Ecotoxicology monitoring:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim u.a.
VCH
1993
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 384 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527285601 1560817364 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecotoxicology monitoring |c ed. by Mervyn Richardson |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim u.a. |b VCH |c 1993 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 384 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Ecologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental monitoring | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Toxicity testing | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltüberwachung |0 (DE-588)4278451-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |y 1992 |z Leeds |2 gnd-content | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Umweltüberwachung |0 (DE-588)4278451-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Richardson, Mervyn |d 1934- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)113300506 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120920980193280 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Contributors XXIII
Section 1: Introductory Chapters 1
1. The Microtox® Toxkity Test, A Developer s Commentary 3
Don L. Isenberg
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 The Mission 3
1.1.2 A Theoretical Model 3
1.1.3 Practical Considerations 4
1.1.4 The Concept 4
1.1.5 Leap of Faith 4
1.2 Biochemical Background 5
1.3 Some Help 8
1.3.1 Travail 10
1.3.2 The Real World 11
1.4 The Results 12
1.5 Some Problems 12
1.5.1 A Sensitive Issue 13
1.5.2 Belly-up 14
1.6 What is Important 14
1.7 References 15
X Table of Contents
2. A Review of Tests for Inhibition of Bacteria (Especially Those
Agreed Internationally) 17
Harry. A. Painter
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Need for Tests 18
2.3 Methods 19
2.3.1 Expression of Results 19
2.4 Growth Methods 20
2.4.1 General Considerations 20
2.4.2 Single Species 21
2.4.3 Mixed Populations 22
2.5 Metabolic Methods 23
2.5.1 Respiration Rate — Immediate Toxicity 23
2.5.2 Respiration rate (after 3 h) — Modified (ETAD) Method 24
2.5.3 Respiration Rate — Modified AFNOR Method 24
2.5.4 BOD Method 25
2.5.5 Manometric Respirometry 25
2.5.6 Inhibition of Nitrification 26
2.5.7 Inhibition of Light Emission 27
2.6 Simulation Tests 27
2.6.1 Principle 28
2.6.2 Activated Sludge Simulation 28
2.6.3 Biological Filtration Simulation 29
2.6.4 Procedure 29
2.6.5 Interpretation 30
2.7 Inhibition to Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge 30
2.7.1 Principle 30
2.7.2 The United Kingdom, Standing Committee of Analysts Method 30
2.7.3 The Serum Bottle Test 31
2.7.4 Calculation 31
2.8 Discussion 32
2.9 References 34
3. Public Sources of Data 37
Anne Cowie and Mervyn L Richardson
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Databanks 37
3.3 Databases 39
Table of Contents XI
3.3.1 TOXLDSfE (TOXicology information onLINE) 42
3.3.2 Chemical Abstracts (CAS) 42
3.3.3 BIOSIS Previews 42
3.4 Sample Records 43
3.4.1 Chemical Abstracts (Sample Record from STN) 43
3.4.2 BIOSIS Previews (Sample Record from STN) 44
3.4.3 Overlap Between Online Databases 45
3.5 Validation of Data 46
3.6 Interpretation of Data 47
3.7 References 47
4. Interpretation of GC-MS Data Derived from Environmental
Samples 49
Mervyn L Richardson
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 GC-MS 50
