Vlad Ţepeş:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Acad. Republicii Socialiste România
1976
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Vlad the Impaler. Vlad Cepeš. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 238 S. Ill., Kt. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SUMAR
CUVÎNT ÎNAINTE
CĂTRE CITITOR
ABREVIERILE FOLOSITE
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П-Іеа
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SUMMARY
PARTEA
I
Prima domnie a Iui Vlad Ţepeş
15
Domnia lui
Vladislav
al
П-Іеа
1447—1456
Pribegia lui Vlad Ţepeş. Reocuparea tronului
(1456) 26
PARTEA
а П-а
Politica internă a lui Vlad Ţepeş
39
Relaţiile cu Moldova
59
Relaţiile cu Transilvania şi Ungaria
65
Relaţiile cu Imperiul otoman
85
Victoria din
1462
Căderea lui Vlad Ţepeş ISO
PARTEA
а Ш-а
Ţara Românească între
1462-1475 137
A treia domnie şi sfirşitul Iui Vlad Ţepeş
(1476) 149
PARTEA a IV-a
Faima Iui
Dracula
175
Vlađ
Ţepeş in amintirea poporului român
208
Cronologia evenimentelor din timpul vieţii şi
domniilor lui Vlad Ţepeş
287
231
Summary
Ylad
Ţepeş
(The Impaler) was one of the greatest Romanian princes and
his personality was presented with much diversity of views and con¬
tradictory appreciations by historians and literary minds
:
some of them
have made him look like a hero, a patriot and a reformer of his country,
while others saw him only
asa pittyless
and bloody tyrant. The aim of this
monograph is to set back to history the true portrait of the valorous prince.
He lived an exceptional life as a youth when he stored up an extre¬
mely rich life experience which made him come quieklier to his political
maturity.
Ylad
Ţepeş
ruled no less than three reigns
:
autumn
1448,1466—
1462
and November—December
1476.
During the same period he was a
hostage to the Turks
(1442—1448),
a fugitive in Moldavia and Transylvania
(1448—1466)
and between
1462—1474
he was emprisoned at
Buda.
Without
these intermezzos which cover over
26
years, Vlad
Ţepeş
could have
lived a long reign (he died when only
46)
and could have done as many
marvellous things as his great contemporary Stephen the Great, his cousin.
His years of wander spent together with
lancu
of
Hunedoara,
the
glorious army commander who, for a time, succeeded in putting an end to
the Ottoman expansion, were sufficient for
Ylad
to see with clearness the
relationship between the home and foreign policy
;
he could thus realize
that only a strong reignhood within the country can set the fight for inde¬
pendence successful.
After a short presentation of home politics under
Ylad
Ţepeş,
the
cronicler L. Ohalcocondil concluded
:
this man
bas
completely changed
the whole organization of
Dacia
(=Wallachia).
Most of the testimonies written on the great prince stress on the
fact that the main aim of his politics was the srengfhening of central au¬
thority, at a time when other European monarchs (Louis XI of France,
Matei
Corvin,
King of Hungary, etc.) had the same aim in view. In order
to be acknowledged as a great ruler ,
Ţepeş
had to provide the means
necessary to make this authority respectable.
As he could realize that the main cause in the weakening of the
State and central power lay in the fights for power between several groups
232
Nicolao
Stoîcescu
of
boyards,
Ylad
tried to settle the central power first by removing the
cause -which led to this -weakening. It is well-known that one of his first
measures was the billing of a large group of
boyards
;
however, he did
not make this decision to please his cruelty
;
rather he did it with an out¬
spoken political aim
:
before killing them,
Ylad
showed the
boyards
that
their intrigues are the cause of the weakening of the state, and then he
ordered the soldiers to impale them on a stake. Such measures
—
would
further run the same text of Ohalcocondil
—
were meant to strengthen the
reignhood .
Besides the killing of those
boyards
guilty of the weakening of the
country and whom the Prince considered liable to treason, Vlad tried to
put the great
boyards
at his orders and thus he punished those members
of the priviledged class by death for any evil or unlawful thing. The Prin¬
ce s punishments would fall equally on those guilty be he a great
boyar,
a monk or a common man .
