Research methods in the social sciences:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London u.a.
Arnold
1992
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 576 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0340566914 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods in the social sciences |c Chava Frankfort-Nachmias ; David Nachmias |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London u.a. |b Arnold |c 1992 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120883296468992 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Preface vii
Part I ¦ Foundations of Empirical Research
1 ¦ The Scientific Approach 3
2 ¦ Conceptual Foundations of Research 27
3 ¦ Basic Elements of Research 51
4 ¦ Ethics in Social Science Research 73
Part II ¦ Design and Structure of Research
5 ¦ Research Designs: Experiments 97
6 ¦ Research Designs: Correlational and Quasi experimental
Designs 123
7 ¦ Measurement 147
8 ¦ Sampling and Sample Designs 169
Part III ¦ Data Collection
9 ¦ Observational Methods 197
10 ¦ Survey Research 215
11 ¦ Questionnaire Construction 239
12 ¦ Qualitative Research 271
13 ¦ Secondary Data Analysis 291
Part IV ¦ Data Processing and Analysis
14 ¦ Data Preparation and Analysis 321
15 ¦ The Univariate Distribution 339
16 ¦ Bivariate Analysis 369
17 ¦ Control, Elaboration, and Multivariate Analysis 401
18 ¦ Index Construction and Scaling Methods 427
19 ¦ Inferences 447
xii CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Appendixes
A ¦ Introduction to SPSS 469
B ¦ Introduction to SAS 501
C ¦ E: The Summation Sign 527
D ¦ Random Digits 530
E ¦ Areas under the Normal Curve 534
F ¦ Distribution of t 535
G ¦ Critical Values of F 536
H ¦ Critical Values of U in the Mann Whitney Test 541
I ¦ Distribution ofx2 544
Glossary 547
Author Index 561
Subject Index 565
DETAILED CONTENTS
Preface vii
Parti ¦ Foundations of Empirical Research ;. ,:
1 ¦ The Scientific Approach 3
What Is Science? 4
Approaches to Knowledge 4
The Assumptions of Science 6
Aims of the Social Sciences 9
Scientific Explanation 9
Prediction 11
Understanding 13
The Role of Methodology 14
Methodology as Rules for Communication 15
Methodology as Rules for Reasoning 16
Methodology as Rules for Intersubjectivity 16
Scientific Revolution 17
Normal versus Revolutionary Science 18
Revolutionary Science 19
A Logic of Discovery? 20
The Research Process 21
The Plan of This Book 23
Summary 24
Key Terms for Review 25
Study Questions 25
Additional Readings 26
2 ¦ Conceptual Foundations of Research 27
Concepts 27
Functions of Concepts 28
Definitions 29
Conceptual Definitions 30
Operational Definitions 31
Example: The Definitions of Alienation 33
The Congruence Problem 34
Theoretical Import 35
Theory: Functions and Types 36
What Theory Is Not 37
Types of Theories 37
Axiomatic Theory 41 xiii
xiv DETAILED CONTENTS
Models 43
Example: A Model of Policy Implementation 44
Theory, Models, and Empirical Research 46
Theory before Research 46
Research before Theory 47
Summary 48
Key Terms for Review 49
Study Questions 49
Additional Readings 49
3 ¦ Basic Elements of Research 51
Research Problems 51
Units of Analysis 52
The Ecological Fallacy 53
The Individualistic Fallacy 54
Variables 54
Dependent and Independent Variables 54
Control Variables 56
Continuous and Discrete Variables 57
Relations 57
Kinds of Relations 58
Hypotheses 61
Problems and Hypotheses: Some Examples 63
Sources of Research and Hypotheses 65
Bibliographies, Indexes, and Abstracts 65
Professional Journals 66
Statistical Sourcebooks 67
Handbooks 69
Summary 69
Key Terms for Review 70
Study Questions 70
Additional Readings 71
4 ¦ Ethics in Social Science Research 73
Why Research Ethics? 74
Obedience to Authority Study 74
Police Behavior Study 76
Characteristics of College Students Study 77
Balancing Costs and Benefits 77
Informed Consent 79
Reasons for Informed Consent 79
The Meaning of Informed Consent 80
The Responsibility of the Scientist 83
Privacy 83
Dimensions of Privacy 84
Anonymity and Confidentiality 85
Anonymity 86
Confidentiality 86
DETAILED CONTENTS xv
Professional Codes of Ethics 87
Summary 92
Key Terms for Review 93
Study Questions 93
Additional Readings 94
