Palynology of arid lands:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam u.a.
Elsevier
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 546 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0444882774 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Horowitz, Aharon |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Palynology of arid lands |c Aharon Horowitz |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam u.a. |b Elsevier |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 546 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Aride gebieden |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Flore des régions arides - Pollen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Palynologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Palynologie - Israël | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Palynologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Arid regions plants |x Pollen | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Palynology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Palynology |z Israel | |
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| adam_text | VII
Contents
Preface ......................................................................... XIII
Acknowledgements.............................................................. XVII
Acknowledgements for reproductions of previously published material..............XVIII
Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................ 1
1.1. Peculiarities of palynology in arid lands....................................... 5
1.2. Arid lands — definitions and terminology..................................... 10
1.2.1. Definitions ........................................................... 10
A. Climatic — 10; B. Agricultural — 11; C. Botanical — 11; D. Paly-
nological —13
1.2.2. Classification of arid regions........................................... 21
1.3. Concepts and aims of this book .............................................. 23
Chapter 2. Recent pollen spectra in arid lands ................................. 29
2.1. Pollen production ........................................................... 30
2.2. Pollen transportation........................................................ 38
2.2.1. Eolian................................................................ 39
2.2.2. Fluviatile............................................................. 53
A. Rivers flowing to the sea — 56; B. Inland rivers — 58; C. Wadis — 60
2.2.3. Sea currents.......................................................... 61
2.2.4. Groundwater ......................................................... 63
2.2.5. Animals .............................................................. 69
2.3. Pollen deposition, preservation and differential destruction .................... 78
Chapter 3. Sediment-pollen relations in arid lands............................. 85
3.1. Weathering................................................................. 87
3.1.1. Insolation ............................................................ 88
3.1.2. Winds................................................................ 88
3.1.3. Floods ............................................................... 92
3.1.4. Chemical............................................................. 93
3.1.5. Biological ............................................................ 95
Contents
3.2. Sediment transport.......................................................... 96
3.2.1. Winds................................................................ 96
3.2.2. Water ................................................................ 98
3.2.3. Animals and man ..................................................... 99
3.3. Depositional environments .................................................. 100
3.3.1. Wadis and streams ................................................... 100
3.3.2. Inland sebkhas and salt-pans.......................................... 104
3.3.3. Lakes and marshes................................................... 107
3.3.4. Springs and oases.................................................... 110
3.3.5. Eolian .............................................................. 113
3.3.6. Soils ................................................................ 116
3.3.7. Caves and rockshelters............................................... 120
3.3.8. Archeologic and prehistoric sites...................................... 122
3.3.9. Organic............................................................. 127
3.3.10. Coastal, deltaic and marine........................................... 127
A. Coastal — 127; B. Deltaic — 131; C. Marine — 132
3.3.11. Environments of deposition, accidentally located in arid lands........... 135
3.4. Cementation................................................................ 138
3.5. Polyphase inclusion of pollen in sediments.................................... 140
3.5.1. Multiple transporting agents........................................... 141
3.5.2. Dust ................................................................. 142
3.5.3. Redeposition ......................................................... 142
3.5.4. Water infiltration and cementation ..................................... 143
3.5.5. The role of springs.................................................... 144
3.5.6. Human and animal activity ............................................ 145
3.5.7. Artificial contaminations .............................................. 145
3.6. Quantitative relations of pollen and sediments in various arid lands environments 146
Chapter 4. Sampling........................................................... 149
4.1. Airborne pollen............................................................. 153
4.2. Recent sediments ........................................................... 154
4.3. Water ...................................................................... 158