Those severe measures, as well as the fact that Vlad would usually
appoint his high officials from among those faithful to him and not only
from among the great
boyards,
have strained his relations with the
boyards
family and have unleashed a domestic war whereby the
boyard
Albu
the
Great raised Prince over the YoivodeVlad
Ţepeş .
However, the Prince
succeeded in defeating the opposing
boyards.
The measures taken by
Ylad
against the great
boyards
did not alter
the relationship between social classes, since this was unconceivable at
that time. The peasantry might have had centain advantages by the
limitation of the
boyards
abuses but the Prince did not hover to punish
severely the peasants and townsmen guilty of having disobeyed the law.
Those lazy were also severely punished
—
an illustration of this
fact is provided by the woman who made her husband wear a torn-out
shirt and who, at the Prince s orders, had her hands cut and was pierced
through a pointed pale.
One of
Ylad
Ţepeş
chief merits lies in that he had realized the impor¬
tance of trade for the development of his country
;
he protected the mer¬
chants in Wallachia against the monopoly exercised by the merchants
of
Braşov,
whom he oblidged to purchase the goods not directly from
producers, but by some local merchants. Those protective measures along¬
side of some drastic actions against the Saxon merchants that were not
strict to law observance, had well contributed to the development of the
trade in Wallachia but could foster on the name of
Dracula (as
Ylad
used to be called) the pittyless fame which was so widespread in the Wes¬
tern narrations inspired by the Saxon merchants, who were bitterly at
odds with these protective measures.
As a Prince, Ylad made himself famous by his drastic actions and by
his resoluteness to set justice and honesty in his country. The result of
these actions was the disappearance of thieves
;
thus, it is said that people
became so honest that nobody would steal a big golden cup which the
Prince had put near a fountain placed in a desert site.
Summary
233
Ylad
took special care in organizing the army in order to secure the
defence of the country s independence
;
in this respect, the decisions made
by the Prince of Wallachia are comparable with those of Stephen the
Great.
Taking over the traditional politics of his predecessors,
Ylad
would
rely on the great army for the defence of the country
;
this army was
made up of those populi who were frequently referred to in the sources
relative to the fights of
1462.
Since this army could not be used but under exceptional circumstan¬
ces,
Ylad
felt the need of an army available at any time and which would
directly depend on the Prince; it was only by such means that the
Prince could apply his politics of strengthening the Prince s authority.
To this aim, the Prince has set up his personal guard which was always
by him and has enlisted a number of noble and faithful soldiers and foot
soldiers whom he gave the money and the riches of those killed . Since
Ylad
lacked material means, he could not set up a large body of hirelings,
the main part of his army being the so-called Prince s servants who
were also used in the administration of the country in periods of peace.
Alongside of the increase in the number of the soldiers who were
directly dependent on the Prince (hirelings, servants, valorous men and
courtiers),
Ylad
Tepes
has also introduced a severe discipline among his
army and took drastic actions against those who did not observe orders.
Astonished by this severe discipline, the great vizier would declare
in
1462
that if
Ylad
Tepes
had a large army, he would come to great
power .
An important event that occurred during Ylad s reign is the recon¬
struction of the Prince s court in Bucharest
—
a town first mentioned in
the documents of his time in September
20,1459 —
and the establishment
of the capital of Wallachia in Bucharest. This event was of important con¬
sequences in the later development of the capital of our country.
Like Stephen the Great in Moldavia,
Ylad
Ţepeş
has taken over
several
obligationsto
the Ottoman Porte. He had to make up for all these
in his early years of reign
—
the same as his great contemporary in Mol¬
davia
—
since he could not turn against the powerful Ottoman Empire,
led then by Mahomed II, the conqueror of Constantinople.
The Prince decided to cut away his relations with the Porte only
when he got sure of the stability of his reign and of the support from
Matei
Corvin
who was made king of Hungary in
1468
and who would
become related with
Ylad
by the latter s marriage.
