Contemporary cultural anthropology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston u.a.
Little, Brown
1986
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 491 S. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0316374490 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Contemporary cultural anthropology |c Michael C. Howard |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contemporary Cultural
Anthropology
Second Edition
Michael C Howard
The University of the South Pacific
Contents
List of Focus on People Essays xv
1 I Introducing Anthropology 3
Culture 5
Learning 5
Society 5
Production 6
Environmental Adaptation 8
Biological Adaptation 9
Cultural Adaptation 9
Studying Cultural Variations 11
Universalism 12
Holism 12
Integration 12
Cultural Relativism 13
The Fields of Anthropology 14
Physical Anthropology 14
Sociocultural Anthropology 15
A Holistic View of Sociocultural
Anthropology 18
Summary 20
Suggested Readings 20
The Growth of
Cultural Anthropology 23
The Beginnings of Cultural Anthropology 24
Unilineal Evolution 25
Professionalization 27
Museum Anthropology 27
Academic Anthropology 28
Diffusion 29
Historical Particularism 29
Toward an Integrated View of Culture 31
Functionalism 31
Structural-Functionalism 32
Culture and Personality 34
Specialization: World War II to the
Present 35
hleoevolutionism 35
Cultural Ecology 36
Theories of Conflict 37
Studies of Cognitive Structure 38
Summary 39
Suggested Readings 40
3 I Ethnographic Research 43
Preparing for Fieldwork 46
Choosing a Topic 46
Narrowing the Focus 48
Research Techniques 50
Participant Observation 50
Questioning 51
Probability Sampling 53
Conducting Fieldwork 54
Gaining Entry 54
Survival 55
Acquiring a Broader World View 57
The Field-worker s Social Responsibility 59
Summary 60
Suggested Readings 61
ix
x Contents
Focus on People Focus on People
Living among the Nasioi of Communication Problems in the
New Guinea 63 Southern Philippines 96
Culture and
Communication 67
The Communication Process 68
Sending and Receiving Messages 68
Redundancy 69
Communication and Sociability 70
Communication among Humans 71
Signs and Symbols 71
Language and Speech 73
Elements of Language 74
Other Modes of Human
Communication 76
Language and Culture 77
Cultural Influence on Language 78
Linguistic Influence on Culture 79
Linguistic Variation 80
Distinct Languages 80
Dialects 81
Pidgins and Creoles 83
Linguistic Contact 84
Patterns of Contact 84
Diglossia and Multilingualism 86
Historical Linguistics 88
Evolutionary Processes 88
Reconstructing Language History 89
Planned Linguistic Change 89
Creating a National Language 90
Literacy 92
Summary 93
Suggested Readings 94
5 I Patterns of Subsistence 101
Small-scale Foraging Societies 103
Pedestrian Hunters and Gatherers 103
Equestrian Hunters and Gatherers 105
Aquatic Foragers 106
Small-scale Farming Societies 106
Food Production Practices 106
Social Organization 108
Pastoralists 109
Transhumance 109
Pastoral Nomadism 110
Large-scale Societies 112
Development of Large-scale Societies
Differences between Large- and
Small-scale Patterns 113
Food Production Patterns 117
Nonfood Production Patterns 124
Summary 127
Suggested Readings 128
Focus on People
Patterns of Subsistence in the
Aleutian Islands 131
6 I Economic Systems 135
Systems of Production 136
The Environmental Context of
Production 138
Maintaining Production 138
Dealing with Disruptions 138
Replacing Workers 140
Dividing Labor and Rewards 142
Contents xi
Distribution and Exchange 143
Ownership 143
Distribution of Wealth 144
Patterns of Exchange 146
Commerce 151
Relationships among Production Systems 153
Symbiotic Complementarity 153
Hierarchical Complementarity 155
Open Competition 156
Summary 157
Suggested Readings 157
Focus on People
Economic Aspirations and Means among
the Mandinka 159
7 I Society 163
Looking at Society 164
Analyzing Social Structure 164
Examining Functions 166
The Individual and Society 167
Influences on Individual Choices 167
Social Relationships 169
Social Networks 172
Social Groupings 174
Nonvoluntary Groups 175
Voluntary Associations 177
Summary 180
Suggested Readings 180
Principles of Descent 188
Systems of Labeling Kin 190
Kin-based Groups 193
Unilineal Descent Groups 193
Bilineal Descent Groups 197
Cognatic Descent Groups 197
The Significance of Kinship 199
Summary 202
Suggested Readings 202
Sex, Marriage,
and the Family 205
Cultural Attitudes about Sex
Sexual Restrictions 207
Sex as Power 211
Marriage 214
Marriage as an Adaptive Measure 214
Marriage as Formation of Alliances 215
Numbers of Spouses 218
The Marriage Process 220
Family Groups 228
Types of Family Groups 228
The Development Cycle 229
Acquiring Children 229
Summary 231
Suggested Readings 231
Focus on People
Mapuche Marriage Customs 233
8 I Kinship 183