4.4. Outcrops ................................................................... 160
4.5. Boreholes .................................................................. 162
4.6. Archeologic and prehistoric sites............................................. 165
4.7. Biogenic substances......................................................... 167
Chapter 5. Extraction .......................................................... 169
5.1. General .................................................................... 171
5.1.1. Sample size.......................................................... 171
5.1.2. The influence of chemicals on palynomorphs........................... 172
Contents IX
5.1.3. Filtration............................................................ 173
5.1.4. Mechanical separation ............................................... 174
5.1.5. Gravity separation ................................................... 175
5.1.6. Centrifugation....................................................... 177
5.1.7. Washing............................................................. 177
5.1.8. Mixing.............................................................. 178
5.1.9. Acetolysis........................................................... 178
5.1.10. Staining............................................................. 179
5.1.11. Picking the last drop from the test tube................................ 179
5.1.12. Mounting media ..................................................... 180
5.1.13. Keeping the residue.................................................. 181
5.1.14. Electron microscopy ................................................. 181
5.2. A basic extraction method ................................................... 182
5.3. Clastic sediments............................................................ 185
5.3.1. Unconsolidated sediments............................................. 185
5.3.2. Fine elastics .......................................................... 187
5.3.3. Coarse elastics........................................................ 189
5.4. Other substances............................................................ 195
5.4.1. Chemical precipitates ................................................. 195
5.4.2. Organic deposits...................................................... 197
5.4.3. Soils and subsoil crusts ................................................ 198
5.4.4. Water ................................................................ 199
5.4.5. Exotic substances ..................................................... 200
Chapter 6. Identification, counting and presentation ........................... 203
6.1. Identification ............................................................... 203
6.1.1. Preservation, differential destruction and identification.................. 204
6.1.2. Level of systematic identifications...................................... 212
6.1.3. Ideal vs. practical identifications ....................................... 215
6.1.4. Identification of polyphase processes................................... 217
A. Identification of polyphase processes by state of preservation — 217;
B. Identification of redeposition by physico-chemical properties of the ex-
ine —220
6.2. Counting................................................................... 222
6.3. Presentation of the results ................................................... 225
6.3.1. Factual presentation................................................... 226
6.3.2. Graphic considerations................................................ 227
6.3.3. Selective presentation................................................. 229
A. Grouping — 230; B. Partial presentation — 232; C. Omissions — 233;
D. Combination of adjacent samples — 234; E. Correction factors — 235
Chapter 7. Principles of interpretation ......................................... 239
7.1. Recent pollen spectra — a tool for interpreting the past........................ 240
X Contents
7.1.1. Vegetation-environment relationships.................................. 241
7.1.2. Anthropogenic effects................................................. 243
7.1.3. Recent pollen spectra as vegetation representatives...................... 248
7.1.4. Relationships of exact sample location and recent pollen spectra ......... 252
7.2. Arboreal pollen as a basis for interpretation................................... 256
7.2.1. Pollen of indigenous trees ............................................. 256
A. Regional indigenous trees — 257; B. Trees of water enriched environ-
ments — 262; C. Trees of anthropogenic environments — 263
7.2.2. Imported arboreal pollen.............................................. 265
7.3. Non-arboreal pollen as a basis for interpretation .............................. 269
7.3.1. The entire non-arboreal spectrum...................................... 271
7.3.2. Grouping and partial non-arboreal spectra.............................. 274
7.3.3. Ratios of pairs of taxa................................................. 277
7.3.4. Pollen morphology.................................................... 278
7.4. Grouping in pollen spectra and diagrams ..................................... 278
7.4.1. AP/NAP ratios........................................................ 279
7.4.2. Grouping by environments............................................. 284
Chapter 8. Reconstruction of past environments............................... 289
8.1. Vegetation.................................................................. 290
8.2. Climate .................................................................... 298
8.2.1. Pollen-climate transfer functions....................................... 306
8.3. Transport................................................................... 310
8.3.1. Winds................................................................ 311
