African labour survey:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
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Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Geneva
1962
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Ausgabe: | 2. impr. |
Schriftenreihe: | Bureau International du Travail <Genève>: Studies and reports / N. s.
48. |
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Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XIV, 712 S. Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE
AFRICAN LABOUR
SURVEY
GENEVA
CONTENTS
Page
SKETCH-MAP xv
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I Economic and Social Conditions 7
General 7
Geographic and Climatic Factors 7
Demographic Factors 8
Development of Relationships with Otlier Areas 9
Basic Economic Patterns 12
Duality of Social Patterns 15
Economic Conditions 17
Character of Production 17
Levels of Production and National Income 24
Agricultural Production 25
Mineral Production 25
Fuel and Power 26
Secondary Industries 27
National Income 27
Transport 29
Public Finance 30
Trade 31
Utilisation of Manpower Resources 32
Social Conditions 33
Education 33
Health and Nutrition 40
Housing and the Social Problems of Urbanisation 42
Problems of Economic Development 44
Development Planning 44
Industrialisation 47
Conclusions 49
CHAPTER II Land and Labour 51
Land Tenure 51
Indigenous Land Tenure Systems 51
Developments in Land Tenure 54
Land Utilisation 60
The Agricultural Labourer in Peasant Farming 64
Customary Labour 65
Contractual Labour 66
Women and Children • 68
Remuneration of Peasant Workers 70
Labour Supply and Demand 72
Plantations and Plantation Labour 74
Importance of Plantation and Other Large-Scale Farming in Africa 74
Types of Plantation and Farm Labour 78
IV AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
Living and Working Conditions 80
Labour Supply and Demand 82
Conclusions 84
CHAPTER III Community Development 89
General 89
Community Development in Practice 93
British Territories 93
Ghana 99
French Territories 99
Other Parts of Africa 102
Conclusions 103
CHAPTER IV Manpower and Employment 105
Population and Manpower 105
Total Populations 105
Population Density 106
Population Trends 107
The Economically Active Population and Its Occupational Distribution 110
African Population 110
European Population 112
Population of Asian Origin 113
Structure of the Wage-Earning Sector 114
Distribution by Sector of Activity 114
Distribution by Occupations 115
The Employment Market 118
General Features 118
Placement of Workers and Employment Exchanges 120
Belgian Territories 122
British Territories 122
Ghana 124
French Territories 125
Portuguese Territories 126
Sudan 126
Union of South Africa 126
Movements of Manpower 127
General Features 127
Movements of Manpower in Individual Territories 129
Belgian Territories 129
British Territories 130
French Territories 133
Portuguese Territories 135
Union of South Africa 136
Economic and Social Effects of Migratory Movements 137
CHAPTER V The Productivity of Labour 139
The Character of the African Worker 140
The African s Work Performance 143
The Instability of the African Woiker 144
Absenteeism 146
Punctuality 146
Pride in Work 147
CONTENTS V
Page
General Factors Affecting Work Performance in Africa 147
Climatic Conditions 147
Health and Nutrition 149
Monetary Incentives in African Conditions 151
General 151
Types of Incentive 154
Attendance Bonuses 154
Extra Payments Based on Length of Service 154
Output Bonuses and Piecework Systems 154
Payment by the Task 155
Incentives Based on the Structure of Wages 156
Amenity Incentives Having Financial Implications 157
Human Relations and Productivity 160
Relations between Worker and Worker 160
Relations between Workers and Supervisors and Management 161
Joint Consultation 163
Methods of Improving Output (in Quality and Quantity) and the Stability
of Labour 165
Selection of Workers: Aptitude Tests 165
Training 166
Adaptation of the Worker to the Tool and the Task and of the Tool and
the Task to the Worker 167
Concluding Remarks 168
CHAPTER VI Technical and Vocational Training 170
The Immediate Prerequisites for Vocational Training 175
Adjustment of Vocational Training Schemes to Requirements 175
General Education and Preparation for Vocational Training 177
Vocational Guidance and Selection 179
Vocational Training Facilities for Juveniles 182
Vocational Instruction 183
Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi 184
British Territories 185
Ghana 188
Ethiopia 188
French Territories 188
Somalia 190
Liberia 190
Portuguese Territories 190
Union of South Africa 191
Apprenticeship 191
Belgian Territories 193
British Territories 193
French Territories 195
Portuguese Territories 195
Union of South Africa 196
Training Facilities Abroad 197
Vocational Training for Adults 197
Vocational Training for Unskilled Adult Workers 197
