The first immigrants from Asia: a population history of the North American Indians
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Plenum Press
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 333 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0306439522 |
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| adam_text | The First Immigrants
from Asia
A Population History of the North
American Indians
A J JAFFE
Senior Research Scholar, Retired
Columbia University
New York, New York
and Research Associate
National Museum of the American Indian
New York, New York
With the assistance of
CAROLYN SPERBER
Late of Columbia University
New York New York
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Contents
Foreword by George J Stolnitz vii
Chapter 1 • Some Observations 1
Introduction 1
Our Interests 2
Coverage 2
Sources of Information 4
Changes in the Natural Environment—Mother Nature at the Controls 5
Who Is an American Indian? 9
The Problem of Uncertainty—or Inferring History from Fragments of
Information 12
PART I • THE FIRST ARRIVALS
Chapter 2 • Origins and Entry into the New World 17
Introduction 17
Their Origins 19
European Thinking in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 19
How Do We Know That They Came from Asia? 20
The Peopling of Northeastern Asia 21
xvii
xviii CONTENTS
China 22
Japan 23
Siberia 23
Their Trip to the Western Hemisphere 24
Why Did the Ancients Migrate? 24
When Did They First Arrive? 25
How Time of Arrival Is Estimated 27
Introduction 27
Some Measures 28
The Limitations of Lithics 30
Homo Must Have Preceded the Date of the Site 31
How Long Did It Take the Ancestors to Adapt to Conditions in the
New World? 31
The First Signs of Agriculture—Another Clue to Time of First Arrival 31
Probability—Also a Clue to Time of First Arrival 34
Uranium-Thorium Measure and Redating of Sites 35
Summary 36
Chapter 3 • Growth and Dispersion in the New World 39
Introduction 39
How Far Away Is My New Home? 39
Escape from Alaska 40
How? 40
When Was the Exodus from Alaska? 44
Dispersal and Growth of Population 45
The Schools of Speed 45
Probable Pattern of Population Growth 47
Geographic Distribution and Redistribution 48
Distribution in Past Millennia 48
Where They Were in the Sixteenth Century 50
Summary 52
Chapter 4 • Length of Life: Short and Not So Merry 55
Introduction 55
A Brief Description of a Life Table and Length of Life 55
Reasons for Constructing New Life Tables 56
The Length of Life 57
CONTENTS xix
Some Previous Studies 57
Agriculturalists Lived Longer 58
Greater Longevity of Agriculturalists and Population Growth 59
Increases in Length of Life Occurred Slowly 59
Men Lived Longer Than Did Women 60
Of the Causes of Death 60
The Pre-European Amerindians Were Similar to All Ancient Societies 63
Summary 66
Chapter 5 • Glimpses of Ancestral Family Life 67
Introduction 67
Marriage and the Family 68
Marriage Formation 68
Marriage Dissolution 68
Orphanhood 69
The Nuclear Family 70
The Birthrate 71
Crude Birthrate 71
Total Fertility Rate, or Number of Children Born 73
Children under 5 Years of Age 74
Introduction 74
Some Numbers 75
Size of the Band—Its Significance and Implications 76
Summary 77
Chapter 6 • Following the Food Trail, or What s for Dinner? 79
Introduction 79
Sources of Information about Foods 81
Historical Accounts 81
Remains of Vegetation 82
Coprolites 82
Bones 83
Shellfish Middens 84
Other Clues to Diet 85
Was the Food Sufficient and Nutritious? 86
Famine Periods 86
Vitamins 87
xx CONTENTS
Other Dietary Disorders 88
Summary 88
Enter Agriculture—A Short Note 89
What, How, and When Is Agriculture? 89
Enter Maize 92
Summary 95
Population Growth and Agriculture 95
Spirituous Imbibitions and Tobacco 96
Alcoholic Beverages 96
Tobacco 97
Nutrition and the Birthrate 98
Summary 99
PART II • WHAT COLUMBUS HAD WROUGHT:
THE PERIOD FROM 1492 TO THE 1980s
Chapter 7 • How Many? 103
Introduction 103
The United States 105
The First 500 Years: A Short Synopsis 105
The Settlers Advance Westward: 1492 to 1850 106
The Settlers Have Conquered: 1850 to 1900 112
What Happened to the 1980 Census Count? 115
Summary 116
Canada 117
A Very Short Synopsis 117
Decreasing Population, Seventeenth through Nineteenth Centuries 117
A Century of Increasing Population 126
Summary 128
Chapter 8 • From Exile to Convergence 129
Introduction 129
United States 132
Reservation-Ghettos 132
Where They Went 136
CONTENTS xxi
Detribalization or Convergence 136
Canada 141
Introduction 141
Reserves versus Reservations 143
Leaving the Reserves 144
