Drugs, crime, and social isolation: barriers to urban opportunity
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
Urban Inst. Press
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 299 S. |
| ISBN: | 0877665710 0877665702 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Foreword xvii
1 Introduction: Inner City Isolation and Opportunity
George E. Peterson and Adele V. Harrell 1
Physical Isolation 4
Drugs, Crime, and Underclass Behaviors 7
Social Isolation 10
Organization of this Volume 12
Policy Orientation 19
2 Black Philadelphia Then and Now: The
Underclass of the Late 20th Century Compared with
Poorer African Americans of the Late 19th Century
Roger Lane 2 7
Progress of the Black Middle Class Following the
Civil War 28
Working Class—Not Underclass 33
Exclusion of the Majority from the Industrial Age 35
Origins of the Modern Underclass 41
3 The Severely Distressed in Economically
Transforming Cities John D. Kasarda 45
The Urban Underclass Concept and Measures 46
The Severely Distressed 49
Size and Racial/Ethnic Composition of Households
and Persons 51
Aggregate Versus Individual Indicators of Distress 56
Growth Dynamics 58
Economics in Transition 65
Documenting Skill and Spatial Mismatchcs 74
Policy Commentary 82
Appendix 3.A 87
Appendix 3.B 91
x Contents
4 Drug Selling and Licit Income in Distressed
Neighborhoods: The Economic Lives of Street Level
Drug Users and Dealers Jeffrey Fagan 99
Erosion of Social and Economic Controls on Drug
Selling 101
Objectives and Methods 104
Sample Design 104
Sample Recruitment 106
Interview Procedures 107
Variables 108
The Study Neighborhoods 109
Results 115
Social Organization of Drug Selling and Violence 115
Labor Force Participation and Income from Drug
Selling 119
Impact of Drug Selling on Legal Income and Work
Participation 121
Interpreting Income Changes for Drug Sellers and
Drug Users 125
Effects of Drug Involvement on Labor Force
Participation 128
Conclusions 131
The Paradox of Neighborhood Distress 131
Higher Reservation Wages and Skills Mismatch 132
Disruption of Traditional Job Networks 134
Institutionalization of the Drug Economy 135
Expansion of the Prostitution Industry 135
Importance of Economic Self Sufficiency 136
Epilogue: The Changing Social Context of Drug Use 137
Appendix 4.A 139
Appendix 4.B 140
Appendix 4.C 141
5 The Story of John Turner Elijah Anderson 147
6 Impact of Drugs on Family Life and Kin Networks in
the Inner City African American Single Parent
Household Eloise Dun Jap 181
Methodology 182
African American Family Structure 182
Family Stability: Instrumental and Expressive
Functions 184
Drugs and Their Impact on Black Family Life 185
Contents xi
Case Studies 187
Unstable Households—Maureen, Priscilla, Fay 187
Less Unstable Households—Vivian, Sarah, Island 193
Conclusion 203
7 Drugs and Patterns of Opportunity in the Inner City:
The Case of Middle Aged, Middle Income Cocaine
Smokers Ansley Hamid 209
Economic and Social Decline in the Inner City 210
Pivotal Role of Middle Aged Workers 211
Research Method 212
How Smokable Cocaine Eroded Middle Age and
Middle Income Status 212
Rasta Musa s Freebase Parlor: The Pitfall of Fast
Money 214
Middle Aged, Mid Level Marijuana Distributor 215
Middling Prosperity 215
Middle Age Political and Ideological Development
and Commitment to Community 216
Middle Age Spirituality 217
How Interdiction Destroyed the Marijuana
Economy and Promoted Cocaine 217
Overcoming Misgivings about Cocaine 218
Learning to Smoke Cocaine from Colombians in
Trinidad 218
Development of New York City Cocaine Market 219
Freebase Parlors 219
How Cocaine Smoking Unraveled Fortune,
Morality, and Politics 219
Escape to Ethiopia 220
Bruno: Crack Satisfied a Mid life Quest for
Excitement 220
Can t Explain his Cravings for Crack 221
Lust for Extramarital Sex 221
Job Loss 222
William: Untying Queen Victoria s Apronstrings and
Learning the Street 222
Victorian Upbringing 223
Testing the Middle Class Limit: Homosexuality 223
Testing the Middle Class Limit: The Street 223
Testing the Middle Class Limit: Drugs 223
Testing the Middle Class Limit: Crack 224
xii Contents
Maintaining Class Distinctions in Crack Use 224
Some Worker Characteristics of Middle Aged,
Middle Income Cocaine Smokers 224
Living with Crack after Losing Job 225