The year
1459
should have marked an important event of the fight
in Europe against the Turks
;
that year under the initiative of Pope Pius II,
a council was held in Mantua in order to organize a new crusade against
the Ottomans. Unfortunately, the council was of no practical consequences
because the sovereigns of Europe did not show any desire to fight despite
the Pope s urges.
A special part was to be played in this crusade by
Matei
Corvin,
who had promised that he would personally participate in the fight
toge-
23Ї
Nicolae Stoiccscu
ther
with
40,000
men. However, he broke his word. Out of all the sove¬
reigns of Europe who should have supported the fight against the Turks,
the only one to undertake a serious action was Vlad
Ţepeş,
who was not
assisted anyway though he had been promised support from the king of
Hungary.
Ylad
Ţepeş
refuse to pay the tribute in
1459
has raised the
dissatisfaction of the Sultan, who tried to capture him by a villaneous
trick
;
however, the Prince found out of this plan and managed to overplay
it. He captured and killed Hamza Pasha and Oatabolios who were in
charge of this murder.
The Prince answered by a flashing compaign South of the Danube
which was meant to prevent another Ottoman offensive over Wallachia.
In winter
1461—1462
he stroke and devastated the frontier areas of the
Ottoman Empire from the mouth of the Danube to Zimnicea and be
destroyed the Turkish garrisons, thereby devastating those areas. Thus,
the Turks could no longer recruit spies or soldiers from those places and were
no longer able to get supplies from there.
When asking for assistance against the Turks before facing the Sul¬
tan s armies, on the February
11, 1462,
Ylad
showed that his people s
fight would contribute to the cause of the neighbouring countries too,
first of all of Hungary, and declared himself ready to go to the end of
this fight. Although these preparations and their aim were well known,
nobody tool· measures to help Wallachia although its Ruler had warned the
King of Hungary of the danger that would menace the Kingdom if Ms country
would be dominated by the Turits.
In spring
1462,
the Sultan with a great army
—
the second in number
after the one that had conquered Constantinople
—
rashed to the Danube
to punish the valorous Prince who deared to defy him. Faced with this
great danger that menaced the cotintry and deprived of external support,
Ylad
Ţepeş
used traditional tactics under such circumstances! he sent under
place of security the old men, the women and children, and rallied under
his flags all the young and middle-aged men, from
12
years on, and ordered
them to devastate everything before the invadors so that the latter may
be deprived of means of supply.
As he could not prevent the Turks to pass over the Danube,
Ylad
and his soldiers let them advance in the devastated land and stroke unexpec¬
tedly the troops that would move away from the camps in search of food
and water, thus completing by sword the destructive work of hunger.
Under these difficult circumstances, when the hungry and frightened
Turkish troops advanced on the devastated land,
Ylad
made his great
attack
:
it was the famous, night attach on June
16—17, 1462,
which was
meant to demoralize the Ottoman army. This attack was referred to under
various forms in all the sources relative to the campaign of
1462.
This famous night attack under which many Turkish soldiers were
killed (the sources indicate
50,000
or even
100,000 !)
has reached its aim
:
the Sultan, who lost that night all hope for his situation, secretly left
the camp by shameful night . As the Sultan got persuaded by his friends
Summary
235
to come back to the camp and seeing the great loss suffered by his sol¬
diers , he hurried back where he came from after he had ordered retreat.
What the Sultan and his great army could not realize in Wallachia
was to be done by Badu eel JTrumos (Badu the Handsome) and the
boyards
who would gradually part with the Prince after he had defeated the inva¬
ding troops, and would side with Badu whom the Sultan had let at the
frontiers of Wallaehia to tempt the
Bomanians
abandon Dracula
—
as one of the most serious and well informed contemporary witnesses,
Balbi, the representative of Venice, would put it.
After the Sultan s retreat, there followed times of confusion in the
history of Wallachia when the two brothers and enemies
—
Badu had
also Turkish support
—
would each make his best to destroy his rival.
Alongside of these fights
—
where Vlad
Ţepeş
recorded a series
of victories and killed a great number of Turks that supported Badu eel
Frumos
—
another psychological fight took place in enlightening the
boyards
in Wallachia
;
this fight was less important than the proper war
which was still going on.
