Plants as biomonitors: indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim u.a.
VCH
1993
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIII, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3527300015 1560812729 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plants as biomonitors |b indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |c ed. by Bernd Markert |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120112788144128 |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Contributors XXIX
Parti: General Aspects 1
1 General Aspects of Biomonitoring Heavy Metals by Plants 3
R. Wittig
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Bioindication, Biomonitoring and Closely Related Terms 4
1.2.1 Bioindication and Biomonitoring 4
1.2.2 Bioaccumulation 9
1.3 The Term Heavy Metals in the Literature 9
1.4 Comparison of Plants with Other Monitoring Systems 11
1.5 The Ideal Biomonitor of Heavy Metals in Terrestrial
Ecosystems 14
1.6 Comparing Different Groups of Plants as Accumulative Bio-
indicators of Heavy Metals in Terrestrial Ecosystems 15
1.6.1 Lichens 15
1.6.2 Mosses 16
1.6.3 Fungi 18
1.6.4 Higher Plants 18
1.6.5 Dead Plant Material 20
1.6.6 Ecosystem Microsites 21
1.7 References 22
Part II: Chemical Aspects 29
2 Chemical Properties of Metals and the Process of Bio-
accumulation in Terrestrial Plants 31
B. Streit, W. Stumm
2.1 Monitoring and Bioaccumulation 31
2.2 Periodic Classification of Elements and Chemical
Behavior 31
2.2.1 Classification of Elements in the Periodic Table 32
2.2.2 A and B Behavior of Metals 33
2.3 Chemical Interactions of Metals in the Environment 35
2.3.1 Major Biogeochemical Reactions of Metals 35
2.3.2 Kinetic Aspects of Chemical Speciation 39
XIV Contents
2.4 Mobility and Adsorption of Metals in Soils 39
2.4.1 General Aspects of Solute Mobility 39
2.4.2 The Solid-Water Interface (Surface Reactions) 41
2.4.3 Adsorption Isotherms 41
2.5 The Root-Mycorrhizal System 42
2.5.1 Major Soil Processes 42
2.5.2 Uptake Processes by Roots 43
2.5.3 Root Influx Barriers to Metal Ions 45
2.5.4 Xylem and Phloem Translocation in the Plant 45
2.6 Factors and Mechanisms Controlling Bioavailability
and Uptake 46
2.6.1 Mathematical and Empirical Models 46
2.6.2 Bioavailability for Root Uptake 47
2.6.3 The Atmospheric-Foliar Uptake Path 48
2.6.4 An Overview of Uptake Characteristics of Selected
Metals 48
2.7 Plant Compartments: Cells and Membranes 51
2.7.1 Plant Cell Compartments 51
2.7.2 Membranes as Barriers and Transport Mechanisms 52
2.8 Biochemical Interactions of Metals in Plants 54
2.8.1 The Nature of Biochemical Reaction Partners 54
2.8.2 Biochemical Functions and Control Mechanisms of Metal
Compounds 55
2.8.3 Elimination Mechanisms for Metals 56
2.9 Molecular Adaptation and Evolution of Bioaccumulation
and Resistance 57
2.9.1 Hyperaccumulators 57
2.9.2 Genetic Aspects 59
2.10 References 60
Part III : Analytical Aspects 63
3 Instrumental Analysis of Plants 65
B. Marken
3.1 The Individual Analytical Steps and their Influence on the
Accuracy and Precision of the Analytical Results 66
3.2 Problems and Analytical Planning 68
3.3 Representative Sampling of Plant Specimens 70