Reggie: Crack Mends Broken Heart 225
Perfect Family Man 226
Suffering for the Past 226
Wife s Infidelity 226
Crack Provides Solace and Sex 226
Cochise: All That Money Confused Me 227
A Native American Raised among African
Americans 227
Sudden Money and Fame 228
Family Background and Alcoholism 228
Embarrassment of Riches 228
Sam: Crack Made Me Steal on the Job and Makes Me
Violent 229
Solid Lower Middle Class Background 229
Dropping Out of School and Hanging Out 229
Introduction to Crack 230
Stealing on the Job 230
Diversifying Crime 230
Crack Distribution 230
Need for Crack Triggers Violence 231
Post Crack Local Labor Market 231
Female Worker Users: Shashi s Mission 233
Getting the Urge to Use Crack 234
Finding Victims and Crack: First Day 234
Second Day 234
Third Day 234
Fourth Day 235
Young Non using Distributors 236
Hanging Out 236
Selling Crack 236
Other Crime 237
Guns 237
Anticipating a Short Life 237
Conclusion 238
8 Mobility Into and Out of Poor Urban Neighborhoods
Edward Gramlich, Deborah Laren, and Naomi Sealand 241
Poor People and Places 242
Contents xiii
Mobility: Transition Matrices 245
Implications of Transition Matrices 247
Income Gains 251
Implications 253
9 Social Isolation and the Underclass Roberto
Fernandez and David Harris 257
Refining the Concept of Social Isolation 260
Data and Measures 265
Analysis 269
Class Differences in Social Isolation 270
Neighborhood Effects on Social Isolation 275
Interaction Effects on Isolation 279
Discussion 286
About the Editors 295
About the Contributors 297
Tables
3.1 Severely Distressed Households/Persons/Children
Among 95 most Populated Central Cities,
1980 52
3.2 Comparison of Households and Population
According to Ricketts Sawhill and PUMS
Measures of Underclass, 1980 57
3.3 Net Change of the Severely Distressed Population
Between 1970 and 1980 59
3.4 Number and Distribution of Disadvantages! I
Population. 1970 and 1980. by Subaroa 60 !
3.5 Percentage of Population with Distress Attributes. ;
1970 to 1980. by Race/Ethnicity 62 i
3.6 Change in Population with both Poor Work I
History and in Poverty. 1970 to 1980. by Race 64 f
3.7 Change in Place of Work Earnings and Percentage
Change, 1970 87 66 ,
3.8 Change in Place of Work Earnings by Industry.
1970 87 68 |
3.9 Percentage Change in Place of Work Earnings by |
Industry, 1970 87 69 i
1
xiv Contents
3.10 Distribution of Place of Work Earnings by
Industry: 1970, 1980, and 1987 70
3.11 Change in Employment by Industry for Selected
Metropolitan Areas, 1967 87 72
3.12 City and Subarea Population Characteristics, 1980 75
3.13 Educational Distribution of City Job Change,
Jobholders, and Out of School Black Male
Residents, Aged 16 64, 1980 77
3.14 Percentage of Not Working, Out of School Males,
Aged 16 64, by Race, Education, Region, and
Central City Suburban Residence for Selected
Metropolitan Areas: 1968 70 to 1986 88 78
3.15 Mean Commuting Times to Work (One Way, in
Minutes) of Employed Persons by Residence
and Workplace, Means of Transport, and
Race, 1980 83
3.A Distribution of Severely Distressed Population by
Race, 1980 87
3.B Comparison of Population Counts Using Ricketts
Sawhill and PUMS Measures of Underclass
Population 91
4.1 Percentage Distribution of Respondents Legal
Status and Self Reported Primary Drug
Involvement by New York City Neighborhood 105
4.2 New York City Neighborhood Social, Structural,
and Economic Profiles, 1970 80 112
4.3 Concentration of Poverty Within New York City
Census Tracts, 1970 80 114
4.4 Natality and Mortality Indices by New York City
Neighborhood, 1988 114
4.5 Social Organization of Drug Selling by New York
City Neighborhood 116
4.6 Annual Offending Rates for Nondrug Crimes by
Selling Status, 1986 88 118
4.7 Income Distribution by Drug Selling Participation
and Employment Status by New York City
Neighborhood 120
4.8 Monthly Income Distribution Before and After
Drug Involvement by Selling Status and New
York City Neighborhood 122
4.9 Monthly Expense Distribution Before and After
Drug Involvement by Selling Status and New
York City Neighborhood 123
Contents xv
4.10 Ordinary Least Squares Regression on Total
Income After Initiation into Principal Drug 127
4.11 Tobit Model for Labor Force Participation 130
4.A Sample Characteristics by New York City
Neighborhood 139
