Principles of systematic zoology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
McGraw-Hill
1991
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 475 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0070411441 0071127011 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804121137394745344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PRINCIPLES OF
SYSTEMATIC
ZOOLOGY
SECOND EDITION
Ernst Mayr
Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology, Emeritus
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
Peter D Ashlock
Late Professor of Entomology
University of Kansas, Lawrence
McGRAW-HILL, INC
New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota
Caracas Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal
New Delhi Paris San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
Chapter 1 The Science of Taxonomy 1
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SYSTEMATICS TO BIOLOGY 2
Applied Biology 3
Theoretical Biology 4
The Role of Taxonomy 5
SYSTEMATICS AS THE SCIENCE OF ORGANIC DIVERSITY 6
The Study of Patterned Diversity 7
THE HISTORY OF TAXONOMY 8
Downward Classification 9
Upward Classification 10
Impact of The Origin of Species 11
Population Systematics 12
Current Trends 13
Taxonomy as Unfinished Business 13
SYSTEMATICS AS A PROFESSION 14
Opportunities and Difficulties 14
The Training of the Taxonomist 16
THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMATICS 16
STRATEGIES IN TAXONOMIC RESEARCH 17
PART A MICROTAXONOMY 19
PHENON 20
TAXON 20
CATEGORY 21
SPECIES AND CLASSIFICATION 21
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 2 The Species Category 23
SPECIES CONCEPTS 24
Typological Species Concept 24
Nominalistic Species Concept 25
Biological Species Concept 26
Evolutionary Species Concept 27
FROM PHENON TO TAXON TO CATEGORY 28
DIFFICULTIES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL
SPECIES CONCEPT 30
Insufficient Information 31
Uniparental Reproduction 31
Evolutionary Intermediacy 33
MEANING OF THE SPECIES CATEGORY 38
Chapter 3 The Species Taxon
THE ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE SPECIES
POLYTYPIC SPECIES
Importance of the Recognition of Polytypic
Species Taxa
Difficulties
THE OCCURRENCE OF POLYTYPIC SPECIES
IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Nomenclatural Problems
INFRASPECIFIC CATEGORIES AND TERMS
The Variety
The Subspecies
The Race
The Cline
Infrasubspecific Categories
Intrapopulation Variants
Neutral Terms
POPULATION TAXONOMY
POPULATION STRUCTURE
The Population Continuum
The Geographic Isolate
The Zone of Secondary Intergradation
THE NEW SYSTEMATICS
THE SUPERSPECIES
Chapter 4 Intrapopulational Variation and the Comparison
of Population Samples 55
SYMPATRIC SAMPLES 58
PHENA (INDIVIDUAL VARIANTS) OR DIFFERENT SPECIES? 58
Chapter 5
CONTENTS
NONGENETIC VARIATION
Individual Variation in Time
Social Variation (Insect Castes)
Ecological Variation
Traumatic Variation
Postmortem Changes
GENETIC VARIATION
Sexual Dimorphism
Reproductively Different Generations
Ordinary Genetic Variation
THE COMPARISON OF POPULATION SAMPLES
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Measurements and Counts
STATISTICS OF A POPULATION SAMPLE
Measurements, Ratios, and Frequencies
Comparison of Frequencies
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
Histograms
Population Statistics Diagrams
Scatter Diagrams
Mapping of Quantitative Data
Speciation and Taxonomic Decisions
THE ORIGIN OF NEW SPECIES TAXA
DECISIONS IN DIFFICULT CASES
Analysis of Sympatric Samples
Comparison of Allopatric and Allochronic Samples
Different Subspecies or Not?
Subspecies or Allopatric Species?
DELIMITATION OF FOSSIL SPECIES TAXA
EvolutionaryXontinuity
Limited Amount of Evidence
SPECIES DELIMITATION IN PARASITES
ix
PART B MACROTAXONOMY
Chapter 6 Theory and Practice of Biological Classification
SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION
General Rules of Classification
Additional Rules for the Classification
of Organisms
Special Classifications
X CONTENTS
IDENTIFICATION 116
CRITERIA OF ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 116
CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY 117
Taxonomic Characters 118
Fossils 119
Geographic Distribution 119
THE THREE SCHOOLS OF MACROTAXONOMY 120
Phenetics 120
Cladistics 121
Evolutionary Classification 122
Comparisons 123
IS A CLASSIFICATION A THEORY? 124
THE FUNCTIONS OF A CLASSIFICATION 125
A Classification Is an Index to Stored Information 126
A Good Classification Has Heuristic Properties 126
Classifications Permit the Making of
Generalizations
A Classification Has Explanatory Powers
WHAT IS THE BEST CLASSIFICATION?
