Biology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Redwood City, Calif. u.a.
Benjamin/Cummings
1990
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 1165 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0805318003 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120376833212416 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | BIOLOGY
SECONDEDITION
NEIL A CAMPBELL
•J* 1
University of California, Riverside
The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc
Redwood City, California • Fort Collins, Colorado • Menlo Park, California
Reading, Massachusetts • New York • Don Mills, Ontario
Wokingham, U K • Amsterdam • Bonn • Sydney • Singapore
Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan
Brief Contents
1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1
UNIT ONE The Chemistry of Life 15
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds 20
3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 36
4 Carbon and Molecular Diversity 51
5 Structure and Function of Macromolecules 64
6 Introduction to Metabolism 92
UNIT TWO The Cell 113
7 A Tour of the Cell 116
8 Membrane Structure and Function 154
9 Respiration: How Cells Harvest Chemical
Energy 178
10 Photosynthesis 204
11 Reproduction of Cells 228
UNIT THREE The Gene 243
12 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 248
13 Mendel and the Gene Idea 262
14 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 284
15 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 306
16 From Gene to Protein 322
17 The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria 348
18 Control of Gene Expression and Development
in Eukaryotes 377
19 Recombinant DNA Technology 399
UNIT FOUR Mechanisms of
Evolution 419
20 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View
of Life 423
21 How Populations Evolve 439
22 The Origin of Species 459
23 Macroevolution 479
xiv Brief Contents
UNIT FIVE The Evolutionary History of
Biological Diversity 505
24 Early Earth and the Origin of Life 510
25 Prokaryotes and the Origins of Metabolic
Diversity 522
26 Protists and the Origin of Eukaryotes 540
27 Plants and the Colonization of Land 564
28 Fungi 589
29 Invertebrates and the Origin of Animal
Diversity 603
30 The Vertebrate Genealogy 641
UNIT SIX Plants: Form and Function 675
31 Anatomy of a Plant 680
32 Transport in Plants 704
33 Plant Nutrition 721
34 Plant Reproduction 738
35 Control Systems in Plants 757
UNIT SEVEN Animals: Form and
Function 777
36 Introduction to Animal Structure and
Physiology 781
37 Animal Nutrition 793
38 Circulation and Gas Exchange 817
39 The Immune System 849
40 Controlling the Internal Environment 874
41 Chemical Coordination 906
42 Animal Reproduction 930
43 Animal Development 955
44 Nervous Systems 978
45 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1011
UNIT EIGHT Ecology 1045
46 Diverse Environments of the Biosphere: An
Introduction to Ecology 1050
47 Population Ecology 1074
48 Communities 1093
49 Ecosystems 1114
50 Behavior 1138
Brief Contents XV
The Campbell Interviews
UNIT ONE
—v i
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Vv v1S=-»
The Chemistry of Life
Stanley Miller
University of California at San Diego
UNIT TWO The Cell 113
Charles Leblond
i • McGill University
# • C
I- --AU
UNIT THREE
i J* rL
The Gene
Nancy Wexler
Columbia University
UNIT FOUR Mechanisms of Evolution
Niles Eldredge
American Museum of Natural History
Xvi The Campbell Interviews
UNIT FIVE
LS-^/
The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
William Schopf
University of California at Los Angeles
UNIT SIX Plants: Form and Function
Ruth Satter
University of Connecticut at Storrs
UNIT SEVEN Animals: Form and Function
George Bartholomew
University of California at Los Angeles
7TJ
UNIT EIGHT Ecology
Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research,
Education, and Conservation
XVii The Campbell Interviews
DETAILED CONTENTS
1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of
Life 1
A Hierarchy of Organization 2
Emergent Properties 2
The Cellular Basis of Life 4
The Correlation of Structure and Function 6
The Interaction of Organisms with their Environment 7
The Inheritance of Biological Information 8
Unity in Diversity 8
Evolution: The Core Theme 9
Science as a Way of Knowing 12
UNIT ONE The Chemistry of Life 15
Interview: Stanley Miller 15
2 Atoms,
Molecules, and Chemical Bonds 20
Matter: Elements and Compounds 22
Elements Essential to Life 22
The Structure and Behavior of Atoms 22
Subatomic Particles 23
Atomic Number and Atomic Weight 24
Isotopes 24
