The nature of weathering: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Tokyo
Sozosha
1988
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 624 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 4881560697 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Yatsu, Eiju |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The nature of weathering |b an introduction |c by Eiju Yatsu |
| 264 | 1 | |a Tokyo |b Sozosha |c 1988 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 624 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Intemperismo |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Météorisation (Géomorphologie) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weathering | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verwitterung |0 (DE-588)4063385-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004199512 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120851335872512 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................ viii
1. PROLOGUE............................................. i
Definition of Weathering...................................... 1
Foundation and Development of the Science of Weathering............... 3
The Scope of this Book....................................... 10
REFERENCES..................................... 11
2. MECHANICAL WEATHERING ............................. 15
2.1. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics ............................ 15
2.1.1. Mechanical Properties of Rock Material ................... 15
2.1.2. Rheological Properties of Rocks ........................ 17
2.1.3. Experimental Deformation and Fracture of Rocks ............ 23
2.1.4. Criteria for Failure of Rocks........................... 28
2.1.5. Fatigue Failure ................................... 34
2.1.6. Stress Corrosion................................... 49
2.1.7. Porosity of Rocks.................................. 60
REFERENCES..................................... 66
2.2. Modes of Mechanical Weathering............................. 73
2.2.1. Mechanical Weathering due to Phase Changes................ 73
Frost Weatehring .................................. 73
Crystallization Pressure .............................. 81
2.2.2. Mechanical Weathering due to Hydraition and Other Reactions .... 87
Hydration, Transformation of Anhydrides to Hydrates......... 88
Swelling of Clay Minerals............................. 90
Adsorption of Water on the Surface of, or on the Wall of Pore
Spaces in Rocks and Related Phenomena ................ 103
Pressure exerted by Other Reactions ..................... 118
2.2.3. Mechanical Weathering due to Thermal Stresses.............. 120
Thermal Stresses and Thermal Properties of Minerals and Rocks ... 120
Modes of Thermally Induced Weathering and Theories
of Thermal Fracture.............................. 136
2.2.4. Discussion on Mechanical Weathering due to Unloading......... 140
Discussion on Residual Stress.......................... 142
Rock Burst...................................... I44
Sheeting and Exfoliation............................. 145
REFERENCES..................................... 150
3. CHEMICAL WEATHERING................................ 167
3.1. Fundamentals of Chemical Thermodynamics..................... 167
3.1.1. The Laws of Thermodynamics ......................... 167
3.1.2. Useful Relationships derived from First and Second Laws ....... 171
3.1.3. Chemical Potential, Reactions and Equilibria................ 173
3.1.4. Thermodynamic Data............................... 178
REFERENCES..................................... 179
3.2. Chemical Agents in Weathering.............................. 181
3.2.1. Water.......................................... 181
3.2.2. Acids involved in the Processes of Chemical Weathering......... 185
Carbonic Acid.................................... 188
Sulfuric and Nitric Acids............................. 190
Acid Rain....................................... 192
REFERENCES..................................... 195
3.3. Modes of Chemical Weathering.............................. 199
3.3.1. Hydration....................................... 199
Hydration of Ions ................................. 204
3.3.2. Dissolution...................................... 204
3.3.3. Redox ......................................... 218
Fundamental Definitions and Conventions of Redox Reactions .... 220
Electron Activity and pe............................. 225
Redox Reactions in the Weathering Processes of Minerals........ 228
Iron Minerals..................................... 228
Manganese Minerals ................................ 228
Sulfur Minerals ................................... 230
Some Problems of Redox Reactions of Phyllosilicates
(or Sheet Silicates) .............................. 232
REFERENCES..................................... 234
3.4. Equilibrium, Mechanism and Kinetics of Chemical Reactions .......... 238
3.4.1. Equilibrium Diagrams............................... 238
Solubility Diagram................................. 238
Fluid-mineral Stability Diagram ........................ 238
pe-pH Diagram.................................... 244
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Equilibrium........... 248
3.4.2. Mechanism and Kinetics of Chemical Weatering.............. 251
Dissolution Kinetics of Carbonate Minerals................. 252
Dissolution Kinetics of Silicate Minerals................... 256
Dissolution Kinetics of Other Minerals.................... 266
Mechanism and Kinetics of Oxidation..................... 268
3.4.3. Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium in Nature................. 272
Weathering as one Step of the Geochemical Cycle............. 272
Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium in the Processes of Weathering ... 273
REFERENCES..................................... 275
4. WEATHERING BY ORGANISMS........................... 285
4.1. General Aspects of Weathering Organisms ...................... 285
4.1.1. Origin and Evolution of the Earth and Life................. 285
Origin of the Earth................................. 285
Evolution of Life on the Earth ......................... 287
Evolution of Earth s Atmosphere ....................... 289
Initiation of Weathering Processes by Organisms.............. 292
