Basic speech communication: principles and practices
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Harper & Row
1987
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 371 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0060410930 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Busby, Rudolph E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Basic speech communication |b principles and practices |c Rudolph E. Busby ; Randall E. Majors |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Harper & Row |c 1987 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 371 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Oral communication | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Majors, Randall E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-004173330 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120815934898176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Detailed Contents
Preface
xxi
PART I COMMUNICATION THEORY
1
Chapter
1
Definition and Components of Communication
3
Basic Principles of Communication
6
Communication Is Fundamental to All Human Behavior
7
Communication Is Not Always Intentional
7
The Context oj Communication Influences Its Meaning
7
Communication Requires Effort
8
Erroneous Assumptions About Communication
8
There Is No Need to Define Communication
9
Learning to Talk Is the Same As Learning to Communicate
10
Some People Are Born Better Communicators
10
Characteristics of Communication
11
Communication Is Complex
11
Communication Is Transactional
12
Communication Is Inevitable
12
Communication is Irreversible
12
Components of Communication
13
Intended Messages
14
Encoder
14 ix
Signal 14
Channel 14
Decoder 14
Received
Message 15
Feedback 15
Noise
15
Common
Problems in
Communication
15
Definition
of the
Situation 17
Definition
of Other People
17
Summary
18
Group Activities
19
Individual Activities
19
References
20
Suggested Readings
20
Chapter
2
Listening
22
Basic Principles of Listening
24
Hearing Is Not the Same Thing As Listening
25
Listening Requires Active Instead of Passive Participation
25
Listening Skills Can Be Improved
26
Types of Ineffective Listening
27
Uninterested Listening
27
Argumentative Listening
27
Defeated Listening
27
Paper-and-Pencil Listening
28
judgmental Listening
28
Techniques for Effective Listening
28
Analyze Your Listening Habits
29
Analyze Your Attitudes Toward Other People
29
Be Prepared to Listen
29
Select a Good Setting
29
Concentrate on the Speaker
30
Be Patient While Listening
30
Avoid Distractions Created by the Message
31
Detect the Organization of the Message
32
Summarize What You Heard
32
Summary
32
Group Activities
33
Individual Activities
34
References
34
Suggested Readings
35
Chapter
3
Verbal Communication
36
Principles of Meaning in Communication
39
Meaning Is in People, Not in Words
39
Meanings Are Learned
40
Meanings Are Not Static
40
Meaning Is Both Intentional and Unintentional
41
Meaning Is Determined by Context
41
Meaning Is Very Personal and Very Important
42
Definitions
42
Denotative Definitions
42
Connotative
Definitions
43
Operational Definitions
43
Personal Meanings
44
Specialized Vocabularies
44
Characteristics of Effective Communication
45
Clarity
46
Accuracy
46
Completeness
46
Appropriateness
47
Liveliness
47
Economy
48
Qualities of Language
48
Ambiguity Versus Precision
49
Abstraction Versus Concreteness
50
Intensity Versus Neutrality
51
Association
51
Ethical Considerations in Verbal Communication
52
Deceit
53
Intimidation
53
Objuscation
54
Summary
54
Group Activities
55
Individual Activities
56
References
57
Suggested Readings
57
Chapter
4
Nonverbal Communication
58
Principles of Nonverbal Communication
59
Nonverbal Behaviors Convey Powerful Messages
59
Nonverbal Communication Is Highly Believable
61
Nonverbal Messages Usually Signal the Relationship Between
Communicators
61
Everyone Has a Personal Vocabulary of Nonverbal Behaviors
62
Personal Patterns of Nonverbal Behavior Can Be Changed
63
Paralanguage
63
Elements of Paralanguage
63
Uses of Paralanguage
64
Kinesics
65
Sign Language
65
Action Language
67
EYE LANGUAGE
67
FACIAL LANGUAGE
68
BODY LANGUAGE
68
TOUCHING
69
Object Language
69
Proxemics
70
Personal Space
71
Psychological Space
72
Increasing Effectiveness Through Nonverbal Communication
74
Be Observant of Nonverbal Communication
7Ą
Learn to Respect Different Nonverbal Codes
74
Recognize Your Own Nonverbal Vocabulary
75
Explore Nonverbal Communication Flexibility
75
Summary
75
Group Activities
76
Individual Activities
77
References
78
Suggested Readings
79
PART II INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
81
Chapter
5
Fundamentals of Interpersonal Communication
83
Perception
85
Selection Factors
86
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
86
SELECTIVE EXPOSURE
86
SELECTIVE RECALL
87
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
87
Organizational Factors
87
STEREOTYPING
87
COMPARTMENTALIZATION
88
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
88
POLARIZATION
89
Interpretation Factors
89
FRAME OF REFERENCE
89
FACT-INFERENCE CONFUSION
89
Self-Perception
