Modern ecology: basic and applied aspects
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam u.a.
Elsevier
1991
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| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 844 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444891838 |
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| adam_text | MODERN ECOLOGY BASIC AND APPLIED ASPECTS EDITED BY G. ESSER
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (IIASA),
SCHLOSSPLATZ 1, A-2361 LAXENBURG, AUSTRIA AND D. OVERDIECK INSTITUT FIIR
OKOLOGIE DER TECHNISCHEN UNIVERSITAT, KONINGIN-LUISE-STRASSE 22, D-1000
BERLIN 33, GERMANY ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM - LONDON - NEW YORK - TOKYO 1991
CONTENTS PREFACE V EDITORIAL ADVISORS IX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XI I
MORPHOLOGY, STAND STRUCTURE, AND COMPETITION 1 1 MORPHOLOGY IN MODERN
ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH BY W. EBER 3 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.2 MODELS OF PLANT
CONSTRUCTION 4 1.3 DIVERSITY OF INDIVIDUALS WITHIN POPULATIONS 5 1.4
APPLICATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN THE STUDY OF PRIMARY PRO-
DUCTION AND RELATED PROCESSES 6 1.5 THE ANALYSIS OF PLANT ARCHITECTURE 8
1.6 RESOURCE ALLOCATION 11 1.7 THE GROWTH FORM, CLONAL GROWTH AND
LATERAL SPREAD : . . . . 13 2 VEGETATION STRUCTURE, PHYTOMASS AND
PHENOLOGY OF THE DRY THORN SCRUB OF CURASAO, WEST INDIES BY M. J. A.
WERGER, C. DE BOK AND B. ORANJE 21 2.1 INTRODUCTION 21 2.2 AREA AND
METHODS 22 2.2.1 AREA AND FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 22 2.2.2 BIOMASS AND
LEAF AREA 23 2.2.3 PHENOLOGY 24 2.3 RESULTS . 24 2.3.1 FLORISTIC
COMPOSITION 24 2.3.2 BIOMASS, STRUCTURE AND LEAF AREA 25 2.3.3 PHENOLOGY
28 XVII XVIII CONTENTS 2.4 DISCUSSION 32 STRUCTURE AND PHYTOMASS
PRODUCTION OF A PIONEER COMMUNITY BY M. JOCHIMSEN AND D. JANZEN 39 3.1
INTRODUCTION 39 3.2 RESEARCH AREA AND METHODS 40 3.3 PHYTOMASS 41 3.4
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS 45 3.5 SPECIES NUMBERS 49 3.6 THE FIVE MOST
PRODUCTIVE SPECIES 51 3.7 CONCLUSION 56 SURVIVAL AND GROWTH BENEATH AND
NEAR PARENTS: THE CASE OF MYR- CIANTHES FRAGRANS (MYRTACEAE) BY D. F.