4.1.2. Organic Matters as Agents in Weathering................... 293
Decomposition of Organic Matter ....................... 294
Humic Substances ................................. 300
CO2 and Other Acidification Sources in Soils ............... 303
Reactions of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids with Minerals ... 311
Reactions of Humic Substances with Minerals ............... 313
Organic Matter-Metal Complexes........................ 319
Coordination Chemistry of Weathering.................... 321
4.1.3. Enzymatic Reaction in Weathering ...................... 328
Biocatalystic Weathering of Minerals ..................... 330
Soil Enzymes..................................... 334
REFERENCES..................................... 336
4.2. Roles of Organisms in Weathering ............................ 348
4.2.1. Roles of Microorganisms in Weathering.................... 348
Bacteria ........................................ 349
Actinomycetes and Blue-green Algae ..................... 355
Algae.......................................... 357
Fungi.......................................... 358
Lichenophyta .................................... 362
4.2.2. Role of Plants in Weathering .......................... 365
Problem of the Wedging Effect of Growing Plant Roots ........ 365
Mechanisms and Functions in Rhizospheres ................ 366
4.2.3. Role of Animals in Weathering......................... 375
REFERENCES..................................... 380
INTERLUDE ............................................. 397
Biotic Weathering in Intertidal Zone .......................... 397
REFERENCES..................................... 398
5. MINERAL TRANSFORMATION IN
THE WEATHERING ZONE............................. 401
5.1. Weathering of Rocks and Minerals............................ 402
5.1.1. Weathering of Rocks................................ 402
Granite and Gneiss ................................ 402
Diorite......................................... 407
Basic and Ultrabasic Plutonic Rocks...................... 410
Basaltic Rocks.................................... 412
Andesite-Rhyolite Family ............................ 415
Tephra......................................... 416
5.1.2. Weathering of Minerals .............................. 420
Orthosilicates..................................... 420
Chain Silicates.................................... 421
Sheet Silicates.................................... 422
Framework Silicates................................ 423
REFERENCES..................................... 424
5.2. Mineral Transformation in Pedogenic Environments................ 435
5.2.1. Mineral Transformations as Soil-forming Processes............ 435
5.2.2. Biotic Influences on Mineral Transformation in the Pedosphere .... 440
REFERENCES..................................... 442
5.3. Structural Transformation of Minerals in Weathering................ 449
5.3.1. Mechanisms of the Formation and Transformation
of Clay Minerals................................. 449
Transformation of Silicates other than Phyllosilicates .......... 449
Transformation of Phyllosilicates ....................... 453
Transformation of Aluminum Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides,
and Iron Oxides................................. 458
5.3.2. Experimental Studies of Mineral Transformation............. 461
Silicate Minerals other than Phyllosilicates ................. 461
Phyllosilicates .................................... 463
Oxyhydroxides of Iron, and Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides
of Aluminum .................................. 468
5.3.3. Structural Inheritance in the Transformation of Minerals........ 469
Topotaxy and Epitaxy .............................. 469
Topotaxial Transformation ........................... 471
Epitaxial Transformation............................. 483
REFERENCES..................................... 485
5.4. Some Other Problems of Weathering .......................... 494
Stability Series of Minerals............................ 494
Changes in the Strength of Weathering Products.............. 494
Identification of Weathering Products among
Altered Substances............................... 495
REFERENCES..................................... 501
EPILOGUE ............................................. 505
APPENDIX: THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES......................... 507
SUBJECT INDEX............................................ 621
|
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| id | DE-604.BV006580635 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:48:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 4881560697 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004199512 |
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| physical | XIII, 624 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1988 |
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| spelling | Yatsu, Eiju Verfasser aut The nature of weathering an introduction by Eiju Yatsu Tokyo Sozosha 1988 XIII, 624 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Intemperismo larpcal Météorisation (Géomorphologie) Weathering Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd rswk-swf Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004199512&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Yatsu, Eiju The nature of weathering an introduction Intemperismo larpcal Météorisation (Géomorphologie) Weathering Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063385-8 |
| title | The nature of weathering an introduction |
| title_auth | The nature of weathering an introduction |
| title_exact_search | The nature of weathering an introduction |
| title_full | The nature of weathering an introduction by Eiju Yatsu |
| title_fullStr | The nature of weathering an introduction by Eiju Yatsu |
| title_full_unstemmed | The nature of weathering an introduction by Eiju Yatsu |
| title_short | The nature of weathering |
| title_sort | the nature of weathering an introduction |
| title_sub | an introduction |
| topic | Intemperismo larpcal Météorisation (Géomorphologie) Weathering Verwitterung (DE-588)4063385-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Intemperismo Météorisation (Géomorphologie) Weathering Verwitterung |
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