4.3 Prioritization of Data from GC-MS Broad Surveys 51
4.3.1 Known Priority Pollutants 52
4.3.2 Innoxious Substances 52
4.3.3 Substances on Which There is a Reasonable Amount of Toxicological
Data Available 53
4.3.4 Substances on Which There Are No Relevant or Even No Toxicological
Data Available 53
4.4 Data Sources 54
4.5 Conclusions 54
4.6 References 55
Section 2: Alternative Biological Tests 57
5. Invertebrates — Their Use in Marine and Estuarine Monitoring 59
Fred Abrams
5.1 Introduction 59
5.2 Selection of Experimental Animals 60
5.2.1 Sensitivity of the Animal to Toxicants 60
XII Table of Contents
5.2.2 Relevance of the Species in the Environment 60
5.2.3 Type of Toxicity Study 60
5.2.3.1 Bioconcentration 63
5.2.4 Availability of Species and Public Awareness 63
5.3 Test Methods 64
5.4 Conclusions 69
5.5 Acknowledgements 69
5.6 References 69
6. Replacement of Fish in Ecotoxicology Testing: Use of Bacteria,
Other Lower Organisms and Fish Cells In Vitro 71
Julia Fentem and Michael Balls
6.1 Introduction 71
6.2 Current Requirements for Toxicity Testing Using Fish 71
6.2.1 Industrial Chemicals 72
6.2.2 Pesticides 72
6.3 Replacement of Fish Toxicity Studies 73
6.3.1 The Need for Replacement 73
6.3.2 Potential Alternatives 73
6.4 Screening Tests for Acute Ecotoxicity 74
6.5 The Microtox Test 75
6.6 Daphnia Acute Toxicity Tests 76
6.7 Cytotoxicity Tests with Fish Cell Cultures 76
6.8 Conclusion 78
6.9 References 80
7. Practical Laboratory Applications with Micro-Algae for Hazard
Assessment of Aquatic Contaminants 83
Christian R. Blaise
7.1 Introduction 83
7.2 The Algal Mkroplate Assay 85
7.3 Comparative Bioassay Testing 89
7.4 Acute Exposure Toxicity Testing 94
7.5 Interaction Studies 96
7.6 Measuring Algicidal Effects 100
7.7 Conclusions 102
Table of Contents XIII
7.8 Acknowledgements 102
7.9 References 104
8. Marine Toxicology — Use of Seaweeds 109
Martin Wilkinson
8.1 Introduction 109
8.2 Use of Algae 110
8.3 Lethal Toxicity Testing 111
8.3.1 Supravital Stains 111
8.3.2 Regeneration 112
8.3.3 Germination 112
8.3.4 Plasmolysis 112
8.4 Sublethal Measures 112
8.5 Choice of Species 114
8.6 Extension to Field Testing 115
8.6.1 Growth of Native Whole Plants 115
8.6.2 Growth of Transplatal Whole Plants 115
8.6.3 Growth of Explained Segments and Cultures
8.7 Conclusions 117
8.8 Acknowledgements 117
8.9 References 118
115
9. Biochemical Monitoring of the Aquatic Environment: Possibilities
and Limitations 119
Sashwati Roy and Osmo Hanninen
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Biochemical Monitoring 120
9.3 Major Contaminants of the Aquatic Environment 121
9.3.1 Inorganic Contamination 121
9.3.2 Organic Contamination 121
9.3.3 Acids and Alkalis 122
9.3.4 Radioactivity 122
9.4 Metabolic Adaptations 123
9.5 Implementation of Biochemical Monitoring 123
9.5.1 Biotransformation System 124
9.5.1.1 First Phase Reactions 125
XIV
Table of Contents
9.5.1.2 Conjugation Reactions 125
9.5.1.3 Control of Biotransformation Activity 125
9.5.2 Stress Protein Induction 126
9.5.3 Blood Chemistry 126
9.5.4 Antioxidative Systems 126
9.5.5 Metallothionein 127
9.5.6 Secondary Metabolism 128
9.6 Bioindicator Systems 128
9.6.1 Fish 128
9.6.1.1 Feral and Cultivated Species 128
9.6.2 Invertebrates (Mollusks and Crustaceans 129
9.6.3 Macrophytes and Algae 129
9.6.4 Microorganisms 131
9.6.5 Cell Culture Techniques 131
9.7 Aquatic Biological Early Warning Systems (BEWS)
9.8 Conclusions 132
9.9 Acknowledgement 133
9.10 References 133
132
10.