3.3.1 Classification and Examples of Element Concentration
Differences and Fluctuations in Plants 72
3.3.2 Development of a Sampling Strategy 79
3.4 Cleaning and Drying the Sample Material 82
Contents XV
3.5 Homogenization, Aliquots, and Storage 84
3.6 Decomposition and Ashing 85
3.7 Instrumental Measuring Methods 87
3.7.1 Precision, Accuracy, and Concentration Dependence of
Analytical Data Material 88
3.7.2 Comparison of Different Instrumental Measuring
Methods 93
3.7.2.1 Direct Methods 93
3.7.2.2 Composite Methods 95
3.8 Data Evaluation 97
3.9 References 98
Part IV: Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting
and Analysis for Heavy Metal Deposits 105
4 Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting for Heavy
Metal Deposits in Europe and Africa 107
W. H. O. Ernst
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Some General Principles of Biogeochemical Prospecting 109
4.2.1 The Target Plant Part 113
4.2.2 Relationship between Metals in the Environment and in the
Plant 113
4.3 Geobotanical Prospecting 114
4.3.1 The Effect Concentration 115
4.3.2 Symptomatic Indicators 116
4.3.3 Specific Indicator Plants 117
4.3.4 Specific Indicator Vegetation 119
4.3.5 Metal Vegetation in Europe 121
4.3.6 Metal Vegetation in Africa 123
4.4 References 124
5 Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Methods for Detecting
Mineralization and Pollution from Heavy Metals in Oceania,
Asia, and The Americas 127
R, R. Brooks
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Biogeochemical Exploration in the Asian Part of the Former
Soviet Union 129
5.2.1 The Southern Urals 129
5.2.2 The Buriat Autonomous Republic 131
5.3 Biogeochemical Exploration in the Rest of Asia 134
XVI Contents
5.3.1 South Asia 134
5.3.2 Other Asian Biogeochemical Studies 134
5.4 Biogeochemical Exploration in Oceania 135
5.4.1 Western Australia 135
5.4.2 Eastern Australia 137
5.4.3 Tasmania and Northern Territory 138
5.4.4 New Zealand 138
5.4.5 New Caledonia 138
5.5 Biogeochemical Exploration in North America 139
5.6 Biogeochemical Exploration in Latin America 142
5.7 Geobotany - Remote Sensing 143
5.8 Geobotany in The Americas 145
5.9 Geobotany in Oceania 146
5.10 Geobotany in Asia 147
5.11 Plants as Indicators of Pollution 148
5.12 References 149
6 Higher Plants as Indicators for Uranium Occurrence in
Soil 155
L. Steubing, J. Haneke
Summary 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Area Description 156
6.3 Methods 157
6.4 Results 157
6.4.1 Element Analyses of Spruce Samples 157
6.4.2 Comparison of the Uranium Concentration in Soil and Soil
Water 157
6.4.3 Uranium Concentration in Plants 159
6.4.4 Uranium Transfer from Soil to Plants 162
6.5 Discussion 164
6.6 References 165
7 Plant Distributions and Soil Chemistry at a Serpentine/Non-
Serpentine Boundary in California 167
B. Streit, R. J. Hobbs, S. Streit
7.1 The Nature of Ultramafic Rocks 167
7.2 Californian Serpentine and Non-Serpentine Mosaics 168
7.3 Methods of Analysis 169
7.3.1 Sampling Area 169
7.3.2 Plant Community Analysis 170
7.3.3 Soil and Plant Analysis 170
Contents XVII
7.4 Metal Concentrations and Plant Communities 171
7.4.1 Plant Community Analysis 171