Part II ¦ Design and Structure of Research (H
5 ¦ Research Designs: Experiments 97
The Research Design: An Example 98
The Classic Experimental Design 100
Why Study Experiments? 100
The Structure of the Classic Experimental Design 101
Causal Inferences 102
Covariation 103
Nonspuriousness 103
Time Order 103
Components of a Research Design 104
Comparison 104
Manipulation 104
Control: The Internal Validity of Research Designs 105
Procedures of Control 108
Generalizability: External Validity 111
Design Types 112
Controlled Experimentation 113
The Solomon Four Group Design 113
The Posttest Only Control Group Design 115
Experimental Designs to Study Effects Extended in Time 116
Factorial Designs 117
Summary 119
Key Terms for Review 120
Study Questions 120
Additional Readings 121
6 ¦ Research Designs: Correlational and Quasi experimental
Designs 123
Types of Relations and Designs 124
Correlational Designs 125
Quasi experimental Designs 128
Contrasted Groups Designs 128
Planned Variation Designs 131
Panels and Time Series Designs 133
Control Series Designs 138
Combined Designs 139
Preexperimental Designs 141
The One Shot Case Study 141
xvi DETAILED CONTENTS
A Comparison of Designs 143
Summary 144
Key Terms for Review 145
Study Questions 145
Additional Readings 145
7 ¦ Measurement 147
The Nature of Measurement 148
Defining Measurement 149
Structure of Measurement 150
Levels of Measurement 151
Nominal Level 152
Ordinal Level 152
Interval Level 155
Ratio Level 156
Data Transformation 156
Measurement Error 157
Validity 158
Content Validity 158
Empirical Validity 159
Construct Validity 161
Reliability 163
Test Retest Method 164
Parallel Forms Technique 165
Split Half Method 165
Summary 166
Key Terms for Review 167
Study Questions 167
Additional Readings 168
8 ¦ Sampling and Sample Designs 169
Aims of Sampling 170
Population 170
The Sampling Unit 171
Finite and Infinite Populations 172
Sampling Frame 172
Errors in Sampling Frames: The 1936 Presidential Election 174
Sample Designs 174
Probability and Nonprobability Sampling 174
Nonprobability Sample Designs 175
Probability Sample Designs 177
Probability Sampling: A Summary 183
Probability Sampling: An Example 183
Sample Size 185
Standard Error 185
Confidence Intervals 187
Determining the Sample Size 189
Nonsampling Errors 190
DETAILED CONTENTS xvii
Summary 191
Key Terms for Review 192
Study Questions 192
Additional Readings 193
Part III ¦ Data Collection
9 ¦ Observational Methods 197
Triangulation 198
Roles of Observation 199
Types of Behavior 200
Nonverbal Behavior 201
Spatial Behavior 201
Extralinguistic Behavior 202
Linguistic Behavior 202
Timing and Recording 203
Inference 205
Types of Observation 206
Controlled Observations 206
Laboratory Experimentation 206
Experimental and Mundane Realism 207
Sources of Bias in Laboratory Experiments 208
Recording Observations 210
Field Experimentation 211
Summary 212
Key Terms for Review 213
Study Questions 213
Additional Readings 213
10 ¦ Survey Research 215
Mail Questionnaire 215
Advantages of the Mail Questionnaire 216
Disadvantages of the Mail Questionnaire 216
Factors Affecting the Response Rate of Mail Questionnaires 217
Evaluating the Response Rate 221
Personal Interview 224
The Schedule structured Interview 224
The Focused Interview 224
The Nondirective Interview 225
Personal Interview versus Mail Questionnaire 227
Advantages of the Personal Interview 227
Disadvantages of the Personal Interview 228
Principles of Interviewing 229
Probing 230
Telephone Interview 231
Comparing the Three Survey Methods 233
xviii DETAILED CONTENTS
Conclusion 234
Summary 235
Key Terms for Review 236
Study Questions 236
Additional Readings 23 7
11 ¦ Questionnaire Construction 239
The Question 239
Content of Questions 240
Factual Questions 240
Questions about Subjective Experiences 241
Types of Questions 242
Open ended and Closed ended Questions 242
Contingency Questions 244
Question Format 246
Rating 247
Matrix Questions 248
Card Sort 248
Semantic Differential 249
Ranking 249
Sequence of Questions 250
Funnel Sequence 250
Inverted Funnel Sequence 251
Avoiding Bias: Pitfalls in Questionnaire Construction 253
Wording 253
Response Set 253
Leading Questions 253
Threatening Questions 254