While
Ylad
Ţepeş
wanted to continue the fight against the Turks,
victorious though he was, Badu eel
ľrumos
promised the
boyards
peace
and friendship with the Porte. As the well-informed Ohalcocondil declared,
Vlad s brother told the
boyards
that the sad situation at home (the devas¬
tated country) could have no better issue than by accepting friendly
relations with the Porte, which he himself assigned to promote.
The
boyards
fell gradually convinced by Badu arguments and
acknowledged that the young man was better than Prince
Ylad.
Thereby
most of them sided with Badu. By some information, Badu might have
exerted some pressure on the
boyards as
he had managed to capture trea¬
cherously their families who had taken refuge under place of security.
In October
1462,
Ylad,
who was abandoned by most of the
boyards
but still had a numerous army, passed in Transylvania. Here he found his
relative and ally,
Matei Oorvin
who, after a long march of three months,
came ostensibly to help him.
When the king of Hungary reached
Braşov,
two months had already
elapsed since the local authorities had acknowledged Badu eel Ifrumos
as a prince. As the King was not prepared and resolute to fight, as on the
other hand, the army in Transylvania did not seem eager to fight for
such a troublesome Prince as
Ylad,
the King readily decided to change his
initial plan and acknowledge the situation as such. He gave up supporting
Ylad
Ţepeş
and ordered the soldiers to put him under arrest.
In making this decision, the King was supported by the Saxon
merchants in
Braşov,
who complained against Ylad s savage actions and
provided written acts to prove those abuses
;
most probably, the Saxon
merchants have also provided a false letter whereby the Prince appeared
as a traitor.
The King
Matei
Corvin
insisted in justifying his action by several
letters addressed to the Pope and Venice, whereby he exposed the reasons
236
Nicolao Stoiccscii
that have led him to give up the planned campaign and to arrest
Ylad
Ţepeş
;
at the same time, he sent the Pope the lette-proof of the so-called,
treason together with the stories on Vlad s cruelties.
The proof that the King did not believe in Ylad s treason lies in the
fact that in
1476,
when he took over the fight against the Turks by secret
agreement with Stephen the Great,
Matei Oorvin
upheld Vlad s return
in Wallachia and acknowledged his valour and resoluteness in the fight
against the Turks. Shortly after his coming to power (the end of
1476),
he would be killed by the Turks and the
boyards.
Out of all the
Bomanian
Princes, we could say that
Vlaã
Ţepeş·
enjoyeă
the greatest European fame, which is mirrored into a huge literary
production, beginning with the later 16th century in Central and Eastern
Europe.
His complex and rather contradictory personality was famous while
he was still alive, when King
Matei
Corvin
made wide propaganda to
justify his abandonment of the action he
ivas
in charge to complete. In
this respect, the King of Hungary has encouraged the diffusion in Europe
of the so-called Saxon narrations which were meant at discrediting the
Prince of Wallachia for his severe actions against the Saxon merchants.
In revenge, the author of these narrations has selected and presented
from
Ylad
Ţepeş
life only far-fetched cruelties, and these facts could not
have been understood but as manifestations of a cruel man who would
act only by sick instincts.
The narrations enjoyed great popularity in Central Europe at the
end of the 15th century and in the first decades of the following century
when several German editions were printed. Those who took these narra¬
tions for granted
—
among whom some renowned historians as I. Oh.
Engel,
I. Hammer M.
Kogălniceanu
and Ion
Bogdan
—
could see in
Ylad
Ţepeş
but the image of unmotivated cruelty.
Alongside of these productions which have thrown on
Dracula
the fame of a cruel and bloody tyrant, there existed other traditions which
praised his fight for justice and his incomparable valour.
In these literary-historical productions
—
which had not only a
propaganda aim
—
Vlad s cruelty did no longer seem unmotivated, as
in the Saxon narrations, but guided by a political ideal
:
to desire to set
order, justice and honesty, as it was indeed.
With the exceptions of some foreign chroniclers as A. Bonfini and
Ľ.