7.4.2 Soil Concentrations 173
7.4.3 Plant Tissue Concentrations 173
7.5 Discussion of the Results 175
7.6 References 177
8 Serpentine Endemics as Biological Indicators of Soil
Elemental Concentrations 179
M. Arianoutsou, P. W. Rundel, W. L. Berry
8.1 Introduction 179
8.1.1 Serpentine Plants and Soil Mineral Resources 179
8.1.2 What are Serpentine Soils? 179
8.1.3 Serpentine Soils as Plant Habitats 180
8.1.4 Physiology of Serpentine Growth 180
8.1.4.1 Mineral Toxicities of Serpentine Soils 180
8.1.4.2 Mineral Deficiencies 181
8.1.4.3 Calcium/Magnesium Balance 181
8.2 California Serpentine Soils 182
8.2.1 Distribution and Geological Origin 182
8.2.2 Chemical Composition of California Serpentine Soils 183
8.3 Nutrient and Trace Metal Accumulation in Serpentine
Endemics 185
8.3.1 California Serpentine Endemics 185
8.3.2 Trace Metal Accumulation in California Serpentine
Endemics 186
8.4 Conclusions 188
8.5 References 188
Part V: Biomonitoring Terrestrial Heavy Metal Pollution
by Plants 191
A. Lichens 191
9 Lichens as Biomonitors for Heavy Metal Pollution 193
J. Garty
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Lichens as Biomonitors of Lead 195
9.2.1 The Use of Lichens as Pb-Biomonitors in Field Studies 195
9.2.2 Lichens on Pb-Rich Substrates 205
9.2.3 Localization of Pb in the Lichen Thallus 207
9.2.4 The Influence of Pb on Lichen Physiology 208
XVIII Contents
9.3 Lichens as Biomonitors of Iron 210
9.3.1 Lichens on Fe-Rich Substrates and Relationships between
Lichens and Fe-Containing Lithic Substrates 210
9.3.2 The Use of Lichens as Fe-Biomonitors in Field Studies 211
9.3.3 Localization of Fe in the Lichen Thallus 212
9.3.4 The Influence of Fe on Lichen Physiology 220
9.4 Lichens as Biomonitors of Copper 223
9.4.1 Lichens on Cu-Rich Substrates 223
9.4.2 The Use of Lichens as Cu-Biomonitors in Field Studies 224
9.4.3 Uptake, Localization, and Toxicity of Cu in Lichens 227
9.5 Lichens as Biomonitors of Zinc 230
9.5.1 Lichens on Zn-Rich Substrates 230
9.5.2 The Use of Lichens as Zn-Biomonitors in Field Studies 231
9.5.3 Uptake, Localization, and Toxicity of Zn in Lichens 233
9.6 Lichens as Biomonitors of Cadmium 237
9.6.1 The Use of Lichens as Cd-Biomonitors in Field Studies 237
9.6.2 Uptake, Localization, and Toxicity of Cd in Lichens 241
9.7 Lichens as Biomonitors of Nickel 243
9.7.1 The Use of Lichens as Ni-Biomonitors in Field Studies 243
9.7.2 Laboratory Experiments on Uptake, Localization, and
Toxicity of Ni in Lichens 246
9.8 Lichens as Biomonitors of Chromium 248
9.8.1 The Use of Lichens as Cr-Biomonitors in Field Studies 248
9.8.2 Localization of Cr in the Lichen Thallus 252
9.9 Lichens as Biomonitors of Mercury 252
9.9.1 The Use of Lichens as Biomonitors of Hg Emitted from
Geochemical Sources 252
9.9.2 The Use of Lichens as Biomonitors of Hg Emitted from
Anthropogenic Sources and in Background Studies 254
9.9.3 Localization of Hg in the Lichen Thallus 257
9.10 References 257
10 Lichens as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution: A Case
Study at La Spezia (N Italy) 265
P. L Nimis, M. Castello, M. Perotti
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 Survey Area, Data, and Methods 268