THE STEPS IN THE TAXONOMIC PROCEDURE
Polythetic Taxa
THE DELIMITATION OF TAXA
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
The Linnaean Hierarchy
HIGHER CATEGORIES AND HIGHER TAXA
The Genus
The Family
Orders, Classes, and Phyla
THE PROCESS OF RANKING
RELATIONSHIP AND SIMILARITY
Hgmology
Convergence in Characters
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN MACROTAXONOMY
Mosaic Evolution
Fossils
THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING CLASSIFICATIONS
Stability
Phylogenetic Trees
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOUND CLASSIFICATIONS
Chapter 7 Taxonomic Characters
CHARACTERS AND SIGNIFIERS
KINDS OF CHARACTERS
Morphological Characters
Chapter 8
Physiological Characters
Molecular Characters
Behavior
Ecological Characters
Geographic Characters
THE WEIGHTING OF CHARACTERS
Correlated Characters
Characters with High Weight
Characters with Low Weight
THE RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS
OF CHARACTERS
Redundant Characters
Summary
CHARACTERS AND CATEGORICAL RANK
CONCLUSIONS
Numerical Phenetics
CLAIMS MADE BY PHENETICISTS
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PHENETIC APPROACH
WEAKNESSES OF NUMERICAL PHENETICS
WEAK POINTS OF PHENETIC METHODS
OUTLOOK
THE FUTURE OF NUMERICAL PHENETICS
CONTENTS XI
Chapter 9 Cladistics 206
DIFFICULTIES IN PRESENTING AN UNBIASED ACCOUNT
OF CLADISTICS
Relationship x
Pattern Cladistics
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
Determination of Apomorphy
The Cladogram
DIFFICULTIES IN CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
Homoplasy
Choice of Characters
Polytomy
Neglect of Variation
CLADISTIC CLASSIFICATION
Back Translation of a Classification
into a Cladogram
Falsifiability
DIFFICULTIES IN CLADISTIC CLASSIFICATION
The Priniciple of Holophyly
Xii CONTENTS
Dichotomy and Budding 224
The Theory of Ranking 225
A New Synapomorphy and Change of Categorical
Rank 227
Restriction to Diagnostic Characters 228
Neglect of Autapomorphies 229
Absence of a Theory of Ranking 230
Neglect of Ancestor-Descendant Relationship 231
Placement of the Ancestral (Stem) Species 232
Inability to Deal with Fossil Taxa 232
Instability 233
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ADOPTION OF CLADISTIC
PRINCIPLES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
AND PLANTS 234
APPENDIX: WEIGHTING AND ANAGENETIC ANALYSIS 236
Chapter 10 Evolutionary Classification 242
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLADISTIC AND EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION 245
The Treatment of Sister Groups 249
THE LINNAEAN HIERARCHY 251
HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION 251
Mosaic Evolution and Rate of Change 252
Monophyly 253
THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF A COMMON ANCESTOR 253
VARIOUS CONCEPTS OF MONOPHYLY 254
Holophyly 254
Evolutionary Taxonomy 254
Monophyly Allowing for Parallelophyly 255
POLYPHYLY 258
The Status of Paraphyletic Taxa 261
Phylogenetic Trees 263
ADVANTAGES OF EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 264
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION
OF A CLASSIFICATION
CRITERIA FOR DELIMITATION AND RANKING
Distinctness
Degree of Difference
Evolutionary Role
Grade Characteristics
Size of Taxon
• Equivalence
Stability
CONTENTS Xiii
Chapter 11 Numerical Methods of Phylogeny Inference 274
THE DATA SET
DISTANCE METHODS
Distance or Similarity Matrix
Cluster Analysis
OVERVIEW OF DISTANCE METHODS
Calculation of Similarity Coefficients from
Character Data
Standardization
Inference of Phylogenies from Distance Matrices
The Wagner Distance Method
Other Distance Methods
Judging the Quality of Distance Methods
CHARACTER METHODS
Character State Matrix
A Simple Example
Problems Encountered in the Construction
of a Cladogram
OVERVIEW OF CHARACTER-BASED METHODS
Compatibility Methods
Parsimony Methods
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation
Other Methods
Weighting
WHICH METHOD IS BEST?