91
Self-Awareness
91
SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE SELF
92
INCREASING SELF-AWARENESS
92
Self-Concept
93
MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF THE SELF
93
DEALING WITH PROBLEMS IN SELF-CONCEPT
94
Self-Esteem
95
Self-Disclosure
99
Rewards of Self-Disclosure
99
Resistance to Self-Disclosure
100
Elements of Self-Disclosure
101
KNOW YOUR PURPOSES FOR DISCLOSING
102
BE SUPPORTIVE WHEN DISCLOSING
102
DISCLOSURE SHOULD BE TWO-WAY
102
MAINTAIN REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS
103
BE PATIENT WHILE DISCLOSING
103
Summary
103
Group Activities
104
Individual Activities
106
References
106
Suggested Readings
107
Chapter
6
Interpersonal Communication Skills
108
Assertiveness
110
Some Helpful Definitions 111
The Problem with Nonassertiveness
112
Techniques for Becoming More Assertive
113
Supportiveness
116
Six Elements of Defensiveness
117
EVALUATION
117
SUPERIORITY
117
CONTROL
117
STRATEGY
117
NEUTRALITY
118
CERTAINTY
118
Six Elements of Supportiveness
118
DESCRIPTION
118
EQUALITY
118
PROBLEM ORIENTATION
118
SPONTANEITY
119
EMPATHY
119
PROVISIONALISM
119
Techniques
f
or Creating Supportiveness
119
USE PERCEPTUAL CHECKING
119
CONSIDER FRAMES OF REFERENCE
120
BE CAREFUL WITH LANGUAGE
120
USE ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS
121
DON T BE AFRAID TO CARE
121
Feedback
121
Values of Feedback
122
GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIORS
122
RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
122
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
122
Techniques
f
or Effective Feedback
123
Summary
125
Group Activities
125
Individual Activities
126
References
127
Suggested Readings
127
Chapter
7
Interviewing
129
Basic Interviewing Skills
132
Types of Interviews
133
INFORMATION-GATHERING INTERVIEW
133
EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW
133
COUNSELING INTERVIEW
133
FEEDBACK INTERVIEW
133
EXIT INTERVIEW
134
Interviewing Techniques
134
PREPARING FOR INTERVIEWS
134
STRUCTURING THE INTERVIEW
135
BUILDING RAPPORT IN INTERVIEWS
136
ASKING QUESTIONS
137
CLARIFYING INFORMATION
139
Information-Gathering Interviews
140
Preparing the Information Interview
140
Structuring the Information Interview
141
Conducting the Information Interview
141
Employment Interviews
142
Preparing the Employment Interview
144
Conducting the Employment Interview
144
Summary
147
Group Activities
148
Individual Activities
149
Suggested Readings
150
FART III SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
151
Chapter
8
Small Group Fundamentals
153
Characteristics of Small Groups
155
The Value of Small Groups
156
Types of Small Groups
157
Panels
157
Discussion Groups
158
Committees
158
Group Roles
159
Task Roles
159
Maintenance Roles
161
Negative Individual Roles
161
Interactional Stages
163
Orientation Stage
163
Consideration Stage
163
Investigation Stage
164
Implementation Stage
164
Problems in Group Interactions
164
Conformity
164
Cohesiveness
166
Consensus
166
Conflict
167
Summary
168
Group Activities
169
Individual Activities
170
References
170
Suggested Readings
171
Chapter
9
Small Group Procedures
172
Orientation Stage
174
Consideration Stage
174
Discussions
174
Brainstorming
176
Task Orientation
178
IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
178
FORMULATING THE CRITERIA
179
FORMULATING THE ALTERNATIVES
179
Investigation Stage
180
Group Research
180
Report and Analyze the Findings
181
Analyze the
Alternatives 182
Select the Best Alternative
184
Activate the Solution
184
Summary
184
Group Activities
185
Individual Activities
186
References
187
Suggested Readings
187
PART IV PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
189
Chapter
10
Reducing Apprehension and Building Credibility
191
Communication Apprehension
194
Apprehension in Various Situations
194
Symptoms of Communication Apprehension
195
Causes of Apprehension
195
Coping with Communication Apprehension
196
Long-Term Methods
197
Short-Term Methods
198
Speaker Credibility
199
Characteristics of Credibility
199
authority
200
good sense
200
good character
201
goodwill
201
dynamism
202
Time Dimensions of Credibility
202
Summary
203
Group Activities
204
Individual Activities
205
References
206
Suggested Readings
206
Chapter
11
Selecting and Developing a Topic
208
Audience Analysis
211
Dimensions of Audience Analysis
211
Types of Audiences
212
The Occasion
213
Audience Expectations
214
The Setting
214
Time Limitations
215
Topic
Selection
215
Narrowing the Topic
216
Analyzing the Topic
217
Topic Development
218
Purpose Statements
218
Thesis Statements
219
The Tentative Outline
220
Conducting Research
221
Card Catalogues
222
Periodicals
223
Government Publications
224
Computer Services
225
Interviews
226
Evaluating the Collected Information
226
Summary
227
Group Activities
228
Individual Activities
228
References
229
Suggested Readings
230
Chapter
12
Organizing and Outlining a Speech
231
Organizing the Speech
234
Organizing the Body
234
ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS OF THE BODY
235
FORMS OF SUPPORT
235
Transitional Devices
236
TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES
236
RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
237
PRESUMMARIES, INTERNAL SUMMARIES, AND
POSTSUMMARIES 237
MOVEMENT CUES
237
Organizing the Conclusion
238
Organizing the Introduction
238
Outlining the Speech
239
Rules
f
or Outlining
240
Types of Outlines
243
FULL-CONTENT OUTLINES
243
MAIN-HEADING OUTLINES
244
KEY ELEMENT OUTLINES
244
Summary
245
Group Activities
246
Individual Activities
247
References
248
Suggested Readings
- 248
Chapter
13
Using Visual Aids
249
Reasons for Using Visual Aids
251
Visual Aids Attract Attention and Hold Interest
252
Visual Aids Help Clarify Explanations
252
Visual Aids Help Summarize and Condense Information
252
Visual Aids Help Make Information Memorable
253
Techniques for Using Visual Aids
253
Make Visual Aids Necessary, Helpful, and Appropriate
253
Use Visual Aids Only As Supplements
254
Keep Visual Aids Simple
254
Do Not Be Distracted by Your Own Visual Aid
255
Give Visual Aids a Professional Appearance
255
Prepare and Practice Visual Aids in Advance
256
Visual Forms of Information
257
Charts
257
Graphs
257
Lists and Drawings
259
Objects and Models
260
Apparatuses for Visual Aids
260
Chalkboards and Flannel Boards
261
Posters and
Flipcharts 262
Overhead and Opaque Projectors
262
Slide and Movie Projectors
263
Summary
264
Group Activities
264
Individual Activities
265
References
266
Suggested Readings
266
Chapter
14
Constructing an Informative Speech
267
Constructing the Body
270
Organizational Patterns of Development
271
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
271
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
272
SPATIAL ORDER
272
TOPICAL ORDER
272
Forms of Support
273
INFORMATIVE FACTORS
274
INTEREST FACTORS
274
Constructing the Rest of the Speech
275
Constructing the Conclusion
276
emphasis
276
summaries
276
OTHER CONCLUDING DEVICES
277
STRONG LAST LINE
277
Constructing the Introduction
277
GAINING ATTENTION
278
ANNOUNCING THE TOPIC
281
ESTABLISHING RELEVANCE
281
INCREASING CREDIBILITY
282
STRUCTURING THE PRESENTATION
283
Transitions
284
Summary
285
Group Activities
285
Individual Activities
286
References
286
Suggested Readings
287
Chapter
15
Constructing a Persuasive Speech
288
Clarifying the Persuasive Purpose
290
Organizing the Body
292
Organizational Patterns of Development
293
PROBLEM-SOLUTION PATTERN
293
CAUSE-EFFECT PATTERN
293
PRO-CON PATTERN
295
MOTIVATIONAL SEQUENCE
295
SALES SEQUENCE
296
Forms of Support
297
EVIDENCE
297
TESTS OF EVIDENCE
299
FALLACIES IN EVIDENCE
299
ETHICS IN PERSUASION
300
Persuasive Strategies
302
ELIMINATION
302
MAXIMIZATION
302
INOCULATION
303
UNIFICATION
303
ANCHORING
304
FEAR APPEALS
304
Organizing the Conclusion
305
Call for Action
305
Energize the Call
f
or Action
306
Select Concluding Devices
307
Organizing the Introduction
307
Gaining Attention
307
Develop Your Credibility
308
Topic Statements
308
Summary
309
Group Activities
310
Individual Activities
310
References
311
Suggested Readings
312
Chapter
16
Rehearsing and Delivering a Speech
313
Modes of Delivery
315
Impromptu Delivery
315
Manuscript Delivery
317
Memorized Delivery
318
Extemporaneous Delivery
320
Use of Notes
321
Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery
322
Use of the Voice
323
Use of Movement and Space
323
Dress and Physical Appearance
325
Rehearsing the Speech
325
Summary
327
Group Activities
328
Individual Activities
328
Suggested Readings
329
Appendix I A List of Possible Topics for Speeches
331
Appendix II A Sample Informative Speech
339
Appendix III Outline of Sample Informative Speech
344
Appendix IV Partial Outline for a Persuasive Speech
347
Appendix V A Sample Persuasive Speech
348
Glossary
353
Index
365
About the Authors
373
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| spelling | Busby, Rudolph E. Verfasser aut Basic speech communication principles and practices Rudolph E. Busby ; Randall E. Majors New York u.a. Harper & Row 1987 XXIII, 371 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oral communication Majors, Randall E. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004173330&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Busby, Rudolph E. Majors, Randall E. Basic speech communication principles and practices Oral communication |
| title | Basic speech communication principles and practices |
| title_auth | Basic speech communication principles and practices |
| title_exact_search | Basic speech communication principles and practices |
| title_full | Basic speech communication principles and practices Rudolph E. Busby ; Randall E. Majors |
| title_fullStr | Basic speech communication principles and practices Rudolph E. Busby ; Randall E. Majors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Basic speech communication principles and practices Rudolph E. Busby ; Randall E. Majors |
| title_short | Basic speech communication |
| title_sort | basic speech communication principles and practices |
| title_sub | principles and practices |
| topic | Oral communication |
| topic_facet | Oral communication |
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