Practical logic:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1988
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0030126932 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Barry, Vincent E. |c Dozent für Philosophie |d 1941- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1089651015 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Practical logic |c Vincent E. Barry ; Douglas J. Soccio |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Holt, Rinehart and Winston |c 1988 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 490 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003869005 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120347653439488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Third Edition
PRACTICAL
LOGIC
Vincent E Barry
BAKERSFIELD COLLEGE
Douglas J Soccio
SHASTA COLLEGE
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc
New York Chicago San Francisco Philadelphia
Montreal Toronto London Sydney Tokyo
CONTENTS
PART ONE ARGUMENT AND LANGUAGE 1
CHAPTER 1 ARGUMENT 3
Argument 4
Parts of an Argument 6
• Recognizing Arguments 8
Signal Words 9
Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Deductive Argument 11
Inductive Argument 12
Justification, Validity, Truth 13
Soundness 15
Summary 16
Summary Questions 17
Additional Exercises 17
CHAPTER 2 THE LOGICAL VS
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL 20
The Logical vs the Psychological
Needs 23
Physical Needs 24
Emotional Needs 24
Actualizing Needs 25
Stress and Clear Thinking 26
Anxiety 27
Guilt 27
Defense Mechanisms 28
Scapegoating 29
Projection 30
Introjection 30
Methods of Distortion 31
Denial 32
Distraction 32
Rationalizing 33
ix
X CONTENTS
Prejudging 34
Stereotyping 35
Summary 36
Summary Questions 37
Additional Exercises 38
CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGE AND LOGIC 40
Language and Logic 42
Saying What We See (Language As Reflecting Thought) 44
Seeing What We Say (Language As Influencing
Experience) 46
Definition and Meaning 48
Denotation 48
Connotation 48
Rules for Objective Connotation 50
Additional Definitions 52
Obscure Language Use 53
Euphemism 53
Slang 56
Jargon 60
Society and Truth 65
Summary 67
Summary Questions 68
Additional Exercises 68
PART TWO INFORMAL FALLACIES 71
CHAPTER 4 FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY 73
Fallacies 75
Meaningfulness, Vagueness, and Ambiguity 75
Vague Language 76
Ambiguous Language 76
Fallacies of Ambiguity 78
Equivocation 78
Accent 79
Amphiboly 80
Composition 81
Division 82
Meaningless Claim 83
Cliche Thinking 84
Hairsplitting (Trivial Objection) 85
Summary 87
Summary Questions 88
Additional Exercises 88
CHAPTER 5 FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE 90
Reliance on Emotion 92
Ad Hominem 93
Poisoning the Well 94
CONTENTS
Mob Appeal 95
Pity 97
Fear or Force 98
Reliance on Diversion 100
Red Herring 100
Humor and Ridicule 101
Two Wrongs Make a Right 102
Straw Man 104
Reliance on Assumption 105
Begging the Question 106
Loaded Epithets 107
Complex Question 108
Dismissal 109
Invincible Ignorance 110
Summary 111
Summary Questions 113
Additional Exercises 113
PART THREE KNOWLEDGE 117
CHAPTER 6 THE MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE 119
Belief 121
Truth 122
Truth Is Not Relative 123
The Fallacy of the Argument from Ignorance 123
Justification 125
Subjective Claims and Objective Claims 126
Evaluating Evidence 127
Physical Conditions 128
Sensory Acuity 128
Necessary Background Knowledge 129
Objectivity 129
Supporting Testimony 130
The Fallacy of Unknowable Fact 130
The Fallacy of Provincialism 132
Summary 132
Summary Questions 133
Additional Exercises 133
CHAPTER 7 THE SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE 136
Possible Sources of Knowledge 137
Senses 138
Reason 140
Authority 141
Intuition 149
Rationalism and Empiricism 151
Summary 154
Summary Questions 154
Additional Exercises 155
Xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8 BOGUS KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS 158
Pseudoscience 160
The New Sophists and their Sophistries 163
Psychological Sophistry 165
Success Sophistry 167
Spiritual and Psychic Sophistry 169
Summary 174
Summary Questions 174
Additional Exercises 175
PART FOUR INDUCTION 177
CHAPTER 9 INDUCTIVE REASONING:
GENERALIZATION AND ANALOGY 179
Inductive Generalization 181
Strong Generalizations 182
Weak Generalizations 183
Statistical Generalizations 183
Reliable Generalizations 184
Comprehensiveness 185
Size 185
Randomness 186
Margin for Error 186
Analogy 188
Evaluating Analogical Arguments 191
Number of Entities Involved 191
Number of Relevant Likenesses 191
Number of Differences 191
Strength of the Conclusion Relative to the Premises 192
The Value of Analogical Arguments 194
Inductive Fallacies 195
Hasty Conclusion 195
Accident 197
Guilt by Association 198
False Analog) 200
Summary 202
Summary Questions 204
Additional Exercises 204
CHAPTER 10 SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND
HYPOTHESES 210
Scientific Method 212
The Five Basic Steps in Scientific Method 213
Criteria for Evaluating Hypotheses 218
Relevance 218
Compatibility 219
Testability 221
Predictability 223
