Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester u.a.
Wiley
1992
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia
16 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 270 S. |
| ISBN: | 047193156X |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms |c prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Robert G. Tardiff |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester u.a. |b Wiley |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 270 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE |v 49 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia |v 16 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE / SGOMSEC |v 7 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pesticides |x Toxicology |v Congresses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pesticides |x toxicity |v Congresses | |
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| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)1071861417 |a Konferenzschrift |y 1988 |z Budweis |2 gnd-content | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Toxikologie |0 (DE-588)4060538-3 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Tardiff, Robert G. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 810 | 2 | |a Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE |t International Council of Scientific Unions |v 49 |w (DE-604)BV000007237 |9 49 | |
| 810 | 2 | |a Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE / SGOMSEC |t International Council of Scientific Unions |v 7 |w (DE-604)BV000014780 |9 7 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia |v 16 |w (DE-604)BV002426413 |9 16 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung TU Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003899887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003899887 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120394016227328 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
Michel
J.
Mercier
xv
Preface
P. Bourdeau and B.
Goldstein
xvii
Acknowledgements
xix
Scientific
Group on
Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation
of Chemicals
xxi
Participants of the Workshop
xxv
PART
1
JOINT REPORT
1
Introduction, General Conclusions, and Recommendations
3
1.1
Introduction
3
1.2
General Conclusions
4
1.2.1
Pesticide Use
4
1.2.2
Injuries to Human and Non-human NTOs
5
1.2.3
Controlling Exposures to Pesticides
5
1.2.4
Assessing Exposures to Pesticides and Associated
Uncertainties
6
1.2.5
Assessing Acute
Toxicity
for Humans
7
1.2.6
Assessing Chronic
Toxicity
for Humans
7
1.2.7
Assessing Damage to Ecosystems
7
1.2.8
Integrated Pest Management
9
1.3
General Recommendations
9
1.3.1
Controlling Exposures to Pesticides
9
1.3.2
Assessing Exposures to Pesticides and Uncertainties
10
1.3.3
Assessing Acute
Toxicity
for Humans
10
1.3.4
Assessing Chronic
Toxicity
for Humans
11
1.3.5
Assessing Damage to Ecosystems
12
1.3.6
Integrated Pest Management
12
2
Methods to Assess Exposure to Pesticides: Data Acquisition and
Monitoring Techniques
15
2.1
Modelling Techniques to Estimate Pesticide Exposures
16
CONTENTS
vin
2.1.1 Models
and Modelling—Why Use Them?
16
2.1.2
Validation of Environmental Fate and Distribution
Models 18
2.1.3
Usefulness of Models to Predict Exposure Profiles
19
2.1.4
Value of Models to Design Monitoring Programmes
and to Evaluate Data
19
2.2
Methods to Measure Exposure to Pesticides
20
2.2.1
Uses of Monitoring Data
20
2.2.2
Purposes of Monitoring Data
21
2.2.3
Fate and Transformation: Human
22
2.2.3.1
The concept of exposure monitoring
22
2.2.3.2
Patterns of exposure
23
2.2.3.3
Specimen selection
24
2.2.3.4
Specific media
26
2.2.3.5
Occupational exposure
29
2.2.3.6
Non-occupational exposure
31
2.2.3.7
Dietary exposure
31
2.2.4
Ecosystem Monitoring