Biological Effects and Biomonitoring of Organochlorines and
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment 137
Anders Molven and Anders Goks0yr
10.1 Introduction 137
10.2 Organochlorines 139
10.2.1 Biochemical Effects 139
10.2.1.1 Induction of Biotransformation enzymes 139
10.2.2 Physiological/Pathological Effects 140
10.2.2.1 Cancer 140
10.2.2.2 Immunological Effects/Susceptibility to Disease 140
10.2.2.3 Effects on the Blood System 141
10.2.2.4 Effects on Reproduction and Development 142
10.2.2.5 Other Effects at the Individual Level 143
10.2.3 Ecological Effects 143
10.2.4 Human Health Consequences 144
10.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 145
10.3.1 Biochemical Effects 145
10.3.1.1 Formation of DNA Adducts 145
10.3.1.2 Induction of Biotransformation Enzymes 146
10.3.2 Physiotogical/Pathologieal Effects 146
103.2.1 Cancer 146
10.3.2.2 Immunological Effects/Susceptibility to Disease 147
Table of Contents XV
10.3.2.3 Effects on Reproduction and Development 147
10.3.3 Ecological Effects 148
10.3.4 Human Health Consequences 148
10.4 Monitoring for Biological Effects 149
10.4.1 Definition of Biomarker 150
10.4.2 Biomarkers of Exposure 151
10.4.3 Biomarkers of Effects 151
10.4.3.1 DNA-Based Biomarkers 151
10.4.3.2 Biochemical Markers 152
10.4.3.3 Markers of Cellular Pathology 153
10.4.3.4 Reproductive Indices 153
10.4.3.5 Immunological Biomarkers 154
10.4.3.6 Condition Indices 154
10.5 Concluding Remarks 154
10.6 Acknowledgements 155
10.7 References 155
11. The Use of Nucleic Acid Probes and Other Molecular Tools in the
Functional Analysis of Microorganisms in Soil and Water 163
Lenore S. Clesceri
11.1 Introduction 163
11.2 Specificity 163
11.3 Methods of Molecular Hybridization 165
11.3.1 Colony Hybridization 165
11.3.2 Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
11.3.3 Extraction of DNA for Hybridization 167
11.4 Molecular Hybridization Applications 16}
11.4.1 Bacterial Phytogeny 168
11.4.2 Hybridization and Function 168
11.4.3 Bioindicators of Pollutants 169
11.5 Analysis of Function 170
11.6 References 171
166
XVI Table of Contents
12. Toxkity Potential Estimation and Biochemical Monitoring of
Aromatic Contaminants by the Measurement of Monooxygenase
Activities in Chick Embryo Liver 173
Miroslav Machala, K. Nezveda, R. Ulrich, and L. MSUova
12.1 Introduction 173
12.2 Measurement of TCDD-Like Toxic Potency in Chick Embryo Liver
175
12.3 Measurement of Toxic Potential of Xenobiotics in Chick Embryo Liver
175
12.3.1 Materials and Methods 175
12.3.2 Results 175
12.3.3 Discussion 179
12.4 Conclusions 180
12.5 References 181
Section 3: Mkrotox®: Comparisons With Other Systems
13. The Use of Bacterial Luminescence Systems in Aquatk Toxkity
Testing 185
Philippe Ross
13.1 Introduction 185
132 The Test System 185
13.3 Practical Attributes of the Test System 186
13.3.1 Cost-Effectiveness 186
13.3.2 Simplicity 188
13.3.3 Rapidity 188
13.3.4 Sample Volume 188
13.4 Equivalency 188
13.5 Field Validation and Ecological Relevance 191
13.6 Standardization 191
13.7 Precision 192
13.8 Non-Redundancy 193
13.9 Conclusions 194
13.10 References 194
Table of Contents XVII
14. Qualitative and Quantitative Relationships of Microtox® Data with
Toxicity Data for Other Aquatic Species 197
Klaus L.E. Kaiser
14.1 Introduction 197
14.2 Experimental and Data 197
14.2.1 Microtox Data 197
14.2.2 Aquatic Bioassay Data 198
14.2.3 Data Transformation 199
14.3 Results and Discussion 199
14.3.1 Statistical Overview 199
14.3.2 Regression Analyses 199
14.3.3 Chemical Features of Outliers
14.4 Conclusions 210
14.5 References 210
208
15. The Comparative Toxicology of the Microtox® Test 213
Mark T.D. Cronin and John C. Dearden
15.1 Introduction 213
15.2 Microtox Test Data in Quantitative Activity-Activity Relationships
(QAAR) 214
15.3 Analysis of Outliers from the Interspecies Relationships 217
15.4 Microtox Test Data in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships
(QSAR) 217
15.5 QSARs for Polar Narcosis 218
15.6 QSARs for Reactive Modes of Action 220
15.7 Conclusions 221
15.8 References 222
XVIII
16.