10.3 Results 271
10.4 Conclusions 283
10.5 References 284
Contents XIX
11 Multi-Residue Analysis with Passive Biomonitoring: A New
Approach for Volatile Multi-Element Contents. Heavy
Metals and Polyeyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Lichens
in Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein 285
R. Herzig
Summary 285
11.1 Introduction 285
11.2 Material and Methods 287
11.2.1 Sampling Sites in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the
City of Berne 287
11.2.2 Sample-Taking and Random Sample Concept 287
11.2.3 Chemical Trace Analysis 290
11.2.3.1 Inorganic Multi-Element Analysis 290
11.2.3.2 Organic Trace Analyses 291
11.3 Results and Discussion 293
11.3.1 Multi-Element Pollution at the Study Sites 293
11.3.1.1 Structure and Preparation of the Station Charts 293
11.3.1.2 Characterization of the Study Sites by Means of Station
Charts 297
11.3.2 Comparison of the Multi-Element Pollution in the Principali-
ty of Liechtenstein with Other Areas in Switzerland 302
11.3.2.1 Multi-Factorial Comparison of Total Immission Load.
Single Element Load, and Heavy Metal Load Index 305
11.3.3 Spatial Distribution of the Single Elements 306
11.3.3.1 General Immission Load Elements 307
11.3.3.2 Pollution Elements of Single Emittents 307
11.3.4 Multi-Element Pollution Profile 310
11.3.5 Immission-Ecological Relevance of the Multi-Element
Analyses 313
11.3.5.1 Multi-Element Concentrations and Total Air Pollution
Classes in the Principality of Liechtenstein and the City of
Berne 314
11.3.6 Dependency of Multi-Element Pollution Load on Utilization
Type 318
11.3.6.1 Settlement Type 318
1.3.7 Organic Pollutant Analyses 323
1.3.7.1 Polyeyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) 323
1.3.7.2 Polyeyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lichens 323
1.3.7.3 Reproducibility of the PAH Analyses 326
1.4 Conclusions 326
1.5 References 327
XX Contents
12 Bioindication of Road Motor Traffic Caused Heavy Metal
Pollution by Lichen Transplants 329
Z Tuba, Z. Csintalan
Summary 329
12.1 Introduction 329
12.2 Materials and Methods 331
12.2.1 The Study Area 331
12.2.2 Cryptogam Plant Species Used for Bioindication 332
12.2.3 Cryptogam Transplantation Technique 332
12.2.4 The Control Site 332
12.2.5 Application of the Transplantation Method along Main
Road No. 6 333
12.2.6 Time Schedule of the Study 333
12.2.7 Element Analysis 333
12.3 Results 334
12.3.1 Monitoring the Distance-Dependent Concentrations of
(Heavy) Metals 334
12.4 Discussion 339
12.5 References 340
B. Fungi 343
13 Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Soils by Higher Fungi 345
/. Wondratschek, U. Rôder
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Fungi as Bioindicators 346
13.2.1 Reaction-Indication 346
13.2.2 Accumulation-Indication 347
13.2.2.1 Mercury 350
13.2.2.2 Cadmium 352
13.2.2.3 Lead 353
13.2.2.4 Zinc 354
13.2.2.5 Copper 355
13.3 Factors Influencing the Heavy Metal Content of Fungi 356
13.4 Conclusions 359
13.5 References 360
14 Applicability of Fungi to the Monitoring of Environmental
Pollution by Heavy Metals 365
V. Mejstrik, A. Lepsovâ
14.1 Principle and Mechanism 365
14.2 Bioaccumulation 366
14.2.1 Cadmium 367
Contents XXI
14.2.2 Mercury 369
14.2.3 Lead 369
14.2.4 Copper 371
14.2.5 Arsenic 374
14.2.6 Zinc 374
14.2.7 Selenium 375
14.2.8 Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt
14.3 References 376
375
C. Mosses 379
15 Some Aspects of Biomonitoring of Air Pollutants Using
Mosses, as Illustrated by the 1976 Norwegian Survey 381
E. Steinnes
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 Materials and Methods 382
15.2.1 Selection of Species 382
15.2.2 Sampling 382
15.2.3 Analysis 383
15.3 Comparison of the 1976 Survey (43 Samples) and the 1977
Survey (490 Samples) Based on Hylocomium splendens 383
15.4 Relative Efficiencies of Different Moss and Lichen Taxa
to Retain Airborne Trace Elements 389
15.5 References 394
16 Mosses as Biomonitors of Heavy Metal Contamination
within Urban Areas 395
F. Briining, K. H. Kreeb
Summary 395