35
2.3
Recommendations
35
3
Methods to Assess Toxic Effects of Pesticides in Humans
37
3.1
Acute
Toxicity
37
3.1.1
Morbidity and Mortality: Magnitude of the Problem
38
3.1.1.1
Factors contributing to morbidity and
mortality
39
3.1.1.2
Methods for investigation and surveillance
of morbidity and mortality
40
3.1.2
Epidemiological Studies
41
3.1.3
Tests for Acute
Toxicity
41
3.1.3.1
Tests for pesticide neurotoxicity
41
3.1.3.2
Tests for immunotoxicity
43
3.1.4
Skin Absorption of Pesticides and Acute Poisoning
45
3.1.4.1
Clinical forms of acute exposure of skin to
pesticides
45
3.1.4.2
Methods to assess acute skin exposure
46
3.1.5
Other Target Organs of Acute
Toxicity
46
3.1.6
Conclusions and Recommendations
47
3.2
Chronic
Toxicity
48
3.2.1
Reproductive and Developmental
Toxicity
49
3.2.1.1
Animal tests for reproductive
toxicity
50
3.2.1.2
Animal tests for developmental
toxicity
51
3.2.1.3
Extrapolation from animals to humans
52
3.2.2
Genotoxicity
53
3.2.2.1
In vitro assays for genetic damage
53
CONTENTS
ix
3.2.2.2
In
vivo
assays of genetic damage
54
3.2.2.3
Carcinogenic risk assessment using results
of short-term tests
56
3.2.3
Chemical Carcinogenesis
56
3.2.3.1
Tests to identify chemical carcinogens and
prospective carcinogens
58
3.2.3.2
Risk assessment methodology
60
3.2.4
Target Organ
Toxicity:
Liver
61
3.2.5
Conclusions and Recommendations
61
3.3
References
62
4
Methods to Assess Toxic Effects on Ecosystems
65
4.1
Introduction
65
4.2
Troublesome Pesticides
67
4.2.1
Magnitude of Pesticide Applications
67
4.2.2
Application Technologies
68
4.2.3
Species at Risk
70
4.2.4
Effect at Individual and Population Levels
71
4.2.4.1
Plants
71
4.2.4.2
Animals
73
4.2.5
Measures of Effects on Structure and Function
of Ecosystems
74
4.3
Recommendations
75
4.4
References
75
5
Management Technologies: Integrated Pest Management
77
5.1
Cultural Controls
78
5.2
Biological Controls
79
5.3
Behavioural Controls
80
5.4
Impact of Biotechnology on IPM
80
5.5
Future Prospects for Biocontrol
81
PART
2
CONTRIBUTED CHAPTERS
6
Pesticides: A General Introduction
85
H. V. Morley
6.1
Objective and Scope
85
6.2
The Nature of the Problem
85
6.3
Pesticides 87
6.4
Ecosystems
89
6.4.1
Soil 90
6.4.2
Water 91
6.4.3
Terrestrial 91
CONTENTS
Λ.
6.5 Resistance 92
6.6
Integrated
Pest Management 93
6.7
Risk-Benefit Analysis 95
6.7.1
Risk Analysis 95
6.7.2
Benefit Analysis
96
6.8
Summary and Research Priorities
96
6.9
References 97
7
Methods to Evaluate Exposures to Pesticides
103
D. Stephen Saunders
7.1
Introduction 1°3
7.2
Occupational Exposures to Pesticides
103
7.2.1
Passive Dosimetry
104
7.2.2
Biological Monitoring
104
7.2.3
Passive Dosimetry versus Biological Monitoring
105
7.2.4
Methods for Reducing Occupational Pesticide
Exposure
106
7.3
Non-occupational Pesticide Exposures
107
7.4
Dietary Exposures to Pesticides
109
7.5
Discussion 111
7.6
Recommendations
113
7.7
References
114
8
Role of Evaluative Models to Assess Exposure to Pesticides
119
D.
Calamari
and M. Vighi
8.1
Introduction
119
8.2
Development of Evaluative Models
120
8.3
The
Fugacity
Model
121
8.3.1
Concept and Application
121
8.3.2
Applications
123
8.3.3
Problems and Constraints in the Use of the
Fugacity
Model
125
8.3.4
Widening the
Fugacity
Concept
126
8.4
Conclusions
128
8.5
References
131
9
Exposure Assessment Models: Accuracy and Validity
133
J. R. Roberts
9.1
Introduction
133
9.2
Validation of Key Submodels of Processes
137
9.2.1
Volatilization
137
9.2.2 Sorption 138
9.2.3
Bioconcentration
in fish
141
9.2.4
Degradation
142
CONTENTS
xi
9.3
9.4
9.5
Validation
of
Conclusions
References
Exposure
Models
for
Ecological
Systems
144
145
146
10
Assessment of Acute
Toxicity
of Pesticides on Humans
149
J. Doull
11
Assessment of Chronic Effects of Pesticides on Humans
155
R.
