
6. Tides in rivers—tidal bores .. .. .. .. .. 185
7. Abnormal tides—meteorological surges .. .. .. 189
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 194
Chapter 6. WAVES
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 196
1. Ideal waves in deep water .. .. .. .. .. 196
2. Waves in shallow water .. .. .. .. .. 199
(?) Modification of ideal waves in shallow water .. .. 199
(?) Mass transport in shallow water .. .. .. .. 200
(c) Wave refraction .. .. .. .. .. .. 202
(d) Longshore currents and offshore rip currents .. .. 205
(e) Breaking waves .. .. .. .. .. .. 207
(/) The reflection and diffraction of waves .. .. .. 208
(g) The effect of waves on structures .. .. .. .. 210
(A) Solitary waves .. .. .. .. .. .. 211
3. Wave spectra and wave generation— Sea .. .. 211
4. Wave attenuation— Swell .......... 218
5. Wave observations .. .. .. .. .. .. 224
6. Wave forecasting .. .. .. .. .. .. 226
Contents xi
7. Long waves and seismic waves (tsunami) .. .. .. 228
(a) Long waves or surf beat .. .. .. .. .. 228
(b) Microseisms . . .. .. .. .. .. 229
(c) Seismic waves (tsunami) .. .. .. .. .. 229
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 231
Chapter 7. SEDIMENT IN THE OCEAN
Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 233
1. Classification of oceanic sediment .. .. .. .. 233
2. The character of the ocean sediments .. .. .. 235
(a) Pelagic sediments .. .. . . .. . . .. 235
The organic oozes—Calcareous oozes .. . . .. 235
Siliceous oozes .. . . .. 237
Inorganic deposits—Red Clay .. . . .. .. 239
Rate of deposition .. .. .. .. .. .. 241
Atlantic sedimentary types .. . . .. .. .. 243
(¿ ) Nearshore sedimentation . . .. .. .. .. 246
(c) The formation of petroleum in ocean sediments .. .. 252
3. Distribution of sedimentary types .. .. .. .. 253
4. The analysis of deep-sea sediment cores .. .. .. 256
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 263
Chapter 8. SOME ASPECTS OF LIFE IN THE
OCEAN
Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 264
1. The basis of marine life .. .. .. .. .. 264
(?) Phytoplankton .. .. .. .. .. .. 264
(?) Zooplankton ............ 269
2. The life on the ocean floor—Benthos ...... 272
3. Demersal fish .. .. .. .. . · . · .. 276
4. Pelagic fish.............. 282
5. The marine mammals—whales and whaling .. .. 288
6. Some aspects of fishing and overfishing .. .. .. 292
7. The total organic production of the sea and the food
pyramid .. .. .. .. . · .. .. 301
References .. .. .. .. .. .. ·. .. 302
xii Contents
Chapter 9. THE GEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE OCEANS
Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 304
1. The interaction of the oceans and atmosphere .. .. 304
2. The changing sea-level .. .. .. .. .. 306
3. Coastal change as influenced by marine forces .. .. 307
4. The oceans in exploration and transport .. .. .. 309
5. The strategic role of the oceans .. .. .. .. 312
6. The oceans as a source of food .. .. .. .. 314
7. International co-operation in the oceans .. .. .. 316
Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 317
References .. ............ 318
Glossary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 319
Geological Time Scale ............ 324
Index ................ 325
|
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| spelling | King, Cuchlaine A. M. Verfasser aut Oceanography for geographers Repr. London Arnold 1969 XII,337 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 gnd rswk-swf Meereskunde (DE-588)4074685-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004502474&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Oceanography for geographers |
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