WHIGHAM AND E. CABRERA CANO 61 4.1 INTRODUCTION 61 4.2 STUDY SITE 62 4.3
METHODS 63 4.4 RESULTS 66 4.5 DISCUSSION 71 COLONIZING SUCCESS IN
PLANTS: GENETIC VARIATION AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LIFE HISTORY
TRAITS IN CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS BY H. HURKA AND B. NEUFFER 77 5.1
INTRODUCTION 77 5.2 HISTORY OF CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS 78 5.3 BREEDING
SYSTEM OF CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS 79 5.4 REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY 80 5.4.1
NUMBER OF SEEDS PER FRUIT 80 5.4.2 TOTAL SEED OUTPUT 82 5.5 FOUNDING OF
POPULATIONS IN NEW HABITATS 83 5.5.1 SEED SIZES, SEED POLYMORPHISM 83
5.5.2 ESTABLISHMENT NEAR TO THE PREVIOUSLY SEEDED RANGE 85 5.5.3 SOIL
SEED BANK 85 5.5.4 LONG DISTANCE SEED DISPERSAL 87 5.6 GERMINATION
BEHAVIOR 88 NICHES OF LONGEVITY AND STRESS BY F. KLOTZLI 97 6.1
INTRODUCTION 97 6.2 CIRCUMSTANCES OF LONGEVITY 99 6.2.1 SITE CONDITIONS
AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF BRISTLECONE PINE 99 6.2.2 COMPARABLE
NICHES IN EURASIA 101 CONTENTS XIX 6.2.3 JUNIPERS OF THE KARAKORUM
RANGES 102 6.3 CONCLUSIONS 104 6.4 ANNEX: HUNZA VALLEY AREA 107 6.4.1
PHYSIOGRAPHY 107 6.4.2 CLIMATE 108 6.4.3 SOIL 110 II MASS AND WATER
BALANCES AT STAND LEVEL 111 7 PLASTICITY OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PRODUCTION OF GALIUM APARINE L. BY W. L. KUTSCH AND L. KAPPEN 113 7.1
INTRODUCTION 113 7.2 MATERIAL 114 7.3 METHODS 115 7.4 MATHEMATICAL
MODELLING 116 7.4.1 PHOTOSYNTHETIC LIGHT RESPONSE AND LIGHT ACCLIMATION
116 7.4.2 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF DARK RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYN-
THESIS 117 7.5 RESULTS 118 7.5.1 SEASONAL COURSE OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL
STAGES 118 7.5.2 SEASONAL COURSES OF THE CO2 EXCHANGE PARAMETERS 119
7.5.3 ADAPTATION OF THE PLANTS TO THE LIGHT CONDITIONS 121 7.5.4
PARAMETERS OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND LEAF PARAMETERS 122 7.6
CONCLUSIONS 122 8 DIVERSITY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES IN THE MESIC AND
ARID MEDI- TERRANEAN*TYPE CLIMATE REGIONS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA BY M. C.
RUTHERFORD 133 8.1 INTRODUCTION 133 8.2 PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS 135 8.3
RESPONSES TO PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX DENSITY 136 8.4 RESPONSE TO
TEMPERATURE 139 8.5 RESPONSES TO WATER 141 8.6 RESPONSES TO LEAF TO AIR
WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE DEFICITS 145 8.7 NUTRIENT CONSIDERATIONS 146 8.8
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY 149 8.9 LEAF AND PLANT AGE EFFECTS 150 8.10
CONCLUSIONS 151 9 THE COMBINATION OF MEASUREMENTS AND MATHEMATICAL
MODELLING FOR ASSESSING CANOPY STRUCTURE EFFECTS BY U. TAPPEINER AND A.
CERNUSCA 161 9.1 INTRODUCTION 161 XX CONTENTS 9.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
163 9.2.1 SITES INVESTIGATED 163 9.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL METHODS
165 9.3 MODEL DESIGNING 169 9.3.1 CANOPY STRUCTURE AND LIGHT CLIMATE
SUBMODEL 169 9.3.2 SINGLE LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS SUBMODEL 172 9.3.3 CANOPY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS MODEL 172 9.4 SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF THE APPROPRIATE
MODEL 173 9.4.1 VALIDATION OF THE RADIATION MODEL 174 9.4.2 VALIDATION
OF THE CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS MODEL 177 9.5 APPLICATION OF THE PRESENTED
MODELS 180 9.5.1 INVESTIGATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHANGES IN STAND
STRUCTURE, LIGHT CLIMATE, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FOLLOWING ABANDONMENT OF
AN ALPINE PASTURE 180 9.5.2 TYPIFICATION OF STRUCTURALLY DIFFERENT PLANT
STANDS IN THE CEN- TRAL CAUCASUS 182 9.6 CONCLUSION 187 10 THE WATER
BALANCE OF DECIDUOUS FORESTS: METHODS AND MODELS BY B. SAUGIER AND J.-Y.
