Principles of hydrology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1975
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 367 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0070840555 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of hydrology |c R. C. Ward |
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| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 1975 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804120007255261184 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Principles of hydrology
Autor: Ward, Roy C
Jahr: 1975
Contents
Preface v¡¡
Preface to First Edition ¡x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition and scope of hydrology 1
1.2 A brief history of hydrology 2
1.3 Occurrence of water 3
1.4 The hydrological cycle 4
Systems approach to the hydrological cycle
1.5 Introduction 7
1.6 Systems and subsystems g
1.7 The hydrological cycle as a system 9
1.8 The man-modified system 9
1.9 Advantages of the systems approach in hydrology 12
1.10 The nature of hydrological processes 13
References 14
CHAPTER 2 PRECIPITATION
2.1 Introduction 16
Types of Precipitation
2.2 Classification on basis of form or appearance 17
2.3 Classification on basis of genesis 17
Variations of Precipitation
2.4 Geographical variations 18
World pattern 19
Regional patterns 19
Storm patterns 1 g
2.5 Variations with time 22
Secular variations 22
Periodic variations 23
Stochastic variations 24
Variability of precipitation 26
Rainfall intensity 26
Measurement of Precipitation
2.6 Types of raingauge 30
2.7 Accuracy of rainfall measurement 33
Turbulence and splash errors 33
Ground-level gauges 35
Gauge errors 35
Gauge networks 35
Problems in Hie Analysis of
Precipitation Data
2.8 Determining average areal precipitation 39
Arithmetic mean 39
Thiessen polygons 39
Height-balanced polygons 41
Isohyetal method 41
Other methods 41
2.9 Determining rainfall patterns 43
2.10 Determining the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) 44
Hydrological Aspects of Precipitation
in the Form of Snow
2.11 Distribution of snow 46
2.12 Amount of snowfall 46
2.13 Snowmelt 48
References 49
CHAPTER 3 INTERCEPTION
3.1 Introduction and definitions 54
3.2 Interception in urban areas 54
3.3 Factors affecting interception loss from vegetation 55
3.4 Calculation of interception 56
3.5 Measurement of interception 56
3.6 Interception losses from different types of vegetation 59
Interception loss from woodlands 59
Interception loss from grasses and shrubs 61
Interception loss from agricultural crops 63
3.7 Interception of snow 63
3.8 Horizontal interception 65
3.9 Interception and the water balance 66
3.10 Surface storage 67
References 67
CHAPTER 4 EVAPORATION
4.1 Introduction and definitions 71
4.2 The process of evaporation 71
Factors Affecting Evaporation
from Free Water Surfaces
4.3 The meteorological factors 72
Radiation 72
Temperature 72
Humidity 73
Wind 74
4.4 The geographical factors 75
Water quality 75
Depth of the water body 75
Size of water surface 76
4.5 Additional factors affecting evaporation from soils 78
Soil moisture con tent 78
Soil capillary characteristics 80
Water table depth 80
Soil colour 80
Presence of vegetation 80
4.6 Evaporation from snow 82
The Estimation of Evaporation
4.7 Turbulent transfer approach 83
4.8 Energy balance approach 84
The Measurement of Evaporation from Water
4.9 The water balance
4.10 Evaporation pans
The Measurement of Evaporation from Soils
4.11 Lysimeters and drain gauges
4.12 Other methods
Seasonal and Areal Variations of Evaporation
4.13 Free water surfaces
4.14 Soil surfaces
References
CHAPTER 5 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
5.1 Introduction and definitions
5.2 Transpiration as a botanical process
5.3 Potential and actual évapotranspiration
86
86
87
88
88
89
92
95
95
97
Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration
5.4 PE and meteorological iriflurences 99
Advection 100
Aerodynamic roughness 100
5.5 PE and plant influences : Vegetation type 100
5.6 PE and plant influences : Vegetational control 101
A defence mechanism? 101
The effect of vegetation growth 101
An en vironmen ta! response? 102
5.7 PE and soil moisture 104
5.8 Additional factors affectirg actual évapotranspiration 106
Inadequate moisture supply 106
Other factors 107
5.9 The components of évapotranspiration 108
Measuring Evapotranspiration
5.10 Introduction 110
Potential Evapotranspiration
5.11 Evaporimeters and evaporation pans 110
5.12 Evapotranspirometers 111
5.13 Evapotranspiration formulae 112
5.14 The Thornthwaite method 113
5.15 The Blaney-Criddle method 114
5.16 The Penman method 115
5.17 The van Bavel method 117
Actual Evapotranspiration
5.18 Introduction 118
5.19 Actual évapotranspiration formulae 119
5.20 Water batanee methods 120
Lysimeters 121
Wa ter table fluctuations 121
Catchment areas 121
Soil moisture studies 122
5.21 Moisture flux measurement 122
Theoretical approach 122
Leaf and plant chambers 123
Eddy correlation method 123
Moisture flux within the plant 124
References 124
CHAPTER 6 SUBSURFACE WATER-SOIL MOISTURE
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2
Storage of Soil Moisture
Moisture retention forces
134
6.3 Soil moisture energy relationships 136
6.4 Soil moisture characteristics (Retention curves) 138
6.5 Hysteresis 140
6.6 Soil moisture constants 142
6.7 Measurement of soil moisture content 143
Direct measurement of water content or wetness 143
Measurement of soil moisture suction 144
Other methods 144
Mo vement of Soil Moisture
6.8 Principles of unsaturated flow 145
6.9 Soil moisture movement during infiltration 151
