Critical thinking: evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Mountain View, Ca.
Mayfield
1989
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 470 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0874848415 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Critical thinking |b evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |c Brooke Noel Moore ; Richard Parker |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120317101080576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Critical thinking
Autor: Moore, Brooke Noel
Jahr: 1989
Contents
Preface xiii
Part One Claims
1 What Is Critical Thinking? 2
Claims and Critical Thinking 3
Claims and Reasons 4
The Purposes Behind Claims 6
Supported and Unsupported Claims 8
The Issue 10
Critical Thinking and Clear Writing 12
Recap 12
Exercises 1-1 through 1-6 13
2 Understanding Claims 21
Sources of Unclarity: Ambiguity 22
Exercises 2-1 and 2-2 25
Vagueness 27
Exercises 2-3 through 2-6 29
Unfamiliar Words 31
Exercise 2-7 32
Meaning and Definition 32
Exercises 2-8 through 2-10 35
Analytically True Claims 38
Exercise 2-11 39
Complexity 40
Exercises 2-12 through 2-14 45
Understanding Spoken Claims 47
Exercise 2-15 49
Recap 50
Exercises 2-16 through 2-24 50
3 Evaluating Informative Claims 58
Conflicting Claims 59
Exercises 3-1 and 3-2 60
Conflicts with Personal Observations 61
Exercises 3-3 through 3-7 63
Conflicts with Background Knowledge 65
Exercise 3-8 66
Assessing Credibility 67
Expertise 67
Observer Credibility 73
Reference Works 74
Government Publications 75
The News Media 75
Recap 76
Exercises 3-9 through 3-14 77
4 Explanations 83
Explanations and Arguments 83
Explanations and Justifications 85
Kinds of Explanations 86
Physical Explanations 87
Psychological Explanations 92
Functional Explanations 94
Evaluating Explanations 95
Testability 96
Noncircularity 96
Relevance 97
Freedom from Excessive Vagueness 97
Reliability 98
Explanatory Power 98
Freedom from Unnecessary Assumptions 99
Consistency with Well-Established Theory 100
Consideration of a Common Cause 100
Explanatory Comparisons (Analogies) 101
Recap 103
Exercises 4-1 through 4-9 104
5 Nonargumentative Persuasion 116
Slanters 117
Euphemisms 117
Innuendo 119
Loaded Questions 119
Weaslers 120
Downplayers 122
Proof Surrogates 123
Stereotypes 123
Hyperbole 124
Persuasive Definitions, Explanations, and Comparisons 126
Exercises 5-1 through 5-5 128
Information Tailoring and the News 132
Who Makes the News? 132
Who Brings Us the News? 134
And Who s Paying Attention? 135
Exercises 5-6 through 5-8 136
Advertising 137
Exercises 5-9 and 5-10 141
Recap 142
Exercises 5-11 through 5-15 142
6 Pseudoreasoning I 146
The Subjectivist Fallacy 148
Appeal to Belief 150
Appeal to the Consequences of Belief 152
Scare Tactics 154
Appeal to Pity 155
Peer Pressure (the Bandwagon) 157
Apple Polishing 158
The Horse Laugh 159
Appeal to Spite or Indignation 161
Two Wrongs Make a Right 162
Recap 164
Exercises 6-1 through 6-13 164
7 Pseudoreasoning II 177
Ad Hominem 178
Selfish Rationalizing 181
Burden of Proof 182
Straw Man 184
False Dilemma 186
Slippery Slope 188
Recap 189
Exercises 7-1 through 7-8 190
X Contents
1 I
Part Two Arguments r
8 Understanding and Evaluating Arguments 202
The Anatomy of Arguments 202
Exercises 8-1 through 8-5 205
Deduction and Induction 209
Exercises 8-6 through 8-9 213
Unstated Premises 215
Exercises 8-10 through 8-13 216
Techniques for Understanding Arguments 218
Clarifying an Argument s Structure 218
Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing 221
Evaluating Arguments 222
Are the Premises Acceptable? 222
Do the Premises Support the Conclusion? 223
Recap 223
Exercises 8-14 through 8-19 223
9 Common Patterns of Deductive Arguments 232
Arguments and Argument Patterns 233
Argument Patterns: Set One 234
Modus Ponens 234
Affirming the Consequent 235
Exercise 9-1 237
Modus Tollens 238
Denying the Antecedent 238
Exercise 9-2 240
Chain Argument 240
Reverse Chain Argument 241
Exercises 9-3 and 9-4 242
Argument Patterns: Set Two 243
Valid Conversions 244
Invalid Conversions 245
Exercises 9-5 and 9-6 246
Valid Syllogisms 247
Invalid Syllogisms 248
Exercises 9-7 and 9-8 250
Indirect Proof 252
Begging the Question 255
Recap 257
Exercises 9-9 through 9-11 258
10 Generalization and Related Inductive Reasoning 262
General Claims 262
Exercises 10-1 and 10-2 265
Comparative General Claims 266
Exercises 10-3 through 10-5 269
Inductive Generalizations: From a Sample to a Class 271
Statistical Inductive Generalizations 274
Sample Size 278
Summary 279
Fallacies of Inductive Generalizations 280
Exercises 10-6 through 10-15 281
Inductive Analogical Arguments 286
Sample Size 287
Exercises 10-16 through 10-20 288
Statistical Syllogisms 293
Appeals to Authority 294
Exercises 10-21 and 10-22 296
Recap 298
11 Causal Arguments 300
Causation Among Specific Events 300
Summary 306
Exercises 11-1 through 11-3 307
Causation in Populations 310
Controlled Cause-to-Effect Experiments 311
Nonexperimental Cause-to-Effect Studies 315
Nonexperimental Effect-to-Cause Studies 317
Recap 318
Exercises 11-4 through 11-7 320
12 Moral Reasoning 328
Descriptive and Prescriptive Claims 328
Exercises 12-1 and 12-2 330
Getting an Ought from an Is 331
Exercises 12-3 and 12-4 334
A Principle of Morality and Reason 335
Exercises 12-5 and 12-6 338
Evaluating Moral Reasoning 341
Recap 346
Exercises 12-7 and 12-8 348
xii Contents
Appendices
1 Categorical Logic 353
2 Truth-Functional Logic 368
3 Writing an Argumentative Essay 388
Glossary 396
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Starred Exercises 406
Index 465
|
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| isbn | 0874848415 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Moore, Brooke Noel Verfasser aut Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life Brooke Noel Moore ; Richard Parker 2. ed. Mountain View, Ca. Mayfield 1989 XVIII, 470 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pensée Pensée - Problèmes et exercices Pensée ram Critical thinking Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 gnd rswk-swf Kritisches Denken (DE-588)4231288-7 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s DE-604 Parker, Richard Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003847906&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |
| title_auth | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |
| title_exact_search | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |
| title_full | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life Brooke Noel Moore ; Richard Parker |
| title_fullStr | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life Brooke Noel Moore ; Richard Parker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life Brooke Noel Moore ; Richard Parker |
| title_short | Critical thinking |
| title_sort | critical thinking evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |
| title_sub | evaluating claims and arguments in everyday life |
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