Energy Levels 25
Electron Orbitals 27
Electron Configuration and Chemical Properties 27
Chemical Bonds and Molecules 28
Covalent Bonds 29
Ionic Bonds 31
Some Important Weak Bonds 32
Chemical Reactions 33
Methods: The Use of Radioactive Tracers in Biology 26
3 Water and the Fitness of the
Environment 36
Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding 37
Some Extraordinary Properties of Water 38
The Cohesiveness of Liquid Water 38
Water s High Specific Heat 39
Water s High Heat of Vaporization 40
Freezing and Expansion of Water 41
Water as a Versatile Solvent 42
Aqueous Solutions 44
Solute Concentration 44
Acids, Bases, and pH 45
4 Carbon and Molecular Diversity 51
The Foundations of Organic Chemistry 51
The Versatility of Carbon in Molecular Architecture 53
Variation in Carbon Skeletons 56
Isomers 56
Functional Groups 57
The Hydroxyl Group 58
The Carbonyl Group 58
The Carboxyl Group 59
The Amino Group 60
The Sulfhydryl Group 61
The Phosphate Group 61
The Elements of Life: A Review 61
Methods: Chromatography 54
5 Structure and Function of
Macromolecules 64
Polymers 64
Polymers and Molecular Diversity 65
Making and Breaking Polymers 65
Carbohydrates 66
Monosaccharides 66
Disaccharides 67
Polysaccharides 67
Xviii Detailed Contents
Lipids 71
Fats 71
Phospholipids 73
Steroids 73
Proteins 74
Amino Acids 75
Polypeptide Chains 77
Protein Conformation 77
Levels of Protein Structure 78
What Determines Conformation? 82
The Protein-Folding Problem 83
Nucleic Acids 83
Functions of Nucleic Acids: An Overview 83
Nucleotides 86
Polynucleotides 86
The Double Helix: An Introduction 87
Methods: Molecular Models and Computer Graphics 84
6 Introduction to Metabolism 92
The Metabolic Map 92
Energy: Some Basic Principles 94
Forms of Energy 94
Energy Transformations 94
Two Laws of Thermodynamics 94
Chemical Energy: A Closer Look 95
Heat of Reaction 96
Spontaneous Reactions 97
Free Energy 98
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions 99
Free Energy and Equilibrium 99
ATP and Cellular Work 100
Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP 100
How ATP Performs Work 101
Regeneration of ATP 101
Metabolic Disequilibrium 101
Enzymes 102
Enzymes and Activation Energy 102
Specificity of Enzymes 103
The Catalytic Cycle of Enzymes 104
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 105
The Control of Metabolism 108
Feedback Inhibition 108
Structural Order and Metabolism 109
Emergent Properties: A Reprise 109
UNIT TWO The Cell 113
Interview: Charles Leblond 113
7 A Tour of the Cell 116
How Cells Are Studied 117
Microscopy 117
Cell Fractionation 121
The Geography of the Cell: A Panoramic Overview 122
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 122
Cell Size 123
The Importance of Compartmental Organization 123
Membranes 122
The Nucleus 126
Ribosomes 129
The Endomembrane System 130
Endoplasmic Reticulum 130
The Golgi Apparatus 132
Lysosomes 134
Microbodies 135
Vacuoles 136
Relationships of Endomembranes: A Summary 137
Detailed Contents xix
Energy Transducers: Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts 140
Mitochondria 138
Chloroplasts 139
The Cytoskeleton 140
Microtubules 141
Microfilaments and Movement 144
Intermediate Filaments 146
The Cell Surface 147
Cell Walls 147
The Glycocalyx of Animal Cells 148
Intercellular Junctions 148
8 Membrane Structure and Function 154
Models of Membrane Structure 154
Two Generations of Membrane Models 155
The Fluid Mosaic Model: A Closer Look 157
Traffic of Small Molecules 162
Selective Permeability 162
Diffusion and Passive Transport 163
Osmosis: A Special Case of Passive Transport 164
Facilitated Diffusion 167
Active Transport 168
The Special Case of Ion Transport 168
Cotransport 170
Traffic of Large Molecules: Endocytosis and
Exocytosis 171
Membranes and ATP Synthesis 175
Methods: Freeze-Fracture and Freeze-Etch 158
Fermentation: The Anaerobic Alternative 194
Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Catabolism 196
Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis 197
Catabolism of Other Molecules 198
Biosynthesis 199
Control of Respiration 199
10 Photosynthesis 204
Chloroplasts: Sites Of Photosynthesis 206
How Plants Make Food: An Overview 206
The Splitting of Water 207
Photosynthesis as a Redox Process 208
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis 208
How the Light Reactions Capture Solar Energy 209
The Nature of Sunlight 209
Photosynthetic Pigments 210
The Photooxidation of Chlorophyll 212
The Two Photosystems 213
Cyclic Electron Flow 215
Noncyclic Electron How 215
Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and
Mitochondria 217
How the Calvin Cycle Makes Sugar 219
Photorespiration 221
C4 Plants 221
CAM Plants 223
The Fate of Photosynthetic Products 223
Methods: Determining an Absorption Spectrum 212
9 Respiration: How Cells Harvest
Chemical Energy 178
How Cells Make ATP: An Introduction 180
An Overview of Cellular Respiration 181
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation 181
Chemiosmotic Coupling: The Basic Principle 182
Redox Reactions in Metabolism 183
Respiration as a Redox Process 184
NAD+ and the Oxidation of Glucose 184
Glycolysis 185
The Krebs Cycle 188
Formation of Acetyl CoA: Linking Glycolysis to the
Krebs Cycle 188
How the Krebs Cycle Works 188
The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative
Phosphorylation 190
Electron Transport 190
Generation of the Proton Gradient 191
The Proton-Motive Force and ATP Synthesis 193
The ATP Ledger for Respiration 194
11 Reproduction of Cells 228
Bacterial Reproduction 229
Eukaryotic Chromosomes and Their Duplication 229
Reproduction of Cellular Organelles 231
The Cell Cycle 231
Phases of Mitosis 232
The Mitotic Spindle 233
Cytokinesis 233
Control of Cell Division 237
Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer Cells 238
XX Detailed Contents
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 275
Human Pedigrees 276
Recessively Inherited Disorders 276
Dominantly Inherited Disorders 278
Genetic Screening and Counseling 279
UNIT THREE The Gene 243
Interview: Nancy Wexler 243
12 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 248
The Scope of Genetics 248
Sexual Versus Asexual Reproduction 248
Introduction to Sexual Life Cycles: The Human
Example 250
Meiotic Cell Division 251
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 251
Sexual Sources of Genetic Variation 255
Independent Assortment of Chromosomes 255
Crossing Over 256
Random Fertilization 258
The Variety of Sexual Life Cydes-259
Methods: Preparation of a Karyotype 256
13 Mendel and the Gene Idea 262
Mendel s Model of Inheritance 263
Mendel s Methods 263
Mendel s Law of Segregation 264
Inheritance as a Game of Chance 268
Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment 269
From Genotype to Phenotype: Some
Complications 271
Intermediate Inheritance 271
Multiple Alleles 272
Pleiotropy 272
Penetrance and Expressivity 273
Epistasis 274
Polygenic Traits 274
14 The Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance 284
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 284
Morgan and the Drosophila School 286
Linked Genes: Exceptions to Independent
Assortment 288
The Chromosomal Basis of Recombination 289
Recombination of Unlinked Genes: Independent
Assortment 289
Recombination of Linked Genes: Crossing Over 289
Mapping Chromosomes 290
Maps Based on Crossover Data 291
Cytological Maps 291
The Chromosomal Basis of Sex 293
Systems of Sex Determination 294
Sex-Linked Inheritance 294
Gene Dosage Compensation 296
Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Traits 297
Chromosomal Alterations 298
Alterations of Chromosome Number 298
Alterations of Chromosome Structure 299
Chromosomal Alterations in Human Disease 299
Mapping Human Chromosomes 302
Extranuclear Inheritance 302
15 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 306
The Search for the Genetic Material 307
Evidence that DNA Can Transform Bacteria 307
Evidence that Viral DNA Can Program Cells 308
Additional Evidence that DNA Is the Genetic
Material of Cells 309
Discovery of the Double Helix 310
DNA Replication 312
The Template Concept 312
The Semiconservative Nature of DNA
Replication 313
Close-up on Replication 316
DNA Repair 318
Alternative Forms of DNA 319
Detailed Contents xxi
16 From Gene to Protein 322
How Genes Control Metabolism 322
Evidence that Genes Specify Enzymes 323
One Gene-One Polypeptide 326
The Languages of Macromolecules 326
Transcription, the Synthesis of RNA 327
Translation, the Synthesis of Protein 328
Transfer RNA 329
Amino Acid Activating Enzymes 330
Ribosomes 330
The Process of Protein Synthesis 332
Creation of a Functional Protein 334
Sites of Protein Synthesis 334
The Genetic Code 335
The Wobble Phenomenon 336
Universality of the Genetic Code 336
Split Genes and RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 337
RNA: A Review 339
Mutations and Their Effects on Proteins 340
Types of Mutations 340
Conditional Mutations 341
Mutagenesis 341
Methods: Identification ofNeurospom Mutants 324
17 The Genetics of Viruses and
Bacteria 348
The Discovery of Viruses 348