6.10 Soil moisture movement after the cessation of infiltration 155
6.11 The upward movement of soil moisture 160
6.12 The movement of water vapour 165
6.13 Moisture movement and the soil profile 166
Infiltration
6.14 Infiltration capacity 166
6.15 Factors affecting infiltration 167
6.16 Soil surface conditions 167
6.17 Surface cover conditions 167
6.18 Flow conditions in a homogeneous soil mass 168
Infiltration equations 169
6.19 Flow conditions in a non-homogeneous soil mass 171
Moisture gradient 172
Non-capillary porosity 172
The nature of the soil profile 172
Other factors 173
6.20 Characteristics of the infiltrating water 173
6.21 Time variations of infiltration capacity 174
Short-term variations 174
Seasonal variations 177
177
References
CHAPTER 7 SUBSURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER
The Occurrence of Groundwater
7.1 Sources of groundwater 183
7.2 Geological background 184
7.3 Interstices 184
7.4 The disposition of groundwater 185
Groundwater Storage
7.5 Porosity 189
7.6 Water retention forces in the zone of saturation 191
7.7 Specific retention and specific yield 191
7.8 The groundwater balance 192
Rechange 193
Discharge 196
7.9 Coefficient of storage 199
7.10 Storage changes in unconfined aquifers 200
7.11 Storage changes in confined aquifers 203
Groundwater Movement
7.12 Darcy sLaw 205
7.13 Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity 207
7.14 Flow nets 210
7.15 Two-dimensional groundwater flow 211
7.16 Unconfined groundwater flow—classical models 213
7.17 Confined groundwater flow 215
7.18 Regional groundwater flow 216
7.19 Groundwater flow in coastal aquifers 220
Groundwater Quality
7.20 Chemical composition 223
7.21 Temperature 228
7.22 Selected groundwater measurements 230
References 231
CHAPTER 8 RUNOFF
8.1 Introduction 238
8.2 Sources and components of runoff 238
Channel precipitation 239
Overland flow 240
Interflow 240
Groundwater flow 241
Snowmelt 241
Quick flow and baseflow 242
Types of stream 242
The Runoff Process
8.3 The Horton runoff model 244
8.4 The Hewlett runoff model 247
8.5 Variable source areas 250
8.6 Interflow 254
8.7 Hydrograph analysis 256
Factors Affecting Runoff
(A) Factors Affecting the Total Volume of Runoff
8.8
Climatic factors
262
8.9 Catchment factors
262
(B) Factors Affecting the Distribution of Runoff in Time
8.10 Meteorological factors 263
Type of precipitation 263
Rainfall intensity and duration 264
Rainfall distribution 264
8.11 Catchment factors 265
Topography 266
Geology 266
Soil 268
Vegetation 269
Drainage network 270
8.12 Human factors 272
Hydraulic structures 272
Agricultural techniques 272
Urbanization 274
Severity of flooding 274
Variations of Runoff
8.13 Areal variations 275
8.14 Seasonal variations 275
Simple regimes 279
Complex I regimes 280
Complex II regimes 280
River regimes in Britain 282
The Estimation, Prediction, and Forecasting of Runoff
(A) Long-period Runoff
8.15 Annual and seasonal runoff 284
8.16 Snowmelt runoff 285
(B) Peak Flows
8.17 Empirical methods 285
8.18 Statistical methods 286
8.19 Analytical methods of river forecasting 291
Calculation of direct runoff 292
Conversion of direct runoff volume into a time-distributed
hydrograph 293
Downstream changes in hydrograph shape 297
8.20 Catchment models 298
(C) Minimum Flows
8.21 Statistical methods 299
8.22 Hydrological approach 301
The Measurement of Runoff
8.23 Velocity-area method 303
8.24 Weirs and flumes 303
8.25 Dilution gauging 304
References 304
CHAPTER 9 THE DRAINAGE BASIN
9.1 The need for synthesis 311
The geomorphological unity of the drainage basin
9.2 Introduction 312
9.3 Basin plan 312
9.4 Basin relief 314
9.5 Channel networks 316
9.6 Channel form—sectional 322
9.7 Channel form—plan 328
Meandering channels 328
Braided channels 332
9.8 Erosion and sedimentation 332
The hydrological unity of the drainage basin
9.9 Introduction 335
9.10 Evapotranspiration reduction to increase water yields 336
Removal/Replacement of vegetation cover 338
Transpiration suppressants 340
9.11 Optimizing water and timber yields in forested mountain catchments 340
9.12 Chemical and nutrient balances of agricultural areas 344
9.13 Models 346
Epilogue
References 348
Reference Abbreviations 353
Simplified Metric Conversion Tables 354
Index
356
|
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| author | Ward, Roy C. 1937- |
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:35:14Z |
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| isbn | 0070840555 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Ward, Roy C. 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)122468805 aut Principles of hydrology R. C. Ward 2. ed. London [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1975 XVI, 367 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hydrologie gtt Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd rswk-swf Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003640814&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ward, Roy C. 1937- Principles of hydrology Hydrologie gtt Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026309-5 |
| title | Principles of hydrology |
| title_auth | Principles of hydrology |
| title_exact_search | Principles of hydrology |
| title_full | Principles of hydrology R. C. Ward |
| title_fullStr | Principles of hydrology R. C. Ward |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of hydrology R. C. Ward |
| title_short | Principles of hydrology |
| title_sort | principles of hydrology |
| topic | Hydrologie gtt Hydrology Hydrologie (DE-588)4026309-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hydrologie Hydrology |
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