Detribalization or Conversion • 146
Summary 150
Chapter 9 • The Vital Numbers: Births and Deaths 151
Introduction 151
Birthrates 152
Introduction 152
United States 152
Canada 157
Death Rates and Length of Life 161
Introduction 161
United States 162
Canada 165
Vital Events and Population Growth—A Summary 167
Chapter 10 • The Mixing of the Genes: Intermarriage 169
Introduction 169
United States 170
Full versus Mixed Blood 170
Marriage to Non-Indians 172
Canada 178
Introduction 178
Extent of Intermixture, Late Twentieth Century 179
Some Concluding Thoughts on Outmarriage or Admixture 184
Chapter 11 • Schooling and the Hubris of the Settlers 187
Introduction 187
United States 189
The Early Years 189
The Twentieth Century 191
xxii CONTENTS
Canada 200
The Early Years 200
The Twentieth Century 201
Summary 204
Chapter 12 • What Is Your Occupation? 207
Introduction 207
United States 208
Pre-Twentieth Century 208
Twentieth Century 210
Canada 215
Pre-World War II 215
Post-World War II, 1951 to 1971 218
The Incomplete Picture in 1981 220
Summary 222
Chapter 13 • Summary and Reflections 225
Summary 225
The Prehistorics 225
From Columbus to the End of the Nineteenth Century 227
The Twentieth Century 228
What Do the Amerindians Say? 230
Some Reflections 231
Why? 231
Social Change and Cultural Tectonic Plates 232
Change and the Indians 233
Afterword by Douglas H Ubelaker 235
Appendixes
1 Who Is an American Indian? 241
2 The Estimated Numbers in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth
Centuries 245
3 The Prehistoric Life Table 251
CONTENTS xxiii
4 Prehistoric Total Fertility Rates 265
5 Some Notes on the Quality of Census Data 267
6 The Historical Reservation Area 275
7 How Many Amerindians Were There in the 1980s? 277
8 Vital Rates in the Twentieth Century 279
9 The Work Force and Occupational Classification 289
10 Some Additional Statistics 295
11 Population of Canada by Provinces, 1701 to 1981 301
12 Population Growth and Scientific and Technological Innovations:
An Aspect of Social Change 305
13 Dogs, Directives, and Circulars: How Bureaucrats Think 307
References 311
Index 321
|
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| spelling | Jaffe, Abram J. Verfasser aut The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians A. J. Jaffe New York u.a. Plenum Press 1992 XXIII, 333 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Indígenas de América del Norte - Historia Indígenas de América del Norte - Influencias asiáticas LC Indígenas de América del Norte - Migraciones LC Indianer (DE-588)4026718-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Nordamerika (DE-588)4042483-2 gnd rswk-swf Asien (DE-588)4003217-6 gnd rswk-swf Nordamerika (DE-588)4042483-2 g Indianer (DE-588)4026718-0 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Asien (DE-588)4003217-6 g HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004261102&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jaffe, Abram J. The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians Indígenas de América del Norte - Historia Indígenas de América del Norte - Influencias asiáticas LC Indígenas de América del Norte - Migraciones LC Indianer (DE-588)4026718-0 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
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| title | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians |
| title_auth | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians |
| title_exact_search | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians |
| title_full | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians A. J. Jaffe |
| title_fullStr | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians A. J. Jaffe |
| title_full_unstemmed | The first immigrants from Asia a population history of the North American Indians A. J. Jaffe |
| title_short | The first immigrants from Asia |
| title_sort | the first immigrants from asia a population history of the north american indians |
| title_sub | a population history of the North American Indians |
| topic | Indígenas de América del Norte - Historia Indígenas de América del Norte - Influencias asiáticas LC Indígenas de América del Norte - Migraciones LC Indianer (DE-588)4026718-0 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Indígenas de América del Norte - Historia Indígenas de América del Norte - Influencias asiáticas Indígenas de América del Norte - Migraciones Indianer Geschichte Nordamerika Asien |
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