PONTAILLER 195 10.1 INTRODUCTION 195 10.2 SOIL WATER BALANCE 196 10.2.1
FIELD CAPACITY 198 10.2.2 WILTING POINT 198 10.3 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
PATTERN 200 10.3.1 THROUGHFALL, STEMFLOW AND INTERCEPTION LOSS 200
10.3.2 INTERCEPTION BY TREE LITTER 201 10.4 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 201
10.4.1 SOIL WATER BALANCE METHOD 201 10.4.2 ENERGY BALANCE (BOWEN RATIO)
METHOD 202 10.4.3 EDDY CORRELATION METHOD 202 10.5 SAPFLOW 203 10.5.1
SAPFLOW MEASUREMENT 203 10.6 MODELS OF FOREST WATER BALANCE 205 10.6.1
EVAPORATION OF INTERCEPTED WATER . 206 10.6.2 CANOPY RESISTANCE R C 207
10.6.3 SOIL MOISTURE AND TRANSPIRATION 209 10.7 CONCLUSION 209 11
COMBINATION EFFECTS OF WATER AND SALT STRESS ON GROWTH, HYDRATION AND
PIGMENT COMPOSITION IN WHEAT ( TYITICUM AESTIVUM L.): A MATHE- MATICAL
MODELLING APPROACH BY K. H. KREEB AND T. CHEN 215 CONTENTS XXI 11.1
INTRODUCTION 215 11.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 217 11.2.1 PLANTS,
EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT, AND ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS . . 217 11.2.2
STATISTICAL AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS 217 11.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 222
11.3.1 THE COMBINATION EFFECT ON PLANT HEIGHT 222 11.3.2 THE COMBINATION
EFFECT ON THE POTENTIAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE (TT*) 222 11.3.3 THE
COMBINATION EFFECT ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT 223 11.4 CONCLUSION 227 12
ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH ON GRASSLAND IN THE AUSTRIAN ALPS AND IN THE CENTRAL
CAUCASUS BY A. CERNUSCA 233 12.1 INTRODUCTION 233 12.2 SCOPE OF THE
STUDIES AND METHODS 234 12.3 SITES INVESTIGATED 238 12.4 STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF ALPINE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS 241 12.4.1 ALTITUDINAL VARIATION
OF WATER BUDGET 241 12.4.2 ALTITUDINAL VARIATION OF CANOPY STRUCTURE,
ENERGY BALANCE AND MICROCLIMATE 242 12.4.3 ALTITUDINAL VARIATION OF
PHYTOMASS, ENERGY CONTENT AND FOD- DER VALUE 250 12.4.4 ALTITUDINAL
VARIATION OF SOIL-MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 252 12.4.5 THE CARBON BUDGET
OF THE ALPINE SEDGE MATS 253 12.5 THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC MEASURES
ON ALPINE ECOSYSTEMS 259 12.5.1 THE CONSEQUENCES OF GRAZING ON THE
ALPINE GRASSLAND 261 12.5.2 THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ABANDONMENT OF THE
ALPINE PASTURES 263 12.5.3 THE EFFECTS OF SKIING FACILITIES ON THE WATER
BALANCE OF THE ALPINE GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS 264 12.5.4 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF
ALPINE ECOSYSTEMS TO DISRUPTION, AS SEEN IN THE CASE OF HIKING TRAILS
264 III MINERALS AND VEGETATION*SOILS INTERACTIONS 273 13 MULTI*ELEMENT
ANALYSIS IN PLANT MATERIAL BY B. MARKERT 275 13.1 INTRODUCTION 275 13.2
ESTABLISHMENT^ BASELINE VALUES (BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS) . . . . 279