16.1 Introduction 395
16.2 Materials and Methods 396
16.3 Results and Discussion 397
16.3.1 Range of Heavy Metal Concentrations 397
16.3.2 Determination of Local Differences of Heavy Metal
Immissions 399
16.3.3 Comparison of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Different
Species 399
16.3.4 Comparison of Active and Passive Monitoring 401
16.4 References 401
17 The Use of Moss Transplantation Technique for Bio-
indication of Heavy Metal Pollution 403
Z. Tuba, Z. Csintalan
XXII Contents
Summary 403
17.1 Introduction 403
17.2 Materials and Methods 404
17.2.1 The Study Area 404
17.2.2 Cryptogam Plant Species Used for Bioindication 405
17.2.3 Cryptogam Transplantation Technique 406
17.2.4 The Control Site 406
17.2.5 Application of the Transplantation Method in Szâzhalom-
batta and its Environs 406
17.2.6 Time Schedule of the Study 406
17.2.7 Element Analysis 406
17.3 Results 406
17.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Study Area 406
17.4 Discussion 408
17.5 References 411
D. Higher Plants 413
18 The Effects of Heavy Metal Stress on Higher Plants and
their Use as Biomonitors 415
J. A. C. Werklei)
18.1 Introduction 415
18.2 Long-Term Exposure to Naturally Occurring Metal
Stress 416
18.3 Long-Term Exposure to Man-Made Metal Stress 417
18.4 Short-Term Exposure to Man-Made Metal Stress 418
18.5 Effect Parameters in Metal Toxicity Tests 419
18.5.1 Root Elongation Method 419
18.5.2 Other Life History Characteristics 421
18.5.3 Physiological Parameters (Biomarkers) 422
18.6 References 423
19 Large-Scale Screening of Heavy Metal Burdens in Higher
Plants 425
G. Wagner
19.1 Introduction: Why is Large-Scale Screening Necessary? 425
19.1.1 Spatial Patterns of Heavy Metal Pollution 425
19.1.2 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants 426
19.1.3 Large-Scale Screening by Bioindication Methods 426
19.2 Criteria and Recommendations for the Selection and
Standardization of Suitable Bioindicator Systems 426
19.2.1 Standardization 428
19.2.2 Sampling Guideline 428
Contents XXIII
19.2.3 Standardized Poplar Leaf Samples as an Example for a
Bioindicator System Especially Suitable for Large-Scale
Screenings 429
19.3 Design of Sampling Grids 430
19.3.1 Design of Regular Sampling Grids for Extensive Back-
ground Monitoring 432
19.3.2 Design of Emittent-Related Sampling Grids 433
19.4 Data Evaluation by Geostatistical Methods 433
19.5 References 433
20 Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution by Taraxacum offi-
cinale 435
R. Djingova, I. Kuleff
20.1 Introduction 435
20.2 Materials and Methods of Analysis 436
20.2.1 Sampling, Sample Preparation, Investigated Region 436
20.2.2 Methods of Analysis 437
20.2.2.1 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis 437
20.2.2.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 437
20.2.2.3 Mathematical Methods for Evaluation 437
20.3 Accumulation of Heavy and Toxic Elements in Different
Microspecies of Taraxacum officinale 437
20.4 Background Concentrations of the Elements Determined in
Taraxacum officinale 442
20.5 Comparison of the Ability of Several Vascular Plants to
Respond to Environmental Pollution 445
20.6 Is there any Proportionality between Heavy Metal Pollution
and the Response of Taraxacum officinale? 448
20.7 Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollution by Taraxacum offi-
cinale 451
20.7.1 Evaluation of Local Industrial Pollution 451
20.7.2 Comparative Study of Urban Pollution Using Taraxacum
officinale 453
20.7.3 Investigation of Roadside Pollution by Taraxacum offi-
cinale 455
20.8 Conclusions 456
20.9 References 457
21 Plant Leaves and Lichens as Biomonitors of Natural or
Anthropogenic Emissions of Mercury 461
R. Bargagli
21.1 Introduction 461
XXIV Contents
21.2 Methodologies 463
21.2.1 Total Gaseous Mercury 463
21.2.2 Mercury in Plant Leaves 464
21.2.3 Epiphytic Lichens for Monitoring Atmospheric Mercury 467
21.3 Biomonitoring of Mercury Emission and Deposition 470
21.3.1 Pine Needles as Monitors of Atmospheric Mercury in the
Mediterranean Region 470