Vocational Training within the Industry 198
Rapid Vocational Training 198
Continuation Classes 200
VI * AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
Training of Supervisors 200
Vocational Training in Agriculture 202
Mass Agricultural Instruction 202
Training of Supervisors 204
Skill 206
Conclusions 209
CHAPTER VII Freedom of Association and Industrial Relations 217
General 217
Freedom of Association 220
Belgian Territories 220
British Territories 223
Ghana 227
Ethiopia 227
French Territories 227
Somalia 228
Liberia 228
Portuguese Territories 229
Sudan 229
Union of South Africa 229
South-West Africa 231
Employers and Workers Organisations 231
Belgian Territories 231
British Territories 232
Ghana 234
Ethiopia 235
French Territories 235
Somalia 237
Liberia 237
Portuguese Territories 237
Sudan 239
Union of South Africa 239
South-West Africa 239
Industrial Disputes and Conciliation and Arbitration Machinery 240
Belgian Territories 240
British Territories 241
Ghana 246
Ethiopia • 247
French Territories 247
Somalia 249
Liberia 249
Portuguese Territories 250
Sudan 250
Union of South Africa 251
South-West Africa 252
Co-operation between the Public Authorities, Employers and Workers 252
Conclusions 255
CHAPTER VIII Wages and Wage Policy 259
Factors Affecting Trends in Wages 259
The Nature of Government Intervention 260
Machinery for Wage Determination 261
Belgian Territories 262
British Territories 263
CONTENTS VII
Page
Ghana 267
Ethiopia 267
French Territories 267
Liberia 269
Portuguese Territories • 270
Spanish West Africa 270
Sudan 270
Union of South Africa 270
South-West Africa 272
Protection of Wages 272
Wage Structures and Levels 274
The Basis of the Minimum Wage 274
Some Factors Affecting the Structure of Wages 278
The General Wage Situation 287
The Objectives of Wage Policy 289
CHAPTER IX Recruitment, Contracts of Employment and Conditions of Work 295
Forced Labour 296
International Standards on Forced Labour 296
National Law and Practice 297
Belgian Territories 298
British Territories 298
Ghana 299
French Territories 299
Liberia 299
Portuguese Territories 299
Union of South Africa 301
Recruitment and Engagement of Workers 301
International Standards on Recruitment 301
National Law and Practice 304
Belgian Territories 304
British Territories 306
Ghana 310
French Territories 310
Portuguese Territories 311
: Union of South Africa and South-West Africa 314
Individual Contracts of Employment; Penal Sanctions 315
International Standards 315
National Law and Practice 316
Belgian Territories 316
British Territories 317
Ghana 319
French Territories 320
Portuguese Territories 320
Union of South Africa 321
South-West Africa _ • 322
General Conditions of Work 322
Housing, Food and Medical Assistance 323
Hours of Work, Rest and Holidays 325
Belgian Territories 326
British Territories • 329
VIII AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
Ghana 335
French Territories 335
Somalia 340
Liberia 340
Portuguese Territories 340
Union of South Africa 342
Children and Young Persons 344
General 344
The Support of Children and Young Persons 344
Health and Welfare of Children 345
Child Labour and Education 345
National Law and Practice 348
The Minimum Age for Admission to Employment 348
General 348
Industry 350
Employment at Sea 350
Mining 350
Night Work 351
Conditions of Work 351
Hours of Work and Rest 351
Prohibition of Certain Types of Work 352
Carrying of Loads 352
Medical Examination of Young Persons 353
Other Special Regulations on the Employment of Young Workers 353
Employment of Women 354
CHAPTER X Occupational Safety and Health 360
General 360
Disease 361
Climate 361
Nutrition 362
Environmental Control 362
Proneness to Accident and Disease 363
Legislation 363
Belgian Territories 364
Statutory Provisions 364
Enforcement 365
British Territories 366
Statutory Provisions 366
Enforcement 367
Ghana 369
French Territories 370
Statutory Provisions 370
Enforcement 371
Union of South Africa 371
Statutory Provisions 371
Enforcement 372
Private Bodies concerned with the Prevention of Industrial Accidents
and Occupational Diseases 373
Conclusions 373
CONTENTS IX
Pagfr
CHAPTER XI SociarSecurity ; • 375
Conditions Peculiar to Africa 376
The Law and Its Application 377
Compensation for Industrial Accidents and Occupational Diseases 377
Scope of Legislation 378
Medical Treatment 381
Temporary Incapacity 381
Permanent Incapacity and Death 382
Administration, Financing and Supervision 385
Occupational Diseases 388
Sickness and Invalidity 389
Forms of Coverage for Workers 389
Scope of Existing Schemes 390
Medical Treatment 391
Cash Benefits 391
Safeguarding of the Job during Sickness 392
Maternity 392
Old Age 394
Assistance to Indigent Aged Persons 394
Non-Contributory Old-Age Pension Schemes for Workers 395
Contributory Pension Schemes 395
Death of the Breadwinner and Funeral Expenses 399
Child Maintenance 399
