Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods: a computer-assisted introduction
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Belmont, California
Wadsworth Publishing Company
1990
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 493 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 0534125948 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Grimm, James W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods |b a computer-assisted introduction |c James W. Grimm & Paul R. Wozniak |
| 264 | 1 | |a Belmont, California |b Wadsworth Publishing Company |c 1990 | |
| 300 | |a xviii, 493 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Sciences sociales - Informatique - Étude et enseignement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sciences sociales - Recherche | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Statistique - Étude et enseignement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Datenverarbeitung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sozialwissenschaften | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Data processing |x Study and teaching | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Wozniak, Paul R. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804119748347166720 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiv
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction: Basic Math Review 1
Arithmetic with Positive and Negative Numbers 2
Rounding 2
Order of Operations 3
Algebra 4
The Summation Sign 5
Exercises 7
Overview 11
Section 1 Variables and the Research Process 15
Types of Variables 15
Nominal Variables 16
Ordinal Variables 16
Interval/Ratio Variables 17
Using Variables in Research 18
Variables and the Steps of Research 20
1. Asking Research Questions 20
2. Formulating Hypotheses 20
3. Constructing Research Designs 21
4. Developing Measures 21
5. Collecting Data 21
6. Analyzing Results 22
7. Drawing Conclusions 22
Exercises 23
vii
v lli CONTENTS
Section 2 Univariate Frequency Distributions 29
The Community Preference Survey (CPS) 29
Table Construction for Univariate Frequency Distributions 30
Nominal and Ordinal Variables 30
Interval/Ratio Variables 32
Frequency Distributions: SPSS/PC + and STATPAC Outputs 33
Exercises 41
Section 3 Statistical Measures and Descriptions of Univariate Frequency
Distributions 49
Proportions, Percentages, and Ratios 49
Measures of Central Tendency 52
Mode 52
Median 53
Mean 54
Measures of Dispersion 55
Range 55
Interquartile Range 56
Variance and Standard Deviation 56
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion: SPSS/PC + and
STATPAC Output 58
Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data 61
Establishing Equal Sized Intervals 61
Calculating the Median 62
Calculating Percentiles 63
Calculating the Mean 65
Measures of Dispersion for Grouped Data 65
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion for Grouped Data:
SPSS/PC + and STATPAC Outputs 66
Graphic Representations of Frequency Distributions 69
Bar Charts 69
Pie Charts 70
Histograms 70
Frequency Polygons 71
Exercises 75
Section 4 Bivariate Frequency Distributions: Tables and Statistical Procedures 91
Nominal Bivariate Distributions 91
Nominal Bivariate Table Construction 92
1. Title 92
2. Columns 92
CONTENTS ix
3. Rows 92
4. Sorting, Tallying, and Percentaging 92
Describing Nominal Bivariate Table Percentage Results 94
Testing Hypotheses with Nominal Bivariate Tables 95
The Chi Square Test for the Existence of a Relationship 95
Nominal Measures of the Strength of an Association 99
Formulas /or the Calculation of Phi, Cramer s V, Contingency
Coefficient, and Lambda 99
Crosstab of UNEMP BY POLPARTY 102
A Review of Chi Square Procedures and Nominal Measures of
Association 105
Interpretation of UNEMP BY POLPARTY Table 106
Ordinal Bivariate Distributions 107
Ordinal Bivariate Table Construction 108
The Chi Square Test for the Existence of a Relationship 108
Ordinal Measures of the Strength of an Association 108
Formulas for and Calculation of Gamma, Somer s d, Tau b, and
Tau c 113
UNEMP BY AGE in a 2 x 2 Table 115
UNEMP BY AGE in a 3 x 4 Table 121
UNEMP BY AGE in a 3 x 3 Table 122
Exercises 125
Section 5 Forming and Testing Hypotheses 135
Using Hypotheses Rather than Commonsense 135
Bivariate Hypotheses 137
Theoretical Versus Working Hypotheses 138
Exercises 145
Section 6 Measurement 163
Conceptualizing Single Aspect Concepts 164
Operationalizing Single Aspect Concepts 164
Structuring an Indicator 165
Judging the Reliability and Validity of an Indicator 165
Test Retest Reliability Procedure 166
Parallel or Alternate Forms Reliability Technique 166
Split Half Reliability Method 166
Face Validity Procedures 166
Predictive Validity Procedures 167
Concurrent Validity Procedures 167
Construct Validity Procedures 167
Exercises 169
X CONTENTS
Section 7 Index Construction and Interpretation of Complex Concepts 179
Index Construction 180
Summated Index 180
Likert Scaling 181
Factor Scaling 182
Retaining or Eliminating Index Items 183
Inter Item Analysis 184
Item Total Score Correlation 185
Structuring Indexes as Variables 187
A Brief Discussion of Scales 189
Exercises 193
Section 8 Sampling Procedures 203
Nonprobability Sampling 203
judgmental Sampling 204
Convenience Sampling 204
Quota Sampling 204
Theoretical Sampling 205
Probability Sampling 205
Simple Random Sampling 206
Systematic Sampling 207
Stratified Sampling 208
Proportionate Stratified Sampling 209
Disproportionate Stratified Sampling 209
Weighting Procedures 210
Cluster Sampling 211
Random Digit Dialing Telephone Sampling 213
Random Digit Dialing and the CPS 214
Exercises 217
Section 9 Survey Research 229
Units of Analysis 229
Fallacious Inferences 231
Individualistic Fallacies 231
Ecological Fallacies 231
Contextual Effects 232
Types of Survey Research Designs 233
Cross Sectional Versus Longitudinal Surveys 233
Trend Studies 233
Cohort Studies 234
Panel Studies 234
CONTENTS Xi
Data Collection Techniques 235
Mass Administered and Mailed Questionnaires 235
Face to Face and Phone Interviews 236
Question Structure 236
Factors Affecting the Choice of Data Collection Technique 237