Viral Structure 350
Viral Genomes 350
Capsids and Envelopes 350
The Replication of Viruses 350
Genome Replication 350
Self-Assembly of Virus Particles 352
Host Specificity 352
Bacterial Viruses 352
The Lytic Cycle 353
The Lysogenic Cycle 354
Plant Viruses and Viroids 355
Animal Viruses 356
Replication Cycles of Animal Viruses 356
Viral Diseases in Animals 357
Viruses and Cancer 358
The Origin of Viruses 360
The Bacterium and its Genome 361
Transfer and Recombination of Bacterial Genes 362
Mapping the Bacterial Chromosome 364
Plasmids 366
Transposons 366
The Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes 367
Constitutive Genes and Their Control 367
Operons and Their Control: A Repressible
Operon 368
An Inducible Operon 370
Operon Regulation and the E coli Economy 371
Catabolite Activator Protein: An Example of Positive
Control 372
18 Control of Gene Expression and
Development in Eukaryotes 377
Packing of DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes 379
Beads on a String 380
Higher Levels of DNA Packing 380
The Control of Gene Expression 380
The Role of DNA Packing and Methylation 380
Transcriptional Control 382
Posttranscriptional Control 383
Eukaryotic Gene Organization and Its Evolution 384
Multigene Families 384
Highly Repetitive Sequences 386
The Program for Development 386
Determination of Embryonic Cells 386
Differentiation 386
Genomic Equivalence 387
Genes that Control Development 390
Cancer: Cells Out of Control 390
Homeotic Genes and Homeoboxes 391
Genome Modification 392
Gene Amplification 392
Selective Gene Loss 392
Rearrangements in the Genome 392
Aging as a Stage in Development 394
Epigenesis Versus Preformation 394
Methods: Choosing a Model Organism for Studying the
Genetics of Development 395
19 Recombinant DNA Technology 399
Basic Strategies of Gene Manipulation 400
Restriction Enzymes 401
Gene-Cloning Vectors 402
Sources of Genes for Cloning 402
Finding the Gene 405
DNA Synthesis and Sequencing 406
Making the Gene Product 406
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 408
The Human Genome Project 409
Medicine 410
Agriculture 414
Safety and Policy Matters 416
Methods: Gel Electrophoresis of Macromolecules 403
Methods: Gene Cloning in a Plasmid 404
Methods: Sequencing of DNA By the Sanger Method 407
Methods: RFLP Analysis 412
xxii Detailed Contents
UNIT FOUR Mechanisms of
Evolution 419
Interview: Niles Eldredge 419
20 Descent with Modification: A
Darwinian View of Life 423
Pre-Darwinian Views 424
The Scale of Life and Natural Theology 424
Cuvier, Fossils, and Catastrophism 425
Gradualism in Geology 427
Lamarck s Theory of Evolution 427
On the Origin of Darwinism 428
The Voyage of the Beagle 428
Darwin Frames His View of Life 429
The Concepts of Darwinism 430
The Principle of Common Descent 430
Natural Selection and Adaptation 430
Some Subtleties of Natural Selection 432
Natural Selection at Work: A Case History 432
The Modern Synthesis 433
Evidence for Evolution 434
Biogeography 434
The Fossil Record 434
Taxonomy 435
Comparative Anatomy 435
Comparative Embryology 436
Molecular Biology 436
21 How Populations Evolve 439
The Genetics of Populations 439
The Gene Pool and Microevolution 440
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem 441
Causes of Microevolution 442
Genetic Drift 443
Gene Flow 444
Mutation 444
Nonrandom Mating 445
Natural Selection 445
The Genetic Basis of Variation 446
The Nature and Extent of Variation Within and
Between Populations 446
Sources of Variation 448
How Variation is Preserved 449
Is All Variation Adaptive? 450
Adaptive Evolution 451
Fitness 451
What Selection Acts On 453
Modes of Natural Selection 454
Sexual Selection 455
Does Evolution Fashion Perfect Organisms? 456
The Tempo of Microevolution 456
22 The Origin of Species 459
The Species Problem 460
Two Concepts of Species 460
Limitations of the Biological Species Concept 461
Reproductive Barriers 463
Prezygotic Barriers 463
Postzygotic Barriers 464
Introgression 465
The Biogeography of Speciation 465
Allopatric Speciation 465
Parapatric Speciation 468
Sympatric Speciation 470
Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation 472
Speciation by Divergence 472
Speciation by Peak Shifts 473
How Much Genetic Change is Required for
Speciation 474
Gradual and Punctuated Interpretations of
Speciation 474
23 Macroevolution 479
The Record of the Rocks 479
Fossils 480
The Geological Time Scale 480
Systematics: Tracing Phylogeny 484
Taxonomy 485
Sorting Homology from Analogy 486
Molecular Systematics 487
Schools of Taxonomy 490
Detailed Contents XXiii