Scope of Legislation 400
Nature and Amount of Benefit; Methods of Payment; Administration 401
Unemployment 404
Public Health 405
Mutual Aid 407
Conclusions 408
Workmen s Compensation 408
Invalidity 410
Old Age 410
Child Maintenance 410
CHAPTER XII Workers Housing 412
The Housing Problem Today 412
General 412
Main Causes of Bad Housing Conditions 413
Responsibility for Housing 415
Action by the Public Authorities 416
Belgian Territories 417
British Territories 418
Ghana 422
French Territories 422
Somalia 425
Portuguese Territories 425
Sudan 426
Union of South Africa 426
Provision of Housing by the Employer 427
General 427
Problems Connected with the Provision of Housing 429
Essentials of Housing Policy 430
X AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
CHAPTER XIII The Co-operative Movement 434
Legislation on Co-operatives 435
Development of Co-operative Movement in Africa 442
Belgian Territories 442
British Territories 442
Ghana 451
French Territories 452
Somalia 456
Portuguese Territories 458
Union of South Africa 459
Conclusions 461
CHAPTER XIV Labour Administration and Inspection 464
The Role and Importance of Labour Administration 465
The Structure and Development of Labour Departments 466
Belgian Territories 466
Machinery in Belgium 466
Organisation at the Territorial Government Level 467
Organisation at the Provincial and Regional Level 468
Territories under British Administration 468
Organisation in the United Kingdom 468
Organisation Overseas 469
French Territories 470
Administrative and Advisory Bodies in France 470
Administrative Machinery in the Overseas Territories 470
Somalia 472
Liberia 472
Portuguese Territories 473
Sudan 473
Union of South Africa 474
The Work of Labour Departments 475
Information, Research and Studies on Labour Problems 475
Enforcement of Legislation 476
The Inspectors and Their Work 476
Methods of Control 480
Maintenance of Good Industrial Relations 485
Relations with the Public 486
Joint Consultation Machinery 486
Relations with Workers and Employers Organisations 487
Intervention in Collective Bargaining 487
Prevention and Settlement of I abour Disputes 487
Promotion of Full Employment 490
Conclusions 492
CHAPTER XV Application of International L, ibour Standards 496
ILO Action on the Application of International Labour Standards 496
Control of Application 496
Ratification and Declarations of Application 498
Evaluation of the Extent of Application 499
Principal Aspects of the Application of 1 nternational Labour Standards 500
Forced Labour, Penal Sanctions, Recruiting and Long-Term Contracts of
Employment 501
CONTENTS XI
Page
Minimum Standards of Social Policy in Non-Metropolitan Territories 503
Protection of Children, Young Persons and Women 503
Social Security 505
Standards concerning Hours of Work, Weekly Rest and Holidays with Pay 507
Wage Fixing and the Protection of Wages 509
Freedom of Association and Industrial Relations 510
Labour Inspection 512
CHAPTER XVI Conclusions 515
Social Objectives of Economic Development 516
Allocation of Resources 516
Interrelationship of Social and Economic Problems 517
Productivity 517
Machinery for Attaining Social Objectives 518
Freedom of Association and Industrial Relations 519
Labour Departments 520
The Application of ILO Standards 521
Manpower and Employment 523
Technical and Vocational Training 524
Wage Policy 524
Conditions of Work 526
Occupational Safety and Health 528
Social Security 528
Workers Housing 530
Co-operatives 531
Discrimination 532
The Future 534
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I Standards and Recommendations of ike ILO and Other Organisations 537
A Provisions of Conventions 537
1 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (Wo 29) 537
2 Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 (No 50) 543
3 Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939
(No 64) 548
4 Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (No 65) 554
5 Social Policy (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
(No 82) 555
6 Labour Standards (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention, 1947
(No 83) 560
7 Right of Association (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention,
1947 (No 84) 573
8 Labour Inspectorates (Non-Metropolitan Territories) Convention,
1947 (No 85) 573
9 Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1947
(No 86) 574
10 Abolition of Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1955
(No 104) 575
11 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No 105) 576
B Provisions of Recommendations 576
1 Forced Labour (Indirect Compulsion) Recommendation, 1930 (No 35) 576
2 Forced Labour (Regulation) Recommendation, 1930 (No 36) 577
3 Elimination of Recruiting Recommendation, 1936 (No 46) 578
XII AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
4 Contracts of Employment (Indigenous Workers) Recommendation,