Guidelines for Constructing Good Questions and
Questionnaires 238
Overall Response Rates 243
Type of Data Collection Technique 243
Representativeness 244
Item Nonresponse 245
Ethical Guidelines in Survey Research 245
1. Informed Consent to Participate 246
2. Right to Privacy 246
3. Avoiding Harm to Participants 246
4. Objectivity, Integrity, and Honesty in Reporting
Procedures 247
5. Honesty in Reporting Results 247
Exercises 249
Section 10 The Bases of Inferential Statistics 271
The Normal Curve 271
Z Scores 273
Z Scores and Proportions in a Normal Distribution 275
Illustrative Uses of Z Scores and the Normal Curve 277
The Central Limit Theorem 279
Estimation—Confidence Intervals for Means 282
Estimation—Confidence Intervals for Proportions 284
Determining Sample Sizes 285
Exercises 289
Section 11 Inferential Statistics: Hypothesis Tests 301
The Basics of Hypothesis Testing 302
1. State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses 302
2. Select the Appropriate Test and Critical Value of the Test
Statistic 304
3. Compute the Obtained Value of the Test Statistic 305
4. Make a Decision 305
Z Test for a Single Sample Proportion 306
The t Distribution 307
t Test for a Single Sample Mean 308
Z Test for Two Sample Proportions 309
Xii CONTENTS
t Test for Two Sample Means 310
t Test for Before/After or Paired Samples 314
F Test for Variances 315
ANOVA One Way Test for Three or More Sample Means 316
One Way ANOVA Worksheet 321
Exercises 323
Section 12 Selected Nonparametric Statistics 337
Spearman s Rank Order Correlation 338
Chi Square Goodness of Fit Test 339
Mann Whitney 17 Test 343
Wilcoxon Matched Pairs/Signed Ranks Test 346
Kruskal Wallis H Test 347
Exercises 351
Section 13 Bivariate Association for Interval/Ratio Level Variables 369
Linear Regression 369 ;
Scattergrams 370 ,
Pearson s Correlation Coefficient 370
Coefficient of Determination 372
Regression Analysis 373
Correlation Analysis and Prediction 374
Tests of Significance for r 376
Prediction and Error 378
Exercises 385
Section 14 Elaboration of Bivariate Tables 395
Cause and Effect 395
Sufficient and Necessary Causes 396
Nomothetic or Probabilistic Explanations 398
Criteria for Causality 398
Elaboration Procedures and Outcomes 399
1. No Change in the Original Relationship 401
2. A Spurious Relationship 402
3. An Intervening Relationship 403
4. A Conditional Relationship 405
Exercises 409
CONTENTS Xiii
Section 15 Multiple Regression 427
Introduction to Multiple Regression 427
Beta Coefficients or Weights 428
Tests of Significance for Regression Statistics 429
Applications of Multiple Regression 430
Stepwise Multiple Regression 431
Discussion of Stepwise Multiple Regression Results 438
Discussion of Forced Entry Multiple Regression Results 442
Conclusion 444
Exercises 445
Appendix A Instructions for Computer Installation and Operation of the CPS 451
Appendix B Community Preference Survey (CPS) Codebook 455
Appendix C STATPAC Analysis Management Programs 461
Appendix D Statistical Tables 465
I Z Scores and Areas Under the Normal Curve 466
II Critical Values of t 467
III Critical Values of F 468
IV Critical Values of Chi Square 472
V Table of Random Numbers 473
Appendix E CPS Questionnaire 477
Appendix F Answers to Selected Exercises 485
Index 489
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:31:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0534125948 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Grimm, James W. Verfasser aut Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction James W. Grimm & Paul R. Wozniak Belmont, California Wadsworth Publishing Company 1990 xviii, 493 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sciences sociales - Informatique - Étude et enseignement Sciences sociales - Recherche Statistique - Étude et enseignement Datenverarbeitung Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Data processing Study and teaching Datenverarbeitung (DE-588)4011152-0 gnd rswk-swf Sozialstatistik (DE-588)4055897-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialstatistik (DE-588)4055897-6 s Datenverarbeitung (DE-588)4011152-0 s DE-604 Wozniak, Paul R. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003464238&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Grimm, James W. Wozniak, Paul R. Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction Sciences sociales - Informatique - Étude et enseignement Sciences sociales - Recherche Statistique - Étude et enseignement Datenverarbeitung Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Data processing Study and teaching Datenverarbeitung (DE-588)4011152-0 gnd Sozialstatistik (DE-588)4055897-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011152-0 (DE-588)4055897-6 |
| title | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction |
| title_auth | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction |
| title_exact_search | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction |
| title_full | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction James W. Grimm & Paul R. Wozniak |
| title_fullStr | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction James W. Grimm & Paul R. Wozniak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer-assisted introduction James W. Grimm & Paul R. Wozniak |
| title_short | Basic social statistics and quantitative research methods |
| title_sort | basic social statistics and quantitative research methods a computer assisted introduction |
| title_sub | a computer-assisted introduction |
| topic | Sciences sociales - Informatique - Étude et enseignement Sciences sociales - Recherche Statistique - Étude et enseignement Datenverarbeitung Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Data processing Study and teaching Datenverarbeitung (DE-588)4011152-0 gnd Sozialstatistik (DE-588)4055897-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sciences sociales - Informatique - Étude et enseignement Sciences sociales - Recherche Statistique - Étude et enseignement Datenverarbeitung Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Data processing Study and teaching Sozialstatistik |
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