Mechanisms of Macroevolution 492
Origins of Evolutionary Novelties 493
What Produces Evolutionary Trends? 494
Continental Drift and Macroevolution 497
Punctuations in the History of Biological
Diversity 499
Is a New Synthesis Necessary? 501
Methods: Producing a Phenogram 490
UNIT FIVE The Evolutionary History of
Biological Diversity 505
Interview: William Schopf 505
24 Early Earth and the Origin of Life 510
Formation of the Earth 511
The Antiquity of Life 512
The Origin of Life 513
Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers 514
Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers 515
Formation of Protobionts 515
The Origin of Genetic Information 516
The Kingdoms of Life 518
25 Prokaryotes and the Origins of
Metabolic Diversity 522
Prokaryotic Form and Function 523
Morphology of Prokaryotes 523
The Prokaryotic Genome 523
Membranous Organization 524
The Cell Surface 524
Motility of Prokaryotes 525
Reproduction and Growth of Prokaryotes 526
Metabolic Diversity 529
The Diversity of Prokaryotes 529
The Status of Prokaryotic Taxonomy 529
Archaebacteria 530
Eubacteria 531
The Importance of Prokaryotes 534
Prokaryotes and Chemical Cycles 534
Symbiotic Bacteria 534
Bacteria and Disease 534
Putting Bacteria to Work 534
The Origins of Metabolic Diversity 535
Nutrition of the Earliest Prokaryotes 536
The Origin of Electron Transport Chains 536
The Origin of Photosynthesis 536
The Oxygen Revolution and the Origins of
Respiration 537
Methods: The Gram Stain 526
26 Protists and the Origin of
Eukaryotes 540
Characteristics of Protists 541
The Boundaries of Kingdom Protista 541
Protozoa 542
Rhizopoda 543
Actinopoda 543
Foraminifera 544
Apicomplexa 544
Zoomastigina 544
Ciliophora 546
Algal Protists 546
Dinoflagellata 547
Chrysophyta 547
Bacillariophyta 549
Euglenophyta 549
Chlorophyta 550
Phaeophyta 552
Rhodophyta 553
Protists Resembling Fungi 554
Myxomycota 555
Acrasiomycota 555
Oomycota 555
The Origin of Eukaryotes 558
The Antiquity of Eukaryotes 558
Models of Eukaryotic Origins 558
The Origins of Multicellularity 560
xxiv Detailed Contents
27 Plants and the Colonization of Land 564
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom 564
General Characteristics of Plants 564
A Generalized View of Plant Reproduction and Life
Cycles 565
Some Highlights of Plant Evolution 566
Classification of Plants 567
The Move Onto Land 568
The Case for Green Algae as the Ancestors of
Plants 568
Division Bryophyta 568
Terrestrial Adaptations of Vascular Plants 570
The Earliest Vascular Plants 571
Seedless Vascular Plants 572
Division Psilophyta 572
Division Lycophyta 573
Division Sphenophyta 573
Division Pterophyta 574
The Coal Forests 575
Terrestrial Adaptations of Seed Plants 575
Gymnosperms 575
Division Coniferophyta 576
The History of Gymnosperms 578
Angiosperms 580
The Flower 580
The Fruit 582
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm 583
The Rise of Angiosperms 584
Relationships Between Angiosperms and
Animals 584
28 Fungi 589
Characteristics of Fungi 589
Nutrition 590 ___
Structure 590 ___
Reproduction 591
Diversity of Fungi 592
Division Zygomycota 592
Division Ascomycota 593
Division Basidiomycota 595
Division Deuteromycota 596
Lichens 597
Ecological and Commercial Importance of Fungi 599
Fungi as Decomposers 599
Mycorrhizae 599
Commercial Uses of Fungi 599
Fungi as Spoilers 600
Pathogenic Fungi 600
Evolution of Fungi 601
29 Invertebrates and the Origin of Animal
Diversity 603
Characteristics of Animals 603
Clues to Animal Phylogeny 604
Major Branches of the Animal Kingdom 604
Development and Body Plan 605
The Protostome-Deuterostome Dichotomy 606
Parazoa (Phylum Porifera) 607
Radiata 610
Phylum Cnidaria 610
Phylum Ctenophora 611
Acoelomates 611
Phylum Platyhelminthes 611
Phylum Nemertea 615
Pseudocoelomates 615
Phylum Rotifera 615
Phylum Nematoda 615
Protostomes 616
Phylum Mollusca 616
Phylum Annelida 620
Phylum Arthropoda 622
The Lophophorate Animals 631
Deuterostomes 632
Phylum Echinodermata 632
Phylum Chordata 634
The Origins of Animal Diversity 635
30 The Vertebrate Genealogy 641
Phylum Chordata 641
Chordate Characteristics 641
Chordates Without Backbones 642
The Origin of Vertebrates 644
Vertebrate Characteristics 644
Class Agnatha 645
Class Placodermi 646
Class Chondrichthyes 647
Class Osteichthyes 648
Class Amphibia 650
Early Amphibians 651
Modern Amphibians 651
Class Reptilia 653
Reptilian Characteristics 653
The Age of Reptiles 654
Reptiles of Today 655
Class Aves 655
Characteristics of Birds 655
The Origin of Birds 658
Modern Birds 659