13.3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 284 13.4
CONCLUSIONS 288 XXII CONTENTS 14 SIGNIFICANCE OF NUTRIENT RELATIONS AND
SYMBIOSIS FOR THE COMPETI- TIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN GRASSES AND LEGUMES
IN TROPICAL SAVANNAS BY E. MEDINA AND B. BILBAO 295 14.1 INTRODUCTION
295 14.2 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND VEGETATION COMPOSITION 296 14.3
BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF NUTRIENT AND MOBILE CARBOHYDRATES302
14.3.1 NUTRIENT CONTENT OF LEAVES AND ROOTS 303 14.3.2 NUTRIENT
LIMITATION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF NATIVE GRASS SPECIES . .305 14.3.3
BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS IMPROVING NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY . . . . 306 14.4
CONCLUDING REMARKS 313 15 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY,
AND WATER, AIR, TEM- PERATURE AND NUTRIENT STATUS OF DIFFERENT SOILS
UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE BY H.-P. BLUME, L. BEYER AND F. FRIEDRICH 321
15.1 INTRODUCTION 321 15.2 SITES AND SOILS 322 15.3 METHODS 325 15.4
SOIL DYNAMICS 327 15.4.1 LOAMY LUVISOLS UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE 327
15.4.2 SANDY PODZOLS UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE (FIG. 15.2) 332 15.4.3
GLEYSOLS UNDER FOREST (FIG. 15.3) 336 15.4.4 HISTOSOLS UNDER NATURAL
VEGETATION (FIG. 15.4) 338 15.5 COMPARATIVE DISCUSSION 340 IV
DISTURBANCES AND MANAGEMENT OF SEMI-NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS 347
16 FIRE, DRY HEAT AND GERMINATION OF SAVANNA GRASSES IN BOTSWANA BY W.
H. O. ERNST 349 16.1 INTRODUCTION 349 16.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 350 16.3
RESULTS 351 16.3.1 EFFECT OF FIELD FIRE IN THE SAVANNA 351 16.3.2 EFFECT
OF DRY HEAT 352 16.4 DISCUSSION 356 17 DOES INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE
INCREASE SPECIES RICHNESS WITHIN DE- CIDUOUS FOREST UNDERSTORY? BY R. J.
READIER, K. C. TAYLOR AND D. W. LARSON 363 17.1 INTRODUCTION 363 17.2
EXPECTED EFFECTS OF INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE ON DECIDUOUS FOREST UN-
DERSTORY 365 CONTENTS XXIII 17.3 SELECTIVE TREE HARVESTING EFFECTS ON
DECIDUOUS FOREST UNDERSTORY . . . 366 17.4 TRAMPLING EFFECTS ON
DECIDUOUS FOREST UNDERSTORY 368 17.5 DOES FOREST SPECIES RICHNESS
INCREASE FOLLOWING INTERMEDIATE DISTUR- BANCE? 370 17.6 CONCLUSIONS 371
18 RESPONSE OF A BROMUS ERECTUS GRASSLAND (MESOBROMION) TO ABANDON- MENT
AND DIFFERENT CUTTING REGIMES BY H. DIERSCHKE AND M. ENGELS 375 18.1
INTRODUCTION 375 18.2 RESEARCH AREA AND METHODS 376 18.3 RESULTS 377
18.3.1 COMPARISON OF SPECIES COMBINATION IN ONE YEAR 377 18.3.2 CHANGES
OF SPECIES COMBINATION OVER SEVERAL YEARS 379 18.3.3 DIFFERENCES OF
ABOVE-GROUND PHYTOMASS PRODUCTION 382 18.3.4 RESPONSE OF BROMUS ERECTUS
TO DIFFERENT CUTTING REGIMES . . . 385 18.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
386 18.4.1 SECONDARY SUCCESSION OF ABANDONED CALCAREOUS GRASSLAND . . .