CONTENTS XiH
Simplicity 224
Summary 227
Summary Questions 227
Additional Exercises 228
CHAPTER 11 CAUSE 232
The Idea of Cause 234
Causal Concepts 236
Necessary Cause 236
Sufficient Cause 236
Necessary and Sufficient Cause 236
Contributory Cause 237
Methods for Establishing Probable Cause 238
Agreement 239
Difference 239
Concomitant Variation 240
Correlations and Causes 241
Fallacies of Causation 244
Questionable Causation 244
Post Hoc 244
Slippery Slope 245
Magical Thinking 245
Oversimplification 246
Summary 249
Summary Questions 250
Additional Exercises 250
CHAPTER 12 STATISTICS 257
Studies, Surveys, Polls 258
Studies 259
Polk and Surveys 260
Statistics and Fallacies 263
The Fallacy of Biased Sample 263
The Fallacy of Equivocation 266
The Fallacy of Biased Question 271
The Fallacy of False Dilemma 273
The Fallacy of Concealed Evidence 274
Summary 280
Summary Questions 281
Additional Exercises 282
PART FIVE DEDUCTION 285
CHAPTER 13 CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS 287
Induction and Deduction 290
Categorical Propositions 292
Prepositional Form 293
Distribution 296
XiV CONTENTS
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 299
Form 301
Spotting the Conclusion 302
Logical Analogies 304
Summary 307
Summary Questions 3O7
Additional Exercises 3O8
CHAPTER 14 TESTING CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
FOR VALIDITY 309
Venn Diagrams 311
Using Venn Diagrams 316
Crescents and Ellipses 321
Rules of Validity 323
Summary 330
Summary Question 332
Additional Exercises 332
CHAPTER 15 RECONSTRUCTING ARGUMENTS 333
Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form 335
Arguments with Logical Equivalencies 336
Propositions Containing Singular Terms 337
Propositions Containing Adjectival Phrases 337
Propositions Lacking the Verb to Be 337
Propositions Containing Irregular Quantifiers 338
Propositions Lacking Subject or Predicate Terms 338
Propositions Using Only and None But 339
Propositions Containing Two Statements: Affirmative and
Negative 340
The Enthymeme 343
The Sorites 346
Rational Reconstruction and Validity 350
Principle of Charity 350
Three Steps to Rational Reconstruction 351
Two Things to Avoid in Reconstruction 353
Four Things to Do in Reconstruction 358
Contextually Accurate Reconstruction 361
Summary 364
Summary Questions 364
Additional Exercises 365
CHAPTER 16 SYMBOLIC LOGIC: DISJUNCTIVE AND
CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISMS 367
The Statement Calculus 368
Statement Variables 369
Logical Operators 369
Punctuation 369
Negation 370
Conjunction 371
Disjunction 372
CONTENTS X V
Material Implication 373
Disjunctive and Conditional Syllogisms 374
Disjunctive Syllogisms 374
Conditional (Hypothetical) Syllogisms 379
The Dilemma 382
The Counterdilemma 384
Summary 387
Summary Questions 388
Additional Exercises 388
PART SIX EVALUATION AND VALUES 391
CHAPTER 17 EVALUATING ARGUMENTS: NORMATIVE
AND NONNORMATIVE 393
Evaluating Arguments: An Eight-Step Procedure 395
Fallacies Covered In Text 397
Values and Value Judgments 404
Normative and Nonnormative Statements 404
Normative Arguments 406
The Problem of Truth 407
Assessing Normative Statements 409
Summary 417
Summary Questions 417
Additional Exercises 418
CHAPTER 18 THE EXTENDED ARGUMENT: A
STRATEGY 422
The Extended Argument 426
Argument and Persuasion 426
Ingredients 427
A Strategy for Extended Argument Evaluation 439
Paragraph Scrutiny 440
Application 441
Summary 447
Summary Question 447
Additional Exercises 448
Glossary 452
Answers to Selected Exercises 460
Index 485
To the Student Form
|
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| author | Barry, Vincent E. Dozent für Philosophie 1941- Soccio, Douglas J. |
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| discipline | Philosophie |
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| spelling | Barry, Vincent E. Dozent für Philosophie 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)1089651015 aut Practical logic Vincent E. Barry ; Douglas J. Soccio 3. ed. New York u.a. Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1988 XV, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Logic Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd rswk-swf Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 s DE-604 Soccio, Douglas J. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003869005&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Barry, Vincent E. Dozent für Philosophie 1941- Soccio, Douglas J. Practical logic Logic Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd |
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| title | Practical logic |
| title_auth | Practical logic |
| title_exact_search | Practical logic |
| title_full | Practical logic Vincent E. Barry ; Douglas J. Soccio |
| title_fullStr | Practical logic Vincent E. Barry ; Douglas J. Soccio |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practical logic Vincent E. Barry ; Douglas J. Soccio |
| title_short | Practical logic |
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| topic | Logic Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Logic Logik |
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