The calculus of linguistic observations:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
'S-Gravenhage
Mouton
1962
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Janua linguarum
Series maior ; 9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 271 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The calculus of linguistic observations |c by Gustav Herdan |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Janua linguarum : Series maior |v 9 | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Linguistica |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Information theory | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematical linguistics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120450077294592 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 5
BOOK ONE:
LANGUAGE IN THE MASS—THE UNIVERSES OF LANGVAGE STATISTICS
PARTI
STATISTICS OF PHONEMIC (ALPHABETIQ SYSTEMS
I. Fundamental Concepts of the Calculus of Linguistic Observations 17
1.1 The definition of the calculus 17
1.2 The geometrization of linguistics 21
1.3 The universes of statistical linguistics 23
1.3.1 Population probabilities of statistical linguistics 23
1.3.2 The sample space of statistical linguistics 24
1.3.3 The ergodicity of word masses 25
II. The Phonemic Frequency Distribution 29
2.1 Themultinomialtheoremasthegeneraldistributionlawofphonemes 29
2.2 The derivation of the entropy from the multinomial theorem ... 30
III A. The Position of Chi-square in the System of Statistical Linguistics 32
3.1 The Chi-square distribution as the limiting form of the multinomial
theorem 32
3.2 The relation between Chi-square and the entropy 33
3.3 Advantages of the relation explained in sect. 3.2 for computational
purposes 34
III B. The Repeat Rate of Linguistic Forms in rrs Relation to other
Statistical Parameters 36
3.4 The characteristic K (and vm) as the sample statistic of the repeat
rate 36
3.5 Restrictive condition of the geometrical interpretation of the repeat
rate when applied to linguistic distributions 38
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.6 An inequality relation between the entropy and the repeat rate
(and its sample statistic K) 39
IV. TWO MODIFICATIONS OF THE MuLTTNOMIAL THEOREM 41
4.1 The binomial distribution 41
4.1.1 The Poisson distribution • 42
4.2 The lognormal distribution of linguistic units 43
4.3 The vocabulary distribution 45
V. The Combinatorial Structure of Morphemes 47
5.1 The patterning of semitic verbal roots . . 47
5.2 Consonant frequencies in Arabic verbal roots 47
5.3 Combinatorial analysis applied to the patterning of Arabic verbal
root morphemes • 51
5.4 The relation between the theoretical and observed numbers of root
morphemes • 54
PART II
VOCABULARY AND STYLO-STATISTICS
VI. The Stunted Development of Vocabulary and Stylo-Statistics
through Unsuitable Mathematical Models 59
6.1 Theoretical shortcomings of the Zipf and Mandelbrot laws. ... 59
6.1.1 The Zipf law 59
6.1.2 The Mandelbrot canonical law 61
6.1.3 Substitution of cosf etc. for rank 61
6.2 Shortcomings from the practical angle 62
VII. A Critical Examtnation of Simon s Model of Certain Distribution
FUNCTIONS IN LlNGUISTICS. • • 64
7.1 The assumptions underiying Simon s model as not in accordance
withfacts 64
7.2 Simon s model of certain skew distribution functions tested on
linguistic data 66
7.3 The conceptual assumptions underiying Simon s model 69
7.4 A new model based upon vocabulary Connectivity 70
7.5 Vocabulary partition as the structure of meaning underiying the
word frequency distribution • 72
VIII. Poetry and Structural Linguistics 76
8.1 A critic refuted 76
8.2 Variation in Shakespeare s metrical style subjected to stylo-siatisti-
cal analysis 77
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
8.3 The chronology of Shakespeare s plays and discriminant analysis 79
8.4 The recurrence of initial phonemes 79
8.5 A method for establishing the pattern of repetition of initial line
phonemes 80
8.6 Application to VergU s Georgics 83
IX. Genealogical Relationship between Languages—Vocabulary Cor-