Kroes
and
E. M.
den Tonkelaar
11.1
Introduction
155
11.2
Strategies in Chronic
Toxicity
Testing
156
11.2.1
Toxicity
Testing: Current Status and Perspectives
158
11.2.2
Basic Requirements for Chronic
Toxicity
Tests
158
11.2.3
Chronic
Toxicity
Testing
159
11.2.4
Carcinogenicity Testing of Pesticides
161
11.3
Other Special Studies
163
11.4
Assessment of Adverse Effects of Mixtures
164
11.5
Assessment of Adverse Effects of Biologicals
164
11.6
Adverse Effects in Humans
165
11.7
Extrapolation and Safety Assessment
165
11.8
MRLs and the Prediction of Dietary Intake
167
11.9
References
167
12
Ecological Effects of Pesticides on Non-target Species in
Terrestrial Ecosystems
171
David Pimentel
12.1
Introduction
171
12.2
Troublesome Pesticides and Biological Control Agents
172
12.3
Injurious Effects on Ecosystems
174
12.3.1
Stability
174
12.3.2
Waste Disposal and Nutrient Cycling
175
12.3.3
Diversity and Food Chains
175
12.3.4
Energy Flow
177
12.3.5
Pollination
177
12.3.6
Recombinant-DNA Biotechnology
178
12.3.6.1
Ecological effects
178
12.3.6.2
Adverse ecological effects
178
12.3.6.3
Research approach
179
12.4
Methods for Detection and Quantification
180
12.4.1
Above-ground Insect Numbers
182
12.4.2
Soil and Litter Invertebrate Populations
182
Xli
CONTENTS
12.4.3
Bird and Mammal Populations
183
12.4.4
Plant Pathogen Infections
184
12.4.5
Plant Productivity
184
12.4.6
Nutrient Availability to the Plants
184
12.4.7
Decomposition
185
12.5
Summary and Conclusions
185
12.6
References
186
13
Methods to Assess
Toxicity
to Aquatic Systems in Functional
Ecosystems
191
V.
Landa
and T.
Soldán
13.1
Introduction
191
13.2
Pesticides:
Toxicity
to and Occurrence in Aquatic Systems
192
13.2.1
Methods to Detect Acute and Delayed
Toxicity
Among Individuals
193
13.3
Bioconcentration
and
Bioindication
of Pesticides
197
13.4
Effects of Pesticides on Non-target Communities
200
13.5
References
203
14
Methods to Assess Adverse Effects on Plants
207
/.
Veleminsky and T. Gichner
14.1
Introduction
207
14.2
Measuring Pesticide-induced
Toxicity
in Plants
209
14.2.1
Plants in the Field and in Natural Communities
209
14.2.2
Plants in Greenhouses and Growth Chambers
210
14.2.3
Plant Tissue Cultures
210
14.3
Detecting Genotoxic Effects of Pesticides in Plants
211
14.3.1
Cytogenetic Assays
212
14.3.2
Assays for Detection of Gene Mutations
214
14.3.3
Detection of Genotoxic Metabolites Formed in
Plants from Pesticides
215
14.4
Conclusions
216
14.5
References
217
15
Methods to Evaluate Adverse Consequences of Genetic Changes
Caused by Pesticides
221
T. Brown
15.1
Introduction
221
15.2
Status of Pesticide Resistance
222
15.2.1
Insecticides and Acaricides
222
15.2.2
Herbicides
225
15.2.3
Fungicides and
Bactéricides
225
15.2.4
Rodenticides
225
15.3
Development of Resistant Populations
227
CONTENTS
xiii
15.4
Mechanisms of Resistance
230
15.4.1
Behavioural and Physiological Mechanisms
230
15.4.2
Protein Products Involved in Resistance
232
15.4.3
Genetic Mechanisms Conferring Resistance
232
15.5
Methods to Assess the Probability of Resistance
234
15.5.1
Conventional Pesticides
234
15.5.2
Juvenile Hormone Mimicry, Bacillus thuringiensis
Toxin, and other Novel Pesticides
235
15.6
Molecular Techniques to Detect Resistance
236
15.7
Ecological Consequences of Resistance
237
15.8
Mutagenicity of Pesticides
237
15.9
References
238
16
Methods to Anticipate Effects of Biotechnology on Integrated
Pest Management
243
C.