8.3.2. Rivers................................................................ 314
8.3.3. Other transporting agents ............................................. 315
8.4. Environments of deposition.................................................. 315
8.4.1. Marine............................................................... 316
8.4.2. Continental........................................................... 322
8.5. Structure and landscape ..................................................... 326
8.5.1. Regional palynostratigraphy and structure.............................. 327
8.5.2. Local vegetation, structure and landscape............................... 334
Chapter 9. Regional reconstruction of past arid environments: the late Cenozoic
of Israel ............................................................ 341
9.1. Terminology................................................................ 343
9.2. Pollen diagrams for the late Cenozoic of Israel ................................ 345
9.2.1. Presentation.......................................................... 347
9.2.2. Palynostratigraphy and paleoenvironments.............................. 349
A. The Miocene (Ma, Mb and Me) — 349; B. The Pliocene (Pa, Pb) — 355;
C. The Preglacial Pleistocene (QI, QII) — 362; D. The Glacial Pleistocene-
Holocene (Qffl through QX) — 367
Contents XI
9.3. Development of the desert system in Israel.................................... 372
9.3.1. The Neogene......................................................... 373
9.3.2. The Quaternary....................................................... 373
A. Interstadial — 375; B. Pluvial — 379; C. Interpluvial — 381
9.4. Paleoclimatic models........................................................ 382
9.4.1. The Neogene......................................................... 382
9.4.2. The Quaternary....................................................... 383
9.4.3. Conclusion — paleoclimates........................................... 388
Chapter 10. Pollen analysis of archeological sites in arid lands................. 391
10.1. The significance of samples collected from archeological sites in arid lands..... 393
10.1.1. Stratigraphic considerations ......................................... 393
10.1.2. Preferential inclusion and deficiency of taxa in anthropogenic deposits . 396
10.2. Recognition of anthropogenic and livestock activities......................... 399
10.2.1. Cultivated plants.................................................... 399
10.2.2. Ruderal plants...................................................... 401
10.2.3. Man induced changes in the natural vegetation ....................... 402
10.3. Archeopalynology in Israel ................................................. 405
10.3.1. Chronology and paleoenvironments of prehistoric industries in Israel ... 406
A. Conclusion — 415
10.3.2. Archeopalynology of late QIX and QX palynozones in Israel .......... 416
Chapter 11. Pre-late Cenozoic palynology of arid lands........................ 429
11.1. Constraints and precautions ................................................ 429
11.2. Identifying paleoaridity by species diversity.................................. 434
11.2.1. Species diversity and dominance — the recent model.................. 434
A. Diversity and dominance in marine environments — 437; B. Diversity
and dominance in terrestrial environments — 438
11.2.2. Species-taxon relationships in paleopalynology ....................... 443
11.2.3. Paleoaridity reconstructions by taxa diversity and dominance gradients . 446
11.3. Reconstructing paleoaridity from index taxa (by Y. Eshet) .................... 456
11.3.1. Triassic aridity in Israel.............................................. 458
A. General geology — 459; B. Materials and methods — 461; C. Palyno-
logical zonation — 461; D. Results — 463
11.3.2. Taxa diversity and dominance in the Triassic of Israel.................. 464
References ..................................................................... 467
References Index................................................................ 487
Subject Index.................................................................... 493
|
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| spelling | Horowitz, Aharon Verfasser aut Palynology of arid lands Aharon Horowitz Amsterdam u.a. Elsevier 1992 XXI, 546 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aride gebieden gtt Flore des régions arides - Pollen Palynologie Palynologie - Israël Palynologie gtt Arid regions plants Pollen Palynology Palynology Israel Palynologie (DE-588)4121448-1 gnd rswk-swf Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd rswk-swf Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 s Palynologie (DE-588)4121448-1 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004237592&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Horowitz, Aharon Palynology of arid lands Aride gebieden gtt Flore des régions arides - Pollen Palynologie Palynologie - Israël Palynologie gtt Arid regions plants Pollen Palynology Palynology Israel Palynologie (DE-588)4121448-1 gnd Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121448-1 (DE-588)4060958-3 |
| title | Palynology of arid lands |
| title_auth | Palynology of arid lands |
| title_exact_search | Palynology of arid lands |
| title_full | Palynology of arid lands Aharon Horowitz |
| title_fullStr | Palynology of arid lands Aharon Horowitz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Palynology of arid lands Aharon Horowitz |
| title_short | Palynology of arid lands |
| title_sort | palynology of arid lands |
| topic | Aride gebieden gtt Flore des régions arides - Pollen Palynologie Palynologie - Israël Palynologie gtt Arid regions plants Pollen Palynology Palynology Israel Palynologie (DE-588)4121448-1 gnd Trockengebiet (DE-588)4060958-3 gnd |
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