RELATION 86
9.1 Previous attempts at determination of nearness of linguistic
relationship 86
9.2 Factor analysis as the appropriate method for the problem—the
application to Indo-European languages 87
9.3 Interpretation of results 90
PART in
SPECTROGRAPHY OF SPEECH ON THE MORPHEMIC LEVEL
X. The Parallelism between Phonology and Vocabulary Statistics . 95
10.1 Phonology and vocabulary statistics: a parallel 95
10.2 Previous attempts at morpheme analysis 96
10.3 Independence of the form of word occurrence distribution from
content 98
10.4 Yule s mathematical model for the use of words in a text.... 99
10.4.1 The quantification of de Saussure s valeur 102
10.5 Error-reducing device on the morphemic level 105
10.5.1 Frequency and vocabulary partition 107
10.6 Common characteristics of the system of phonemic and morphemic
oppositions 108
XI. SPECTROGRAPHY OF SPEECH (WRITING) ON THE MORPHEMIC LEVEL . .111
11.1 The concept of morpheme spectrography 111
11.2 The technique of morpheme spectrography 112
11.3 The method of selective Operators 116
BOOK TWO:
THE RELATION BETWEEN LANGVAGE IN THE MASS AND LANGVAGE IN THE LINE
PART IV
THE STATISTICAL THEORY OF LINGUISTIC CODING—INFORMATION
THEORY
XII. Fundamental Concepts—Information as a Statistical Concept . 123
12.1 The strategy of inquiry 123
12.2 Derivation of the entropy as a measure of Information 124
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS
12.3 Bmary coding as Optimum strategy of inquiry . ........ 126
12.4 Binary coding of the English alphabetic system ........ 127
12.5 Binary coding ofthe Cyrillic alphabetic system ........ 130
XIIIA. Efficiency of Coding—the Law of Optimal Redundancy . • . .133
13.1 The condition for optimal coding 133
13.2 The law of facility for the discrimination of probabilities of lin-
guisticunits • 134
13.3 The logarithmic series in its relation to the law of facility ... 135
XIII B. Bi-variate Entropy 139
13.4 Bi-variate entropy and the theory oflanguage translation . ... 140
13.5 Application 142
XIV. The Entropy as a discriminating Parameter—the Relation betvveen
Entropy and Log-Likelihood 144
14.1 The relation between entropy and log-likelihood . ..•.-.. 144
14.2 Application to assessing the Germanic and Romance components
of vocabulary in English writers. 148
XV. Informatton-Theoretical Interpretation of Chinese Word Struc-
ture • 155
15.1 The relation between Western phonemic (alphabetic) Systems and
the system of Chinese radicals • 155
15.2 Binary coding of Chinese vocabulary according to radicals ... 157
15.3 Isomorphy between the binary coding of Chinese characters and
stroke number 171
PART V
QUANTUM THEORY OF LANGUAGE
XVI. Chance, the Ever-present Alternative 179
16.1 Introduction 179
16.2 The deterministicview ofthe useofwords and somefactsagainstit 180
16.3 Chance, the ever-present alternative 181
16.4 Fitting the random partitioning function to the results of empirical
vocabulary partitioning • 184
16.5 Conclusions 185
XVII. Vocabulary Partition and Quantum Statistics 187
17.1 Common characteristics of Bose-Einstein statistics and the random
partitioning function 187
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
17.2 The random partitioning function and transition probabilities
between words 189
17.2.1 Vocabulary association 189
17.2.2 Vocabulary association firom experimental data 190
17.2.3 Vocabulary association due to random sampling 191
17.2.4 Application of random partitioning to our data 194
17.2.5 Vocabulary association and Random Partitioning .... 196
17.3 New Statistics vs. classical statistics 197
XVIII. The Entropy according to Bose-Einstein Statistics and the In¬
formation Value of Words 199
18.1 The bi-variate distribution of words from a running text .... 199
18.2 The dynamics of vocabulary distribution 200
18.3 The entropy according to Bose-Einstein statistics 201
18.4 Word counts in their relation to vocabulary, word association and
grammar 205
XIX. The Quantum Theory of Language 208
19.1 Characteristics of the word frequency distribution and quantum
numbers 208