1939 (No 58) 578
5 Social Policy in Dependent Territories Recommendation, 1944 (No 70) 579
„ 6 Social Policy in Dependent Territories (Supplementary Provisions)
Recommendation, 1945 (No 74) 588
7 Protection of Migrant Workers (Underdeveloped Countries) Recom
mendation, 1955 (No 100) 594
C Conclusions of the ILO Committee of Experts on Social Policy in Non-
Metropolitan Territories 602
1 Raising of Productivity in Non-Metropolitan Territories 602
2 Technical and Vocational Training in Non-Metropolitan Territories 603
3 Wages Systems and Policies 605
4 Housing 608
5 Social Security 611
6 Industrial Relations 617
7 Social and Economic Conditions in Rural Areas from Which Workers
Migrate 618
D Conclusions Adopted by the Inter-African Labour Conference of the
CCTA 619
1 Final Resolution of First Session (Jos 1948) 620
2 Free Public Employment Services 620
3 Organisation of Technical and Vocational Training 622
4 Efficiency of Workers 622
5 Preliminary Consideration of Methods of Initiating the Study of
Productivity 624
6 Human Factors in Productivity 626
7 Productivity of Labour 628
8 Vocational Training, Vocational Guidance and Apprenticeship 628
9 Advancement of African Workers and the Training of Supervisors 631
10 Wage-Fixing Machinery 632
11 Employment of Women 632
12 Housing of Workers 633
13 Improvement of the Welfare of Workers 634
14 Definition in and Application of Social Security 635
15 Family Allowances 636
16 Old-Age Pensions 638
17 Sickness Benefit 638
18 Accident Compensation 638
19 Prevention of Accidents and Occupational Diseases 640
20 Relations with Trade Unions in AJfrica 642
21 Settlement of Labour Disputes 642
22 Prevention and Settlement of Disputes 643
23 Organisation and Functions of Labour Departments 643
24 Stabilisation and Migration of Workers and Floating Urban Man
power 644
APPENDIX H Reference List of Labour Legislation 647
Belgian Territories 647
British Territories 649
Ghana 653
Ethiopia 653
French Territories 654
Somalia 661
Liberia 661
Portuguese Territories 661
Spanish West Africa 662
CONTENTS XIII
Page
Sudan • 662
Union of South Africa 663
South-West Africa 663
APPENDIX HI Additional Tables 664
1 Population and Population Density 665
2 Population and Labour Force 666
3 Number of Wage Earners in the Main Branches of Economic Activity 667
4 Production of Selected Agricultural Commodities in Africa, 1947-49 668
5 Output of Selected Agricultural Commodities by Country and Territory 669
6 Share of Africa in World Production of Selected Crops Before and After the
Second World War 670
7 Classification of Areas under African Cultivation in Selected African
Countries and Territories 670
8 Share of Africa in World Production (if Selected Minerals 671
9 Relative Importance of Mining Production in Selected African Countries
and Territories, 1953 671
10 Output of Selected Minerals in African Countries 672
11 Union of South Africa: Sales of Minerals 673
12 Union of South Africa: Production in Selected Industries 673
13 Length of Railway in Relation to Area and Population in Selected African
Countries and Territories, 1949 674
14 Railway Freight Traffic in Selected African Countries and Territories in
1948 and 1949 Compared with Pre-War Traffic 674
15 Length of Roadway in Selected African Countries and Territories After the
Second World War 675
16 Production of Electricity in Selected African Countries and Territories 676
17 External Trade of Selected African Countries and Territories, 1956 676
18 Shares of Metropolitan Countries in the Trade of the Non-Metropolitan
Territories for Which They Are Responsible, 1950-53 677
19 Price Indices of Principal African Exports, 1954-56 677
20 Proportion of School-Age Population Enrolled in Primary, Secondary and
Technical Schools, 1955 678
21 Number of Inhabitants per Hospital Bed in Selected Countries 679
22 Structure of Current Expenditure in Selected British Territories, 1952 680
23 Structure of Current Expenditure in Selected French Territories, 1952 680
24 Hourly Wages of Adult Wage Earners in 41 Occupations in Five African
Countries, October 1953 681
25 Hourly Wages of Adult Wage Earners in 41 Occupations in 12 African
Countries, October 1956 682
26 Minimum Daily Wage Rates in the Belgian Congo on 1 January 1958 686
27 Minimum Hourly Wage Rates in French African Territories in June 1957 686
28 Minimum Wages for Selected Categories of Workers in Angola in 1956 687
29 Union of South Africa: Average Annual Wages of Workers in Private
Industry, 1944-45 to 1953-54 687
30 Structure of Labour Administration in the Belgian Congo 688
31 Labour Department Staff in the Territories under British Administration 689
32 Labour Administration in the Territories under French Administration,
June 1957 690
33 Registered Employers and Workers Organisations in Selected British
African Territories, 1951, 1955 and 1956 691