Double barreled Questions 255
Cover Letter 256
Instructions 259
Constructing a Questionnaire: A Case Study 261
Summary 267
Key Terms for Review 268
Study Questions 268
Additional Readings 268
12 ¦ Qualitative Research 271
Field Research 272
Participant Observation 273
Complete Participant 273
Participant as Observer 275
The Practice of Field Research 276
Selecting a Research Topic 276
Choosing a Site and Gaining Access 277
Establishing Relations with Members 278
Finding Resourceful and Reliable Informants 280
Leaving the Field 281
DETAILED CONTENTS xix
Recording Observations 282
Analyzing Data 282
The Theory of Field Research 284
Blue Collar Community: An Example of Field Research 286
Ethical and Political Issues of Fieldwork 288
Summary 289
Key Terms for Review 290
Study Questions 290
Additional Readings 290
13 ¦ Secondary Data Analysis 291
Why Secondary Data Analysis? 292
Public Opinion and Public Policy: An Example 294
Limitations of Secondary Data Analysis 295
The Census 295
The U.S. Census 297
Errors in Census Statistics 298
Census Products 299
Other Data Collected by the Census Bureau 300
Searching for Secondary Data 301
Unobtrusive Measures 302
Simple Observation 303
Archival Records 305
Public Records 305
Private Records 308
Content Analysis 311
Applications of Content Analysis 312
Units and Categories 314
Summary 316
Key Terms for Review 317
Study Questions 318
Additional Readings 318
Part IV ¦ Data Processing and Analysis ifeB
14 ¦ Data Preparation and Analysis 321
Coding Schemes 321
Rules of Coding 322
Codebook Construction 326
Coding Reliability and Data Entry Devices 328
Coding Reliability 328
Coding Devices 330
Editing and Cleaning the Data 334
Using Computers in Social Science Research 334
Types of Computers 335
Linkages through Communication Networks 336
xx DETAILED CONTENTS
Summary 337
Key Terms for Review 337
Study Questions 338
Additional Readings 338
15 ¦ The Univariate Distribution 339
The Role of Statistics 339
Frequency Distribution 340
Frequency Distributions with Interval Variables 341
Percentage Distributions 342
Measures of Central Tendency 344
Mode 344
Median 345
Other Measures of Location 347
Arithmetic Mean 348
Comparison of the Mode, the Median, and the Mean 350
Basic Measures of Dispersion 350
Measure of Qualitative Variation 351
Range and Interquartile Range 354
Measures of Dispersion Based on the Mean 355
Mean Deviation 355
Variance and Standard Deviation 356
Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 357
Standard Deviation: Advantages and Applications 358
Coefficient of Variation 359
Types of Frequency Distributions 360
Normal Curve 361
Standard Scores 362
Summary 364
Key Terms for Review 365
Study Questions 365
Additional Readings 366
16 ¦ Bivariate Analysis 369
The Concept of Relationship 369
How to Construct a Bivariate Table 370
Principle of Covariation: An Example 370
Percentaging Bivariate Tables 373
Median and Mean as Covariation Measures 374
Measurement of Relationship 377
Proportional Reduction of Error 378
Nominal Measures of Relationship 380
Lambda, the Guttman Coefficient of Predictability 380
Ordinal Measures of Relationship 383
The Pair Concept 383
Types of Pairs 384
Gamma 386
Kendall s Tau A 390
DETAILED CONTENTS xxi
Interval Measures of Relationship 390
Prediction Rules 391
Linear Regression 391
Criterion of Least Squares 393
Errors of Prediction 396
Pearson s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (/ ) 397
Summary 398
Key Terms for Review 399
Study Questions 399
Additional Readings 400
17 ¦ Control, Elaboration, and Multivariate Analysis 401
Control 402
Methods of Control 403
Cross tabulation as a Control Operation 403
Partial Tables 404
Elaboration 407
Intervening Variables 408
Interaction 410
Partial Correlation as a Control Operation 412
Multiple Regression as a Control Operation 413
Multivariate Analysis: Multiple Relationships 416
Causal Models and Path Analysis 417
Some Examples of Causal Diagrams 418
Path Analysis 420
Summary 422
Key Terms for Review 423
Study Questions 424
Additional Readings 425
18 ¦ Index Construction and Scaling Methods 427
Index Construction 428
Definition of Purpose 429
Selection of Data 429
Selection of Base 430