Kinship Diagrams and Abbreviations 184
Kinship Categories 186
Defining Parents, Siblings, and
Cousins 186
10 I Socialization 237
An Overview of Socialization 238
Cultural Orientations 240
The Adaptive Nature of Cultural
Orientations 240
xii Contents
World View 240
Values 243
Personality 244
Personality Types 245
The Modal Personality 245
Socialization through the Life Cycle 246
Child Rearing and Family Influence 246
Rites of Passage 248
Education 250
Socialization in Later Life 253
Deviants 256
Identifying Deviants 256
The Deviant s View 257
Summary 259
Suggested Readings 260
Focus on People
Formal Education in Southern Belize 262
12 I Politics 295
The Bases of Political Power 296
Authority 296
Ideas and Symbols 298
Contests 301
The People in Politics 303
The Political Community 303
The Political Elite 303
Political Teams 305
The Political Organization of Societies 307
Stateless Societies 307
States 310
Summary 313
Suggested Readings 314
Focus on People
The Clans on Capitol Hill 316
11 Ethnicity and Social
Stratification 267
Ethnicity 268
The Concept of Race 268
Ethnic Identity 270
Ethnic Symbols 271
Ethnic Relations 272
Social Stratification 274
Stratification and Adaptive Strategy 275
Beliefs Supporting Stratification 275
Conflict vs Stability 275
Systems of Stratification 276
Summary 288
Suggested Readings 289
Focus on People
Social Stratification in Guatemala 291
13 I The Search for Order 321
Norms 323
Laws 325
Legitimacy 325
Evolution of Laws 326
Overlapping of Legal Systems 327
Law Enforcement and Dispute
Mediation 328
Attitudes toward Laws 328
Handling Disputes in Foraging
Societies 329
Easing Tensions among Small-scale
Farmers 330
Formal Law Enforcement in States 330
Maintaining World Order 331
The Breakdown of Order 332
Political Violence within a Society
Warfare between Societies 336
Contents xiii
Summary 341
Suggested Readings 342
Focus on People
Making the Balance: Law among
the Zapotec of Mexico 344
14 I Religion 349
Elements of Religion 350
Understanding Religious Belief 352
Belief Systems in Context 352
Choices Available 354
Religious Belief and Adaptational
Strategy 355
Religious Symbols 356
Culture-specific Symbols 356
Food Symbolism 357
Totems 35 8
Art 359
Supernatural Forces and Beings 361
Unseen Power 361
Spirits 361
Gods 362
Minor Beings 363
Myth 363
Functions of Myths 364
Analyzing Myths 364
Religious Behavior and Consciousness 367
Separation 367
Ritual 367
Altered Consciousness 367
Religious Specialists 370
Shamans 370
Keepers of the Law 371
Prophets 373
Religion and Social Change 373
Change through Contact or
Conquest 373
Millenarian Movements 375
Religion and Revolution 378
Summary 379
Suggested Readings 380
Focus on People
The Captain Cook Myth 383
15 I Illness and Curing 387
Epidemiology 388
Endemic Diseases 390
Epidemic Diseases 391
Diseases of Development 392
Malnutrition 393
Malnutrition and Subsistence
Patterns 393
Cultural Perceptions of Food 395
Mental Illness 396
Patterns of Stress Disorders 396
Social Change and Stress 397
Concepts of Illness Causality 398
Mind-body Dualism 398
Personalistic vs Naturalistic
Explanations 399
Curing 400
The Effectiveness of Cures 401
Health Care Delivery Systems 402
The Costs of Health Care 405
Summary 407
Suggested Readings 407
Focus on People
A View of Health and Sickness from
Aboriginal Australia 409
xiv Contents
16 Anthropology and Human
Problems 413
Contemporary Adaptation Problems 414
Development and Underdevelopment 415
The Plight of Indigenous Peoples 423
Toward Solving the Problems 427
Improving Dialogue and
Understanding 427
The Role of Applied Anthropology 428
Anthropology in the Contemporary
World 433
Summary 434
Suggested Readings 435
Focus on People
The International Campaign on Behalf of
Brazilian Indians 438
Glossary 443
Bibliography 451
Index 469
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| spelling | Howard, Michael C. Verfasser aut Contemporary cultural anthropology Michael C. Howard 2. ed. Boston u.a. Little, Brown 1986 XVI, 491 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ethnologie - Anthropologie ram Ethnologie ram Ethnology Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=004164632&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133903-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Contemporary cultural anthropology |
| title_auth | Contemporary cultural anthropology |
| title_exact_search | Contemporary cultural anthropology |
| title_full | Contemporary cultural anthropology Michael C. Howard |
| title_fullStr | Contemporary cultural anthropology Michael C. Howard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contemporary cultural anthropology Michael C. Howard |
| title_short | Contemporary cultural anthropology |
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