19.2 Word frequency and second quantum number 210
19.3 The units ( bits ) of indeterminacy per word 211
BOOK THREE:
LANGUAGE IN THE LINE—THE UNIVERSES OF LANGUAGE DISCOURSE
PART VI
THE UNIVERSE OF DISCOURSE AS A LINE—LINGUISTIC DUALITY
XX A. Distribution in the Linguistic Sense 219
20.1 The general structure of linguistic distribution 219
20.2 Relation between the planes of content and expression 219
20.3 The Law of duality as operating in both planes 220
20.4 Distribution and likelihood 222
20.5 Distribution vs. classical phonology 223
XX B. The Universe of Discourse as a Line 226
20.6 A one-dimensional universe 226
20.7 Duality as the principle of grammar 227
XXI. Duality and Separation 231
21.1 Phonological Opposition as Separation 231
21.2 Grammar as Separation 232
12 TABLE OF CONTENTS
21.3 The restless universe of language 234
21.4 The importanceof patternin Goethe s Wahlverwandtschaften . . 236
21.5 Duality and Poetics 237
XXII. The Calculus in Retrospect—A Summary 240
22.1 Geometrisation in the plane of expression 240
22.2 The distance between the planes of content and expression as a
criterion for the classification of languages 246
PART VII
LANGUAGE AND MATHEMATICS
XXIII. On the Relation between Language and Mathematics 249
23.1 The Eigenstatistics of language 249
23.2 Apriority of language 251
23.3 The linear order oflinguisticformsas the prototypeof the logarithm 252
23.4 Eigenstatistics as the error-reducing device of language 254
23.4.1 Transition probabilities between letters and phonemes . . 255
23.4.2 Association between words as error-reducing device.... 256
23.4.3 Language deterioration through systematic neglect of error-
reducing devices 256
XXIV. Mathematical Linguistics versus Linguistic Philosophy 259
24.1 The decay of English philosophy 259
24.2 The tactics of language 260
24.3 The principle of Opposition in language on the phonemic, mor-
phemic and syntactic level 260
24.4 Dictionary meaning of words as precipitate of their use in all works
ofliterature 261
24.5 The corrective action of the principle of Opposition 262
24.6 The lack of style in linguistic philosophy 263
Bibliography 265
Index 268
|
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| spelling | Herdan, Gustav Verfasser aut The calculus of linguistic observations by Gustav Herdan 'S-Gravenhage Mouton 1962 271 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Janua linguarum : Series maior 9 Estatistica Aplicada larpcal Linguistica larpcal Information theory Mathematical linguistics Sprachstatistik (DE-588)4182534-2 gnd rswk-swf Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd rswk-swf Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 s Sprachstatistik (DE-588)4182534-2 s DE-604 Janua linguarum Series maior ; 9 (DE-604)BV000001788 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003936865&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Herdan, Gustav The calculus of linguistic observations Janua linguarum Estatistica Aplicada larpcal Linguistica larpcal Information theory Mathematical linguistics Sprachstatistik (DE-588)4182534-2 gnd Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182534-2 (DE-588)4051038-4 |
| title | The calculus of linguistic observations |
| title_auth | The calculus of linguistic observations |
| title_exact_search | The calculus of linguistic observations |
| title_full | The calculus of linguistic observations by Gustav Herdan |
| title_fullStr | The calculus of linguistic observations by Gustav Herdan |
| title_full_unstemmed | The calculus of linguistic observations by Gustav Herdan |
| title_short | The calculus of linguistic observations |
| title_sort | the calculus of linguistic observations |
| topic | Estatistica Aplicada larpcal Linguistica larpcal Information theory Mathematical linguistics Sprachstatistik (DE-588)4182534-2 gnd Russisch (DE-588)4051038-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Estatistica Aplicada Linguistica Information theory Mathematical linguistics Sprachstatistik Russisch |
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