Chalcocondil, this side of
Vlad s
personality was revealed by the un¬
known author of the famous Slav (or Eussian) stories on Dracula s life
;
this author greatly admired the Prince and registered some legends on
his life and actions and presented him as a severe and just Prince. The Slav
stories have spread in the Eastern Europe the fame of
Dracula
who was
considered as an ideal of authoritative sovereign that used the most severe
actions in order to strengthen central authority, to do away with the
boyards
abuses, to set order, justice and honesty in his country.
Summary
237
Another side of the Vlad s personality which has strongly impressed
both his contemporaries and those to come, was the valour of the Prince
in Wallaehia, who was known as a great fighter against the Ottoman,
•expansion and as a resolute defender of his country s independence. This
iame of a valliant has especially spread in the South-Eastern part of
Europe, which was more prone to Ottoman danger and where his fight
would be made a worthy example in the early 16th century.
One of the most beautiful homage paid to
Ylad
Ţepeş
is due to the
Polish humanist of Italian origin,
Filippo
Buonaccorsi-Callimachus, who
•compares him with another valorous fighter of those times, the famous
Scanderbeg, whom he called maximum ilium
Imperatorem
et
Ducem
suum
Yladislaus Draculam .
In the early 16th century the Baguzan M. Bocignoli considered
Vlad
Ţepeş
as a quick-mind man, and extremely keen on military pro-
blems, and who would defend most fittingly his country .
The same image of
Ylad
is to be found later on in the works of another
humanist,
A. Vérancsics, in
whose view those in Western Europe would
■call the Wallachians draculi by their most valorous Prince
Dracula ,
who turned out to be great and worthy of praise for his virtues.
In the 18th century, some experts in military history, among whom
the ^French Eollard, considered
Ylad
Ţepeş
as
un des
plus
grands capi¬
taines
ãe
son
siècles,
comparable
à
8ertoriusv. This appreciation was due
to the night attack
wich was
très mémorable .
In the early 19th century,
Johann Christian
Engel
has rediscovered
and put in circulation the Saxon narrations on
Dracula,
which he published
in
Geschichte der Moldau
una Wallachey
(1804).
This work
bore a
great
influence on those who read it and used it. Thereby
Ylad
the bnpaler
has once again become on false reasons a cruel and bloody tyrant.
At the middle of the same century, the personality of
Ylad
entered
the world literature by the pen of one of the greatest writers of the century,
Yictor Hugo, who evoked his figure in some lines
Vlad,
boyard de Tarvis, appelé
Bűlzebuth,
Réfuse de payer au sultan sou tribut,
Prend l ambassade turque et la fait périr toute
Sur trente pals, plantés aux deux bords d une route .
However the fame of
Ylad
Ţepeş woÎild
not rest on Yictor Hugo s
lines but on the highly popular novel
Dracula,
written by a modest English
writer,
Bram
Stoker. This novel was published in
1897
and was printed
in several editions. In this novel, the Prince of WallacMa has nothing of
his famous traits and is turned into a vampire.
In the Romanian folklore, devil
(dracul
=
Dracula)
and ghost
are two notions completely different one from another, and
Ylad
Ţepeş
is not present in the memory of the Eomanian people as a ghost, but
—
as already shown
—
as a severe but a righteous ruler
;
as concerns the
notion vampire , it is completely alien to the Eomanian folklore.
238
Mcolae
Stoiccscu
As pointed out by some critics, Stoker was concerned with subjects
from the supernatural, he himself being a member of an occult society.
In writing his novel, he was influenced by two events that occurred in
London at that time
:
the terror spread by Jack the Bipper in August—
November
1888,
which Stoker compared with that exerted by
Ylad
Ţepeş (
!),
and the scandal provoked by Oscar Wilde s behaviour. However,
those character traits and, of course, events, have no connection with
Ylad
Ţepeş
whatsoever, so that we may rightly say, as I. S. Lurie puts
it, that the true
Dracula
cannot
stană
the literary
Dracula .
As far the Prince s cruelty is concerned, this cannot be understood
but when referred to the epoch, of Vlad and to the aims of his politics.
His contemporary sovereigns, beginning with Louis XI of France and
ending with Mahomed II, the great Sultan of the Turks, have also used
cruelty as a weapon against their opponents.