Methods of Aggregation and Weighting 431
Index Construction: Examples 433
Attitude Indexes (Arbitrary Scales) 434
Scaling Methods 436
Likert Scales 436
Other Composite Measures 438
Guttman Scaling 438
Guttman Scale Application: An Example 440
Factor Analysis 442
Summary 444
Key Terms for Review 445
Study Questions 445
Additional Readings 445
xxii DETAILED CONTENTS
19 ¦ Inferences 447
The Strategy of Testing Hypotheses 448
Null and Research Hypotheses 449
Sampling Distribution 450
Level of Significance and Region of Rejection 452
One tailed and Two tailed Tests 453
Type I and Type II Errors 455
Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of Significance 456
Selected Parametric Tests 457
Selected Nonparametric Tests 462
Summary 467
Key Terms for Review 468
Study Questions 468
Additional Readings 468
fltgj. Appendixes
A ¦ Introduction to SPSS 469
Prepared by Claire L. Felbinger and Stephen F. Schwelgien
Preparing the Data 470
Setting Up an SPSS System Data File 470
Cleaning the Data 476
Univariate Distributions (Chapter 15) 478
Bivariate Distributions (Chapter 16) 479
Multivariate Analysis (Chapter 17) 483
Measurement: Scale and Index Construction (Chapter 18) 487
Notes for PC Users 496
Conclusion 497
B ¦ Introduction to SAS 501
Prepared by Claire L. Felbinger and Stephen F. Schwelgien
Preparing the Data 502
Setting Up an SAS System Data File 503
Cleaning the Data 512
Univariate Distributions (Chapter 15) 515
Bivariate Distributions (Chapter 16) 515
Multivariate Analysis (Chapter 17) 520
Measurement: Scale and Index Construction (Chapter 18) 524
Notes to PC Users 526
Conclusion 526
C ¦ E: The Summation Sign 527
Rules for the Use of Z 528
D ¦ Random Digits 530
DETAILED CONTENTS xxiii
E ¦ Areas under the Normal Curve 534
F ¦ Distribution of t 535
G ¦ Critical Values of F 536
H ¦ Critical Values of (Jin the Mann Whitney Test 541
I ¦ Distribution of y} 544
Glossary 547
Author Index 561
Subject Index 565
|
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| id | DE-604.BV006608158 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:49:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0340566914 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004221549 |
| oclc_num | 473161402 |
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| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-703 DE-11 |
| physical | XXIII, 576 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
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| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Arnold |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava Verfasser (DE-588)124992714 aut Research methods in the social sciences Chava Frankfort-Nachmias ; David Nachmias 4. ed. London u.a. Arnold 1992 XXIII, 576 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s 1\p DE-604 Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s 2\p DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s 3\p DE-604 Nachmias, David Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004221549&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava Nachmias, David Research methods in the social sciences Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4014606-6 (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4038971-6 |
| title | Research methods in the social sciences |
| title_auth | Research methods in the social sciences |
| title_exact_search | Research methods in the social sciences |
| title_full | Research methods in the social sciences Chava Frankfort-Nachmias ; David Nachmias |
| title_fullStr | Research methods in the social sciences Chava Frankfort-Nachmias ; David Nachmias |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods in the social sciences Chava Frankfort-Nachmias ; David Nachmias |
| title_short | Research methods in the social sciences |
| title_sort | research methods in the social sciences |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Empirische Sozialforschung Forschungsmethode Methode |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004221549&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT frankfortnachmiaschava researchmethodsinthesocialsciences AT nachmiasdavid researchmethodsinthesocialsciences |