Table of Contents
Toxicity Screening of Sanitary Landfill Leachates. A Comparative
Evaluation with Microtox® Analysis, Chemical, and other Toxicity
Screening Methods 225
Burton Kross
16.1 Introduction 225
16.2 Literature Review — Microtox Toxicity 225
16.2.1 Theoretical Basis of Microtox Analysis 226
16.2.2 Review of Microtox Method for Landfill Leachate Assessments 227
16.2.3 Reproducibility of Microtox Procedure 227
16.2.4 Comparison of Microtox and Fish Bioassay Test Results 228
16.2.5 Difficulties with Microtox Procedure for Landfill Monitoring 228
16.2.5.1 pH Sensitivity 229
16.2.5.2 Turbidity and Color 229
16.2.5.3 Cyanide and Ammonia Sensitivity 229
16.2.5.4 Chemical Complexes in Saline Test Solution 230
16.2.5.5 Organic Content of Microtox Requirement 230
16.2.5.6 Mixtures of Environmental Contaminants 231
16.2.5.7 Lower Detection Limits for Microtox Test 231
16.2.5.8 Application of Microtox Procedures to Landfill Leachate Monitoring
232
16.3 Research and Evaluation Study Methods 233
16.3.1 Chemical Screening and Analytical Methods 234
16.3.2 Other Acute Toxicity Testing Procedures 234
16.4 Results of Research Study 235
16.5 Discussion 237
16.5.1 Comparisons of Microtox and Other Acute Toxicity Methods 240
16.5.2 Correlations Among Screening Tests 241
16.5.3 Calibration of Microtox Method 244
16.6 Conclusions 246
16.7 References 247
17.
17.1
17.2
17.2.1
17.2.2
Assessment of the Suitability of the Photobacterium phosphoreum
(Microtox®) Test to Provide Marine Toxicity Data for Offshore
Chemical Control Schemes 251
Graham F Whale, F.M. Jarrett, and V. Bashford
Introduction 251
Test Methods 251
Preparation of Stock Solutions Used for the Microtox Tests
Microtox Test Procedures 252
251
Table of Contents XIX
17.3 Results 253
17.4 Discussion 254
17.4.1 Comparisons of Microtox Data to Toxicity Data for Other Marine
Species 254
17.4.2 Potential Problems and Limitations of the Microtox Test 258
17.5 Conclusions 259
17.6 References 260
18. Microtox® and In Vitro Testing for Ocular Irritation Potential 261
Penelope A. Jones
18.1 Introduction 261
18.2 Methods 261
18.2.1 Preparation of Test Materials 261
18.2.2 Microtox Assay 261
18.3 Results and Discussion 262
18.3.1 Pure Chemicals 262
18.3.2 Formulations 264
18.3.3 Case History 266
18.4 Conclusions 267
18.5 References 268
Section 4: Regulatory Matters
19. Regulatory Status of Microtox® 271
Mervyn L. Richardson
19.1 Introduction 271
Canada 271
France 271
Germany 271
The Netherlands 271
Spain 272
Sweden 272
United Kingdom 272
United States 272
XX Table of Contents
20. Regulatory Significance of Toxicotogkal Monitoring by Summarizing
Effect Parameters 273
Peter-D. Hansen
20.1 Intnxluction 273
20.2 Emission Principle—Water Quality Objectives and Summarizing Effect
Parameters 273
20.2.1 Test Organisms 274
20.2.2 Legislation 275
20.2.3 Quality Objectives 275
20.3 Summarizing Effect Parameters from Sub-organismal Systems for
Regulations Concerning Wastewater and Surface Waters 277
20.4 Summarizing Effect Parameter for the Effect: Organisms Monitoring
280
20.5 Conclusions 285
20.6 References 286
21. Pollution, Perception, Prosecution and Proof 287
David Hughes
21.1 Introduction 287
21.2 Pollution 287
21.3 Perception 288
21.3.1 Food Hygiene Case 289
21.3.2 Environmental Protection Act 1990 289
21.3.3 Water Resources Act 1991, etc. 290
21.3.4 Royal Commission Standard 292
21.3.5 European Community Requirements 292
21.4 Prosecution 294
21.4.1 Economic Aspects 294
21.4.2 The NRA s Record 295
21.4.3 Prosecution Histories 297
21.5 Proof 299
21.6 Conclusions 302
21.7 References 305
Table of Contents XXI
Section 5: Case Histories
22. The Role of Microtox® in the Monitoring and Control of Effluents
309
Ian Johnson, R. Butler, R. Milne, and CJ. Redshaw