Vlađ
Ţepeş
dia
nothing
Mit
nse the methods of Ms time, without exceeding in cruelty his famous contem¬
poraries.
As concerns the aim of the Prince s severe actions, they were meant
to strengthen sovereignty, to set order and honesty at home and to punish
all those who did not observe the law and the liberty of the country, be
they
marchants
from Transylvania or Turkish soldiers; all these knew
only one penalty
—
the pale.
Considering the fact that these penalties had in view to make order
at home and to scare the external enemies, we cannot agree with
Α.
D. Xenopol or G.
Ghibănescu
who showed that Ylad s political and
state reasons did not spring out of his sick nature.
In conclusion, one can say that Vlad
Ţepeş
was a complex and
contradictory personality who was discredited by some of his contempo¬
raries for his severe penalties, and eulogized by others for his thirst for
justice and for his valour in defending the independence of his country.
By understanding the necessity of the anti-Ottoman fight, Vlad
has led this fight fought by the people s masses and has won worthy
victories which have put off the Ottoman domination in Wallachia. Thus,
Vlad
Ţepeş
is one of the most important personalities in the history of
Eomania, a most remarkable statesman and a faithful and keen leader in
the defence of the country s independence.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Stoicescu, Nicolae 1924-1999 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103746236X |
| author_facet | Stoicescu, Nicolae 1924-1999 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Stoicescu, Nicolae 1924-1999 |
| author_variant | n s ns |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005947803 |
| classification_rvk | NN 4220 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)239598323 (DE-599)BVBBV005947803 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Valachie (Roumanie) - 1447 / 1476 rero Wallachia Kings and rulers Biography |
| geographic_facet | Valachie (Roumanie) - 1447 / 1476 Wallachia Kings and rulers Biography |
| id | DE-604.BV005947803 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:37:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003728447 |
| oclc_num | 239598323 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-384 |
| physical | 238 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1976 |
| publishDateSearch | 1976 |
| publishDateSort | 1976 |
| publisher | Ed. Acad. Republicii Socialiste România |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stoicescu, Nicolae 1924-1999 Verfasser (DE-588)103746236X aut Vlad Ţepeş de Nicolae Stoicescu Bucureşti Ed. Acad. Republicii Socialiste România 1976 238 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Vlad the Impaler. Vlad Cepeš. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Vlad <III, prince de Valachie ; dit Dracula> rero Vlad <III, Prince of Wallachia, 1430 or 31-1476 or 7> Biography Vlad III. Walachei, Fürst 1430-1476 (DE-588)118627333 gnd rswk-swf Valachie (Roumanie) - 1447 / 1476 rero Wallachia Kings and rulers Biography (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Vlad III. Walachei, Fürst 1430-1476 (DE-588)118627333 p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003728447&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003728447&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Stoicescu, Nicolae 1924-1999 Vlad Ţepeş Vlad <III, prince de Valachie ; dit Dracula> rero Vlad <III, Prince of Wallachia, 1430 or 31-1476 or 7> Biography Vlad III. Walachei, Fürst 1430-1476 (DE-588)118627333 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118627333 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Vlad Ţepeş |
| title_auth | Vlad Ţepeş |
| title_exact_search | Vlad Ţepeş |
| title_full | Vlad Ţepeş de Nicolae Stoicescu |
| title_fullStr | Vlad Ţepeş de Nicolae Stoicescu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vlad Ţepeş de Nicolae Stoicescu |
| title_short | Vlad Ţepeş |
| title_sort | vlad tepes |
| topic | Vlad <III, prince de Valachie ; dit Dracula> rero Vlad <III, Prince of Wallachia, 1430 or 31-1476 or 7> Biography Vlad III. Walachei, Fürst 1430-1476 (DE-588)118627333 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vlad <III, prince de Valachie ; dit Dracula> Vlad <III, Prince of Wallachia, 1430 or 31-1476 or 7> Biography Vlad III. Walachei, Fürst 1430-1476 Valachie (Roumanie) - 1447 / 1476 Wallachia Kings and rulers Biography Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003728447&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003728447&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stoicescunicolae vladtepes |