Hagedorn
and G. Lacy
16.1
Introduction
243
16.2
Biological Control Concepts
244
16.3
Biotechnology Concepts
244
16.4
Shortcomings of Biocontrol Agents
245
16.4.1
Detection, Recovery, and Enumeration
245
16.4.1.1
Culture
245
16.4.1.2
Detection limits
245
16.4.1.3
Direct counts
246
16.4.1.4
Genetic markers
246
16.4.1.5
Detection of
DNA
from soil
246
16.4.1.6
Movement of genetic material
247
16.4.2
Habitat Simulation
248
16.4.3
Modelling for Predictive Capacity
248
16.4.4
Assessing Organismal Fitness
249
16.4.5
Estimating Risk
250
16.5
Engineered Biocontrol Agents
250
16.5.1
Microbial Insecticides
250
16.5.2
Frost Control
251
16.5.3
Resistance to Virus-caused Diseases
252
16.5.4
Herbicide Resistance
253
16.5.4.1
Triazine resistance
253
16.5.4.2
Glyphosate resistance
253
16.5.4.3
Sulphonylurea and imidazolinone
resistance
254
16.5.4.4
Herbicide degradation
254
16.5.4.5
Herbicide
safeners 254
16.5.5
Biological Control
255
16.5.5.1
Siderophores
255
XIV
CONTENTS
16.5.5.2
Antibiotics
256
16.5.6
Copper
and Fungicide Resistance
256
16.6
Summary
257
16.7
References
258
Index
265
|
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1988 Budweis gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 1988 Budweis |
| id | DE-604.BV006163207 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:41:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 047193156X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003899887 |
| oclc_num | 24219304 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29T DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXVII, 270 S. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia |
| series2 | International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE / SGOMSEC |
| spelling | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Robert G. Tardiff Chichester u.a. Wiley 1992 XXVII, 270 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE 49 International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia 16 International Council of Scientific Unions / Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE / SGOMSEC 7 Pesticides Toxicology Congresses Pesticides toxicity Congresses Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1988 Budweis gnd-content Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 s Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 s DE-604 Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s Tardiff, Robert G. Sonstige oth Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE International Council of Scientific Unions 49 (DE-604)BV000007237 49 Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment: SCOPE / SGOMSEC International Council of Scientific Unions 7 (DE-604)BV000014780 7 International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia 16 (DE-604)BV002426413 16 Digitalisierung TU Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003899887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms International Programme on Chemical Safety: IPCS joint symposia Pesticides Toxicology Congresses Pesticides toxicity Congresses Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137948-2 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4060538-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms |
| title_auth | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms |
| title_exact_search | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms |
| title_full | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Robert G. Tardiff |
| title_fullStr | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Robert G. Tardiff |
| title_full_unstemmed | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC). Ed. by Robert G. Tardiff |
| title_short | Methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non-target organisms |
| title_sort | methods to assess adverse effects of pesticides on non target organisms |
| topic | Pesticides Toxicology Congresses Pesticides toxicity Congresses Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pesticides Toxicology Congresses Pesticides toxicity Congresses Pestizid Ökosystem Toxikologie Konferenzschrift 1988 Budweis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003899887&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007237 (DE-604)BV000014780 (DE-604)BV002426413 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tardiffrobertg methodstoassessadverseeffectsofpesticidesonnontargetorganisms |