21.3.2 Epiphytic Lichens as Biomonitors Atmospheric Mercury 467
21.4 Concluding Remarks 480
21.5 References 481
22 Trace Metals in Legumes and Monocotyledons and their
Suitability for the Assessment of Soil Contamination 485
A. Kabata-Pendias, M. Piotrowska, S. Dudka
Summary 485
22.1 Introduction 485
22.2 Plants from Arable Soils 486
22.3 Plants from Soils Amended with Various Wastes 491
22.4 References 494
23 Heavy Metal Accumulation by Ruderal and Cultivated
Plants in a Heavily Polluted District of Budapest 495
M. Kovâcs, G. Turcsânyi, K. Penksza, L. Kaszab, P. Szöke
23.1 Introduction 495
23.2 Material and Methods 496
23.3 Results 497
23.4 Discussion 500
23.5 References 505
24 Heavy Metals in the Vegetation as Indicators for the Environ-
mental Pollution in the Area of the Former USSR 507
F. Ya. Rovinsky, L. V. Burtseva, T. B. Chicheva
24.1 Introduction 507
24.2 Observational Methodology 507
24.3 Background Heavy Metal Pollution of the Regional Atmo-
sphere and Soils 508
24.4 Background Vegetation Pollution by Heavy Metals 509
24.5 Conclusions 513
24.6 References 513
25 Heavy Metal Accumulation by Plants Growing alongside
the Motor Roads: A Case Study from Turkey 515
M. A. Ötztürk, i. Türkan
Contents XXV
25.1 Introduction 515
25.2 Case Studies 516
25.2.1 Metal Accumulation in Relation to Distance from the
Road 516
25.2.2 Metal Accumulation in Relation to Traffic Intensity 517
25.2.3 Metal Accumulation in Relation to Plant Morphology 518
25.2.4 Biomonitoring of Metals with Bark Samples 520
25.2.5 Rinsing of Metals from Plant Parts 521
25.3 Conclusions 521
25.4 References 522
26 Passive Monitoring of Airborne Pollutants, Particularly
Trace Metals, with Tree Bark 523
A. Walkenhorst, J. Hagemeyer, S. W. Breckle
26.1 Introduction 523
26.1.1 Basic Principles and Aims of Air Pollution Biomonitoring
with Tree Bark 523
26.1.2 History of the Use of Tree Bark as a Medium of Bioindica-
tion - a Survey 525
26.2 Trace Metals in Tree Bark 526
26.2.1 Investigations Dealing with Levels of Trace Elements in
Tree Bark - a Selection of General Studies 526
26.2.2 Concentrations of Trace Metals in Bark of Trees along Roads
— Pb as an Indicator of Automobile Exhaust Fumes 527
26.2.3 Monitoring of Air Pollution in Urban and Industrialized
Areas 529
26.3 Advantages and Limitations of Biomonitoring with Tree
Bark 532
26.3.1 Advantages 532
26.3.2 Problems 533
26.3.2.1 Biotic Influences (External and Internal) 533
26.3.2.2 Abiotic Problems 534
26.3.2.3 Importance of Standardization 534
26.4 Conclusions 535
26.5 Recommendations for Future Research 537
26.6 References 538
27 Monitoring Trace Metal Pollution with Tree Rings:
A Critical Reassessment 541
J. Hagemeyer
27.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts 541
27.2 First Attempts 543
XXVI Contents
27.3 Literature Review of Dendroanalytical Studies 544
27.3.1 Studies with Results Supporting the Concept of Dendro-
analysis 545
27.3.2 Studies Questioning the Method of Dendroanalysis 552
27.4 Conclusions and Remarks 556
27.5 Open Questions-What Can Be Done? 560
27.6 References 561
Part VI : Analysis of Heavy Metals in Plants for the Selection
of Future Monitoring Species 565
28 Do Phytopathogenic Arthropods Alter Metal Levels of
Bioindicator Plants 567
T. Reijonen, P. Nuorteva
28.1 Introduction 567
28.2 Massive Galls of Pemphigid Aphids 567
28.3 Less Massive Galls of Pemphigid Aphids 569
28.4 Small Galls of Eriophyid Mites 569
28.5 Leaf Mines Caused by Eriocrania Moths 571
28.6 Crowns Damaged by Cephalcia abietis Larvae 572
28.7 Brink Gnawing by the Curculionid Polydrosus pictus 572
28.8 Plant Damage and Honeydew Produced by Homoptera 573
28.9 Conclusions 575
28.10 References 576
29 Seasonal Variations of Foliar Metal Content in Three Fruit
Tree Species 577
M. Deu, K. H. Kreeb
Summary 577
29.1 Introduction 577
29.2 Methods 578
29.3 Results and Discussion 579
29.3.1 Washing Procedures 579
29.3.2 Seasonal Changes in Metal Contents during the 1988
Growing Season 582
29.3.2.1 Lead 582
29.3.2.2 Manganese 583
29.3.2.3 Iron 584