Detailed Contents XXV
Class Mammalia 659
Mammalian Characteristics 659
Evolution of Mammals 659
Monotremes 660
Marsupials 661
Placental Mammals 661
The Human Ancestry 664
Evolutionary Trends in Primates 664
Modern Primates 665
The Emergence of Humankind 666
UNIT SIX Plants: Form and Function 675
Interview: Ruth Satter 675
31 Anatomy of a Plant 680
The Parts of a Flowering Plant 682
The Root System 682
The Shoot System 683
Plant Cells and Tissues 686
How Plant Cells Grow 686
Types of Plant Cells 687
Plant Tissues 691
Tissue Systems 691
Primary Growth 692
Indeterminate Growth 692
Primary Growth of Roots 692
Primary Growth of Shoots 695
Secondary Growth 698
Secondary Growth of Stems 698
Secondary Growth of Roots 701
32 Transport in Plants 704
Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots 704
Active Accumulation of Mineral Ions 704
Entry of Water and Minerals into Xylem 706
Ascent of Xylem Sap 707
Water Potential 707
Root Pressure 708
The Transpiration-Cohesion-Adhesion Theory 709
The Control of Transpiration 711
The Photosynthesis-Transpiration Compromise 711
How Stomata Open and Close 712
Leaf Adaptations That Reduce Transpiration 714
Transport in Phloem 714
Source-to-Sink Transport 715
Phloem Loading and Unloading 716
Pressure Flow 717
Methods: Measuring Water Potential in Leaves 712
33 Plant Nutrition 721
Nutritional Requirements of Plants 722
Chemical Composition of Plants 722
Essential Nutrients 723
Mineral Deficiencies 725
SoU 726
Texture and Composition of Soils 726
Availability of Soil Water and Minerals 727
Soil Management 728
Nitrogen Assimilation by Plants 730
Nitrogen Fixation 730
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 731
Improving the Protein Yield of Crops 732
Some Nutritional Adaptations of Plants 732
Parasitic Plants 733
Carnivorous Plants 733
Mycorrhizae 735
Methods: Hydroponic Culture to Identify Essential
Nutrients 723
34 Plant Reproduction 738
Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants 738
The Flower 739
Alternation of Generations: A Review 739
Development of Pollen 741
Development of Ovules 743
Pollination and Fertilization 743
The Seed 744
Development of the Fruit 745
Seed Germination 748
Asexual Reproduction 751
Natural Mechanisms of Vegetative
Reproduction 751
Vegetative Propagation in Agriculture 751
A Comparison of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
in Plants 754
XXvi Detailed Contents
35 Control Systems in Plants 757
The Search for a Plant Hormone 758
Functions of Plant Hormones 760
Auxin 760
Cytokinins 762
Gibberellins 763
Abscisic Acid 765
Ethylene 766
Some Unanswered Questions About Plant
Hormones 767
Plant Movements 767
Tropisms 767
Turgor Movements 769
Orcadian Rhythms and The Biological Clock 770
Photoperiodism 771
Photoperiodic Control of Flowering 771
Phytochrome 772
Role of the Biological Clock in Photoperiodism 773
Methods: Bioassay 764
UNIT SEVEN Animals: Form and Function 777
Interview: George Bartholomew 777
36 Introduction to Animal Structure and
Physiology 781
Levels of Structural Organization 782
Animal Tissues 782
Organs and Organ Systems 787
Size, Shape, and the External Environment 788
The Internal Environment 788
37 Animal Nutrition 793
Feeding Mechanisms 793
Digestion: A Comparative Introduction 795
Enzymatic Hydrolysis 795
Intracellular Digestion in Food Vacuoles 796
Digestion in Gastrovascular Cavities 796
Digestion in Alimentary Canals 796
The Mammalian Digestive System 798
Oral Cavity 798
Pharynx 800
Esophagus 808
Stomach 800
Small Intestine 802
Large Intestine 804
Some Adaptations of Vertebrate Digestive
Systems 806
Nutritional Requirements 807
Food as Fuel 807
Food for Fabrication 810
Essential Nutrients 810
Methods: Measuring Metabolic Rate 809
38 Circulation and Gas Exchange 817
Internal Transport in Invertebrates 818
Gastrovascular Cavities 818
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 818
Circulation in Vertebrates 819
Vertebrate Circulatory Schemes 820
The Heart 821
Blood How 824
Capillary Exchange 828
The Lymphatic System 828
Blood 829
Plasma 829
Blood Cells 830
Blood Clotting 830
Cardiovascular Disease 831
Gas Exchange 834
General Problems of Gas Exchange 834
General Structure and Function of Respiratory
Organs 834
Gills: Respiratory Adaptations of Aquatic
Animals 835
Tracheae: Respiratory Adaptations of Insects 836
Lungs: Respiratory Adaptations of Terrestrial
Vertebrates 839
Methods: Measurement of Blood Pressure 826
Detailed Contents XXVii
39 The Immune System 849
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms 849
The Skin and Mucous Membranes 850
Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells 850
The Inflammatory Response 851
Antimicrobial Proteins 851
Specific Defense Mechanisms: The Immune
Response 853
Duality of the Immune System 854
Cells of the Immune System 854
Antigens 855
Gonal Selection 856
Immunological Memory 857
The Humoral Immune Response 858
Cell-Mediated Immunity 862
Self Versus Nonself 867
Blood Groups 867
The Major Histocompatibility Complex 867
Disorders of the Immune System 868
Autoimmunity 868
Immunological Aspects of Cancer 868
Allergy 868
Immunodeficiency 869
AIDS 869
Stress and Immunity 870
Methods: Production of Monoclonal Antibodies with
Hybridomas 865
40 Controlling the Internal
Environment 874
Osmoregulation 875
Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators 876
Problems of Osmoregulation in Different
Environments 876
Transport Epithelia and Osmoregulation 878
Excretory Systems of Invertebrates 879
Protonephridia: Flame-Cell System of
Flatworms 879
Metanephridia of Earthworms 881
Malpighian Tubules of Insects 881
The Vertebrate Kidney 882
Anatomy of the Excretory System 882
Structure of the Nephron 882
General Physiology of the Nephron 884
Transport Properties of the Renal Tubule 886
How the Mammalian Kidney Conserves Water:
A Closer Look 888
Regulation of the Kidneys 889
Comparative Physiology of the Kidney 892
Nitrogenous Wastes 892
Ammonia 892
Urea 893
Uric Acid 893
Regulation of Body Temperature 894
Heat Production and Transfer Between
Organisms and their Environment 894
Ectotherms and Endotherms 895
Thermoregulation in Terrestrial Mammals 895
Some Thermoregulatory Adaptations in Other
Animals 898
Temperature Acclimation 901
Torpor 901
Interaction of Regulatory Systems 902
41 Chemical Coordination 906
Chemical Messengers of the Body 907
Hormones 907
Pheromones 907
Local Regulators 908
Growth Factors 908
Prostaglandins 908
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 909
Steroid Hormones and Gene Expression 909
Peptide Hormones and Second Messengers 910
Invertebrate Hormones 915
The Vertebrate Endocrine System 916
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 916
The Thyroid Gland 921
The Parathyroid Glands 922
The Pancreas 922
The Adrenal Glands 923
The Gonads 926
Other Endocrine Organs 927
Endocrine Glands and The Nervous System 927
42 Animal Reproduction 930
Modes of Reproduction 930
Asexual Reproduction 930
Sexual Reproduction 931
Reproductive Cycles and Patterns 931
Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction 933
Patterns of Fertilization and Development 933
Diversity in Reproductive Systems 934
Mammalian Reproduction 936
Anatomy of Reproduction 936
Hormonal Control of Mammalian
Reproduction 939
Gamete Formation (Gametogenesis) 943
Sexual Maturation 946
Conception, Pregnancy, and Birth 946
Reproductive Technology 951
43 Animal Development 955
Fertilization 956
The Acrosomal Reaction 956
The Cortical Reaction 957
Activation of the Egg 957
XXViii Detailed Contents
Early Stages of Embryonic Development 959
Cleavage 959
Gastrulation 960
Organogenesis 960
Comparative Embryology of Vertebrates 961
Amphibian Development 961
Avian Development 964
Mammalian Development 965
Mechanisms of Development 967
Polarity of the Embryo 967
Cytoplasmic Determinants 969
Mosaic and Regulative Development 970
Fate Maps 970
Morphogenetic Movements 970
Induction 971
Determination and Differentiation 971
Pattern Formation 974
44 Nervous Systems 978
Cells of the Nervous System 979
Neurons 979
Supporting Cells 981
Transmission Along Neurons 981
The Resting Potential 981
Stimulation and Graded Potentials 982
The Action Potential 984
Propagation of the Nerve Impulse 986
Rate of Transmission 987
The Synapse: Transmission Between Cells 987
Electrical Synapses 988
Chemical Synapses 988
Summation: Integration at the Cellular Level 989
Neurotransmitters and Receptors 992
Neural Circuits and Clusters 994
Invertebrate Nervous Systems 994
The Vertebrate Nervous System 996
Peripheral Nervous System 997
Central Nervous System 997
Integration and Higher Brain Functions 1003
Methods: Measuring Membrane Potentials 983
45 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1011
Sensory Receptors 1011
Sensation and Perception 1012
General Function of Sensory Receptors 1012
Types of Receptors 1013
Vision 1016
Light Receptors and Vision of Invertebrates 1016
Vertebrate Vision 1018
Hearing and Balance 1024
The Mammalian Ear 1024
Hearing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates 1027
Sensory Organs for Hearing and Balance in
Invertebrates 1028