4.B Annual Drug Use Rates by Selling and Work
Status, 1986 88, by New York City
Neighborhood 140
4.C Monthly Expenses for the Year Preceding and
Following Initiation into Crack, by New York
City Neighborhood 141
8.1 Distribution of the Population, 1979 84 244
8.2 Transition Matrices for the Persistently Poor in
Families with Children, 1979 84 246
8.3 1970 84 Actual and Predicted Composition in
Poor Metropolitan Census Tracts 248 j
8.4 1979 84 and Equilibrium Population Composition I
for Poor Metropolitan Census Tracts 250
8.5 Income Gains for Those Living and Staying in
Poor and Nonpoor Metropolitan Census
Tracts, 1979 84 253
9.1 Dimensions of Social Isolation 262
9.2 Definitions of Class 267
9.3 Percentage Distribution of Class by Race, Area,
and Gender 268
9.4 Percentage Regularly Attending Meetings of
Various Local Organizations by Class and
Gender for Non Hispanic Blacks 270
9.5 Average Numbers of Relations, Distinct
Individuals, and Overlaps Across Minor !
Support, Major Support, and Friendship j
Networks by Class and Gender for Non ;
Hispanic Blacks 271 ;
9.6 Average Percentage with Partner, Percentage with ;
No Friends, and Percentage with Kin in !
Support Network by Class and Gender for I
Non Hispanic Blacks 272 ;
9.7 Average Characteristics of Friends by Class and j
Gender for Non Hispanic Blacks 274
9.8 Neighborhood and Class Effects on Regular j
Meeting Attendance by Gender for Non i
Hispanic Blacks 276
9.9 Neighborhood and Class Effects on Structure of j
j
I
I.
xvi Contents
Personal Networks by Gender for Non
Hispanic Blacks 277
9.10 Neighborhood and Class Effects on Composition
of Personal Networks by Gender for Non
Hispanic Blacks 278
9.11 Neighborhood and Class Effects on Characteristics
of Friends by Gender for Non Hispanic Blacks 279
9.12 Neighborhood, Class, and Interaction Effects on
Attending Meetings for Various Organizations
by Gender for Non Hispanic Blacks 281
9.13 Neighborhood, Class, and Interaction Effects on
Structure of Personal Networks by Gender for
Non Hispanic Blacks 283
9.14 Neighborhood, Class, and Interaction Effects on
Composition of Person Networks by Gender
for Non Hispanic Blacks 284
9.15 Neighborhood, Class, and Interaction Effects on
Characteristics of Friends by Gender for Non
Hispanic Blacks 287
9.16 Summary of Empirical Results for Various
Dimensions of Social Isolation of Non
Hispanic Blacks by Gender 288
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| spelling | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity Adele V. Harrell ..., eds. Washington, DC Urban Inst. Press 1992 XVIII, 299 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd rswk-swf Isolation Soziologie (DE-588)4162511-0 gnd rswk-swf Drogenmissbrauch (DE-588)4070587-0 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Isolation Soziologie (DE-588)4162511-0 s Drogenmissbrauch (DE-588)4070587-0 s Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 s DE-604 Harrell, Adele Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004317590&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Isolation Soziologie (DE-588)4162511-0 gnd Drogenmissbrauch (DE-588)4070587-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4116433-7 (DE-588)4162511-0 (DE-588)4070587-0 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity |
| title_auth | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity |
| title_exact_search | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity |
| title_full | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity Adele V. Harrell ..., eds. |
| title_fullStr | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity Adele V. Harrell ..., eds. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drugs, crime, and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity Adele V. Harrell ..., eds. |
| title_short | Drugs, crime, and social isolation |
| title_sort | drugs crime and social isolation barriers to urban opportunity |
| title_sub | barriers to urban opportunity |
| topic | Schwarze (DE-588)4116433-7 gnd Isolation Soziologie (DE-588)4162511-0 gnd Drogenmissbrauch (DE-588)4070587-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schwarze Isolation Soziologie Drogenmissbrauch USA Aufsatzsammlung |
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