22.1 Introduction 309
22.2 The Efficiency of Microtox to Identify and Rank Effluents Toxic to
Higher Organisms 310
22.3 Sensitivity of Microtox Compared With Higher Organism Tests 312
22.4 Correlation of Microtox with Higher Organism Tests 314
22.5 Conclusions 315
22.6 References 316
23. The Role of Microtox® in the Detection and Control of Toxic Trade
Effluents and Spillages 319
David Fearnside and Peter D Hiley
23.1 Introduction 319
23.1.1 Biological Treatment Processes 319
23.2 Methods 320
23.2.1 Microtox Method 320
23.2.1.1 Percent Toxicity Factor (%TF) 321
23.2.1.2 EC*, 321
23.2.2 Respiration Inhibition 321
23.2.3 Toxicity Removal Test 322
23.3 Case Studies 322
23.3.1 Normal Ranges of Microtox Values 322
23.3.2 Sewage Treatment Works A 324
23.3.3 Sewage Treatment Works B 328
23.3.4 Incident Management 331
23.4 Conclusions 332
23.5 Disclaimer 332
23.6 References 333
XXII Table of Contents
24. Epilogue 335
Mervyn L. Richardson
24.1 Introduction 335
24.2 Ecotoxicology — A Definition 335
24.3 Potential Hazards to Water 336
24.4 Mutagenic screening — The Mutatox™ Test 337
24.4.1 The Regulatory Control of the (Lux) System of V. Fischeri 337
24.4.2 The Dark Variant of M169 339
24.4.3 Mode of Action 341
24.5 Rapid Risk Assessments 341
24.6 The Future 341
24.7 Acknowledgements 342
24.8 References 343
Glossary 345
Index 371
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1992 Leeds gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 1992 Leeds |
| id | DE-604.BV006643585 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:49:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527285601 1560817364 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004246727 |
| oclc_num | 27895611 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M490 DE-526 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M490 DE-526 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XXV, 384 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ecotoxicology monitoring ed. by Mervyn Richardson Weinheim u.a. VCH 1993 XXV, 384 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Ecologia larpcal Umwelt Environmental monitoring Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicity testing Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1992 Leeds gnd-content Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 s DE-604 Richardson, Mervyn 1934- Sonstige (DE-588)113300506 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004246727&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ecotoxicology monitoring Ecologia larpcal Umwelt Environmental monitoring Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicity testing Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 (DE-588)4278451-7 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Ecotoxicology monitoring |
| title_auth | Ecotoxicology monitoring |
| title_exact_search | Ecotoxicology monitoring |
| title_full | Ecotoxicology monitoring ed. by Mervyn Richardson |
| title_fullStr | Ecotoxicology monitoring ed. by Mervyn Richardson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecotoxicology monitoring ed. by Mervyn Richardson |
| title_short | Ecotoxicology monitoring |
| title_sort | ecotoxicology monitoring |
| topic | Ecologia larpcal Umwelt Environmental monitoring Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicity testing Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologia Umwelt Environmental monitoring Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicity testing Umwelttoxikologie Umweltüberwachung Konferenzschrift 1992 Leeds |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004246727&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT richardsonmervyn ecotoxicologymonitoring |