Taste and Smell 1030
Introduction to Animal Movement 1031
Skeletons and Their Roles in Movement 1032
Hydrostatic Skeletons 1033
Exoskeletons 1034
Endoskeletons 1043
Muscles 1035
Structure and Physiology of Vertebrate Skeletal
Muscles 1036
Other Types of Muscles 1041
UNIT EIGHT Ecology 1045
Interview: Jane Goodall 1045
46 Diverse Environments of the Biosphere:
An Introduction to Ecology 1050
The Scope and Development of Ecology 1051
The Questions of Ecology 1051
Ecology as an Experimental Science 1052
Ecology and Evolution 1053
Environmental Diversity of the Biosphere 1053
Some Important Abiotic Factors 1053
An Integrated Approach to the Physical
Environment 1055
Responses of Organisms to Environmental
Change 1056
Behavioral Responses 1056
Physiological Responses 1057
Morphological Responses 1058
Adaptation over Evolutionary Time 1058
Terrestrial Biomes 1058
Tropical Forest 1062
Savanna 1063
Desert 1064
Chaparral 1065
Temperate Grassland 1065
Temperate Forest 1065
Taiga 1067
Tundra 1067
Detailed Contents xxix
Aquatic Communities 1068
Freshwater Communities 1068
Marine Communities 1070
47 Population Ecology 1074
Density and Dispersion 1075
Measuring Density 1076
Patterns of Dispersion 1076
Demography 1078
Age and Sex Structure 1078
Life Tables and Survivorship Curves 1079
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115674012 |
| author_facet | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 |
| author_variant | n a c na nac |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV006149211 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH308 |
| callnumber-raw | QH308.2 |
| callnumber-search | QH308.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3308.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_tum | BIO 100f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)26314059 (DE-599)BVBBV006149211 |
| dewey-full | 574 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 574 - [Unassigned] |
| dewey-raw | 574 |
| dewey-search | 574 |
| dewey-sort | 3574 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Schulbuch Aufsatzsammlung Aufgabensammlung Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV006149211 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:41:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0805318003 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003888345 |
| oclc_num | 26314059 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 DE-B768 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-188 DE-B768 |
| physical | XXX, 1165 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1990 |
| publishDateSearch | 1990 |
| publishDateSort | 1990 |
| publisher | Benjamin/Cummings |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Verfasser (DE-588)115674012 aut Biology Neil A. Campbell 2. ed. Redwood City, Calif. u.a. Benjamin/Cummings 1990 XXX, 1165 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologie gtt Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 gnd rswk-swf Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 gnd rswk-swf Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4053458-3 Schulbuch gnd-content 2\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content 3\p (DE-588)4143389-0 Aufgabensammlung gnd-content 4\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s DE-604 Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 s Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 s 5\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003888345&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Biology Biologie gtt Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 gnd Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 gnd Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
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| title | Biology |
| title_auth | Biology |
| title_exact_search | Biology |
| title_full | Biology Neil A. Campbell |
| title_fullStr | Biology Neil A. Campbell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biology Neil A. Campbell |
| title_short | Biology |
| title_sort | biology |
| topic | Biologie gtt Biology Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd Biologieunterricht (DE-588)4006855-9 gnd Gymnasium (DE-588)4022648-7 gnd Oberstufe (DE-588)4259045-0 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie Biology Biologieunterricht Gymnasium Oberstufe Ökologie Schulbuch Aufsatzsammlung Aufgabensammlung Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003888345&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT campbellneila biology |