APPENDIX: COMPUTER PROGRAMS
PART C METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 323
Chapter 12 Taxonomic Collections and the Process
of Identification 325
SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS 325
Value of Collections 325
Purpose of a Scientific Collection 326
Collecting and Research 327
Scope of Collections 327
Where and How to Collect 328
Collections of Specimens 329
Biological Information 329
Preservation of Specimens 330
Anatomical, Tissue, and Molecular Material 330
Labeling 330
XiV CONTENTS
CURATING OF COLLECTIONS
Preparation of Material for Study
Housing
Cataloging
Arrangement of the Collection
Curating of Types
Exhange of Material
Expendable Material
Loans
IDENTIFICATION
Sorting of Collections
Determination Labels
Identification of Individual Specimens
Process of Identification
MATERIAL FOR REVISIONARY OR MONOGRAPHIC WORK
Reference to Current Bibliographies
Nominal Species and Zoological Species
Original Description
Comparison with the Type
Taxonomic Publication
THE STRATEGY OF PUBLISHING
DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
KINDS OF PUBLICATIONS
Description of New Taxa
Catalogs and Checklists
Revisions and Monographs
Atlases
Faunal Works
Revisions of Higher Taxa
Evolutionary and Biological Publications
Theory and Methods of Systematics
MAJOR FEATURES OF TAXONOMIC PUBLICATIONS
Descriptions
Synonymy
Keys
Illustrations
References and Bibliography
FORM AND STYLE OF THE TAXONOMIC ARTICLE
Title
Author s Name
Abstract
Introduction
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Methods Used and Materials Studied
Body of the Text
Summary
PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT FOR PUBLICATION
Typing
Underlining
Legends and Text Citations to Illustrations
Revision of the Manuscript
Word Processing
Proofreading
Reprints
The Rules of Zoological Nomenclature
THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF TAXA NAMES
Uniqueness
Universality
Stability
THE INTERNATIONAL CODE
EVOLUTION OF THE THEORY OF NOMENCLATURE
THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE CODE
Stability
Freedom of Taxonomic Thought
Priority
First-Reviser Principle
Range of Authority of the Code
Application of Names
Concept of Availability
Differential Diagnosis
Names Given to Hybrids
Validity
Protection of Well-Established Names
Page and Line Precedence
Work of an Animal
Formation of Names
Gender of Generic Names
Family Names
Names for Higher Taxa (above the Family Group
Rank)
Genus Group Names
Names of Taxa in the Species Group
Infrasubspecific Names
Authorship
XV
XVI CONTENTS
Homonymy
Replacement of Rejected Homonyms
The Type Method
Correcting the Misidentification of Types
Kinds of Type Specimens
Type Designation
Lectotypes
Neoty pes
Types and First Revisers
Type Localities
International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature
Applications to the Commission
Cases under Consideration
Appendixes to the Code
General Recommendations
Glossary and Index
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mayr, Ernst 1904-2005 Ashlock, Peter D. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)116973080 |
| author_facet | Mayr, Ernst 1904-2005 Ashlock, Peter D. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Mayr, Ernst 1904-2005 |
| author_variant | e m em p d a pd pda |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV006981213 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QL351 |
| callnumber-raw | QL351 |
| callnumber-search | QL351 |
| callnumber-sort | QL 3351 |
| callnumber-subject | QL - Zoology |
| classification_rvk | WP 1000 WP 1004 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)22006028 (DE-599)BVBBV006981213 |
| dewey-full | 591/.012 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals |
| dewey-raw | 591/.012 |
| dewey-search | 591/.012 |
| dewey-sort | 3591 212 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| publisher | McGraw-Hill |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mayr, Ernst 1904-2005 Verfasser (DE-588)116973080 aut Principles of systematic zoology Ernst Mayr, Peter D. Ashlock 2. ed. New York u.a. McGraw-Hill 1991 XX, 475 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Animaux - Classification Animaux - Classification ram Animaux - Nomenclature Dierkunde gtt Systematiek (algemeen) gtt Taxonomie gtt Animals Classification Spezielle Zoologie (DE-588)4116565-2 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd rswk-swf Grundlage (DE-588)4158388-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 s DE-604 Spezielle Zoologie (DE-588)4116565-2 s Grundlage (DE-588)4158388-7 s 2\p DE-604 Ashlock, Peter D. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004416278&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Mayr, Ernst 1904-2005 Ashlock, Peter D. Principles of systematic zoology Animaux - Classification Animaux - Classification ram Animaux - Nomenclature Dierkunde gtt Systematiek (algemeen) gtt Taxonomie gtt Animals Classification Spezielle Zoologie (DE-588)4116565-2 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd Grundlage (DE-588)4158388-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4116565-2 (DE-588)4060087-7 (DE-588)4128136-6 (DE-588)4158388-7 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Principles of systematic zoology |
| title_auth | Principles of systematic zoology |
| title_exact_search | Principles of systematic zoology |
| title_full | Principles of systematic zoology Ernst Mayr, Peter D. Ashlock |
| title_fullStr | Principles of systematic zoology Ernst Mayr, Peter D. Ashlock |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of systematic zoology Ernst Mayr, Peter D. Ashlock |
| title_short | Principles of systematic zoology |
| title_sort | principles of systematic zoology |
| topic | Animaux - Classification Animaux - Classification ram Animaux - Nomenclature Dierkunde gtt Systematiek (algemeen) gtt Taxonomie gtt Animals Classification Spezielle Zoologie (DE-588)4116565-2 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Systematik (DE-588)4128136-6 gnd Grundlage (DE-588)4158388-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Animaux - Classification Animaux - Nomenclature Dierkunde Systematiek (algemeen) Taxonomie Animals Classification Spezielle Zoologie Tiere Systematik Grundlage Einführung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004416278&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mayrernst principlesofsystematiczoology AT ashlockpeterd principlesofsystematiczoology |