29.3.2.4 Copper 584
29.3.2.5 Zinc 586
29.3.3 Features of Metal Retention 587
29.3.4 Conclusions 590
29.4 References 591
Ctwtcnts XXVII
30 Changes in Cadmium Concentration in the Xylem Sap of
Fagus sylvatica L. with Increasing Altitude 593
R. Heimerich
Summary 593
30.1 Introduction 593
30.2 Material and Methods 593
30.3 Results 594
30.4 Discussion 599
30.5 Conclusions 600
30.6 References 600
31 Effects of Altitude on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils
of Beech Forest Ecosystems 601
H. Jochheim, V. Glavac, H. Koenies, R. Heimerich
31.1 Introduction 601
31.2 Materials and Methods 602
31.2.1 Locations of Investigation 602
31.2.2 Soil Sampling 603
31.2.3 Chemical Analyses 603
31.2.4 Process Used to Eliminate the Influence of the Humus
Content 603
31.3 Results 604
31.4 Discussion 609
31.5 References 611
32 Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in Different Com-
partments of a Mountain Rain Forest Ecosystem in
Sri Lanka 613
R. Jayasekera
Summary 613
32.1 Introduction 613
32.2 The Study Site and Methods 614
32.3 Results 615
32.4 Discussion 621
32.5 References 622
Index 623
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115493077 |
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| bvnumber | BV005921732 |
| classification_rvk | WI 2010 WI 2200 WI 6273 |
| classification_tum | UMW 194f UMW 020f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)231421088 (DE-599)BVBBV005921732 |
| discipline | Biologie Umwelt |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005921732 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:36:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527300015 1560812729 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003708414 |
| oclc_num | 231421088 |
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| physical | XXXIII, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment ed. by Bernd Markert Weinheim u.a. VCH 1993 XXXIII, 644 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Schwermetallbelastung (DE-588)4053964-7 gnd rswk-swf Schwermetall (DE-588)4053963-5 gnd rswk-swf Bioindikator (DE-588)4006841-9 gnd rswk-swf Zeigerpflanzen (DE-588)4203690-2 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Schwermetallbelastung (DE-588)4053964-7 s Bioindikator (DE-588)4006841-9 s DE-604 Schwermetall (DE-588)4053963-5 s Zeigerpflanzen (DE-588)4203690-2 s Markert, Bernd 1958- Sonstige (DE-588)115493077 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003708414&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Schwermetallbelastung (DE-588)4053964-7 gnd Schwermetall (DE-588)4053963-5 gnd Bioindikator (DE-588)4006841-9 gnd Zeigerpflanzen (DE-588)4203690-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4053964-7 (DE-588)4053963-5 (DE-588)4006841-9 (DE-588)4203690-2 |
| title | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |
| title_auth | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |
| title_exact_search | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |
| title_full | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment ed. by Bernd Markert |
| title_fullStr | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment ed. by Bernd Markert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment ed. by Bernd Markert |
| title_short | Plants as biomonitors |
| title_sort | plants as biomonitors indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |
| title_sub | indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment |
| topic | Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Schwermetallbelastung (DE-588)4053964-7 gnd Schwermetall (DE-588)4053963-5 gnd Bioindikator (DE-588)4006841-9 gnd Zeigerpflanzen (DE-588)4203690-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pflanzen Schwermetallbelastung Schwermetall Bioindikator Zeigerpflanzen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003708414&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT markertbernd plantsasbiomonitorsindicatorsforheavymetalsintheterrestrialenvironment |