34 Industrial Disputes in Selected British African Territories, 1951-56 692
35 Number of International Labour Conventions Ratified by African States
Members, June 1958 692
36 Declarations of Application up to June 1958 and the Extent of Application
of Conventions in April 1957 in Non-Metropolitan Territories in Africa 693
37 Ratifications of International Labour Conventions Affecting African
Countries and Territories Facing page 694
XIV AFRICAN LABOUR SURVEY
Page
38 Reports Received and Reports Not Received for the Years 1955, 1956
and 1957, in respect of Non-Metropolitan Territories in Africa 694
APPENDIX IV Bibliography 695
Official Publications of Governments 695
International Labour Office Publications 696
Publications of the United Nations, Specialised Agencies and Other Inter
national Organisations 697
Other Publications (Official and Non-Official) 698
Short List of Periodicals 706
APPENDIX V Note on the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South
of the Sahara, the Inter-African Labour Institute and the Inter-African Labour
Conference 709
INDEX OF REFERENCES TO COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES 710
LIST OF TABLliS IN THE TEXT
I Increase in the Population of the World by Regions, 1951-55 9
II Estimated Money Income of African Indigenous Agricultural Economies,
III Southern Rhodesia: Census of Manufacturing Industries, 1949-52 21
IV Percentage Increases in Production of Selected Minerals, 1937-49 26
VCoalProductioninSelectedCountriesandTerritories,1937-5627
VI Belgian Congo: Indices of Industrial Production, 1950-53 28
VII National Income in Selected African Countries, 1955 28
VIII Indices of International Seaborne Shipping Freight Carried to and from
Selected African Countries, 1948 and 1949 29
IX Comparative Expenditure of Selec ed Countries and Territories, 1936-37
and 1951-52 31
X Development and Welfare Fund Allotments to East and West African
Territories during the 11-year Period Ending 31 March 1957 46
XI FIDES Expenditure Authorised up to 31 December 1956 47
XII Membership of Workers Organisations in French West Africa, 1953 236
XIII Membership of Workers Organisations in French Equatorial Africa, 1953 237
XIV Membership of Workers Organisations in French West Africa, 1956 238
XV Elections of Workers Delegates ir French Equatorial Africa: Results 238
XVI Strikes and Lockouts in the Union of South Africa, 1952-56 252
XVII Northern Rhodesia: Changes in Monthly Wage Rates in the Mining Industry
1949-54 280
XVIII Women Wage Earners in the Main Industries 355
XIX Union of South Africa: Old-Age Pensioners and Total Pensions Paid in 1954 394
XX Maternity and Family Allowances ) ayable in French Territories on 1 April
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edition | 2. impr. |
format | Book |
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geographic | Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd |
geographic_facet | Afrika |
id | DE-604.BV006033843 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:39:02Z |
institution | BVB |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003798762 |
oclc_num | 246380695 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 |
owner_facet | DE-703 |
physical | XIV, 712 S. Kt. |
publishDate | 1962 |
publishDateSearch | 1962 |
publishDateSort | 1962 |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Bureau International du Travail <Genève>: Studies and reports / N. s. |
spelling | African labour survey 2. impr. Geneva 1962 XIV, 712 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bureau International du Travail <Genève>: Studies and reports / N. s. 48. Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd rswk-swf Arbeit (DE-588)4002567-6 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Arbeit (DE-588)4002567-6 s DE-604 Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 s N. s. Bureau International du Travail <Genève>: Studies and reports 48. (DE-604)BV002789891 48 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003798762&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | African labour survey Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd Arbeit (DE-588)4002567-6 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4002623-1 (DE-588)4002567-6 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
title | African labour survey |
title_auth | African labour survey |
title_exact_search | African labour survey |
title_full | African labour survey |
title_fullStr | African labour survey |
title_full_unstemmed | African labour survey |
title_short | African labour survey |
title_sort | african labour survey |
topic | Arbeitnehmer (DE-588)4002623-1 gnd Arbeit (DE-588)4002567-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Arbeitnehmer Arbeit Afrika |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003798762&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV002789891 |