386 18.4.2 OWN RESULTS OF SECONDARY SUCCESSION IN COMPARISON WITH THE
LITERATURE 387 18.4.3 REGENERATION OF MESOBROMION COMMUNITIES 390 18.4.4
VITALITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF BROMUS ERECTUS 391 19 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY IN
VINEYARDS * RESULTS, PROBLEMS, TASKS BY O. WILMANNS AND A. BOGENRIEDER
399 19.1 INTRODUCTION 399 19.1.1 FRAMEWORK 399 19.1.2 A SHORT OVERVIEW
OF PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED VINEYARD WILD-HERB COMMUNITIES 400 19.2 CASE
STUDY MARKGRAFLER HIIGELLAND 401 19.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION 401
19.2.2 AVAILABLE MATERIAL, METHODS 403 19.2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY
TYPES IN THE MARKGRAFLER LAND 411 19.2.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
VINEYARD UNDERGROWTH IN THE GE- MARKUNG NIEDEREGGENEN .422 19.2.5
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF NITROGEN AND TILTH 426 19.3 DISCUSSION
AND PROSPECTS 428 19.3.1 FACETS OF PLANT SOCIOLOGY 428 19.3.2
SYMMORPHOLOGY AND SYMPHENOLOGY 431 19.3.3 ECOLOGY 432 19.3.4 TEMPORAL
CHANGE: SYNDYNAMICS (SUCCESSION THEORY) AND SYN- EVOLUTION 434 19.3.5
SIGMASOCIOLOGY: VEGETATION COMPLEXES 435 XXIV CONTENTS 19.3.6
BIOCOENOLOGY 437 20 THE DISSIPATION OF ENERGY THROUGH SOIL INVERTEBRATES
IN WHEAT FIELD AND MEADOW BY L. RYSZKOWSKI 443 20.1 INTRODUCTION AND
AREA DESCRIPTION 443 20.2 PRIMARY PRODUCTION 444 20.2.1 METHODS 444
20.2.2 VALUES OF ANNUAL PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND INPUTS OF PLANT BIO- MASS
FOR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF HETEROTROPHS 445 20.3 TOTAL COMMUNITY OF SOIL
INVERTEBRATES 447 20.3.1 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND EVALUATING ENERGY FLOW
447 20.3.2 BIOMASS STRUCTURE AND ENERGY COST OF SOIL MAINTENANCE . . . .
448 20.4 DISSIPATION OF ENERGY BY SOIL-ANIMALS 451 V EUTROPHICATION AND
POLLUTION IN TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS 457 21 LEAD TOLERANCE OF ANNUALS AT
ROADSIDES BY U. HELLMUTH AND W. SCHMIDT 459 21.1 INTRODUCTION 459 21.2
MATERIALS AND METHODS 460 21.3 RESULTS 461 21.3.1 LEAD CONCENTRATION IN
THE SOIL 461 21.3.2 PLANT GROWTH AND LEAD CONTENT 462 21.4 DISCUSSION
465 22 ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS: MUTATIONAL LOAD IN NATURAL POPULA-
TIONS OF EISENIA FETIDA? BY W. NAU AND W. KOHLER 473 22.1 INTRODUCTION
473 22.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 476 22.3 RESULTS 478 22.4 DISCUSSION 485
22.5 APPENDIX: CONTAMINATION OF THE HOUSEHOLD WASTE SITE AT HASENBIIHL.
493 23 THE SUBLETHAL ENCHYTRAEID TEST SYSTEM: GUIDELINES AND SOME RE-
SULTS BY W. WESTHEIDE AND D. BETHKE-BEILFUSS 497 23.1 INTRODUCTION 497
23.2 THE TEST GUIDELINES 499 23.3 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 503
CONTENTS XXV 24 TRANSFER MECHANISMS AND DEPOSITION RATES OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLU- TANTS BY W. KUTTLER 509 24.1 INTRODUCTION 509 24.2 THE EMISSIONS
OF DIFFERENT POLLUTANTS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GER- MANY 510 24.3
MECHANISMS OF ATMOSPHERIC SELF-CLEANING 511 24.3.1 DRY DEPOSITION OF
POLLUTANTS 513 24.3.2 HUMID DEPOSITION OF POLLUTANTS 514 24.3.3 WET
DEPOSITION OF POLLUTANTS 515 24.3.4 FILTRATION OF POLLUTANTS BY
VEGETATION 516 24.3.5 METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF DRY, WET AND HUMID
DEPOSITION . 517 24.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL
AGGLOMERATION AND A CLEAN-AIR AREA 519 24.4.1 CONCENTRATIONS OF
POLLUTANTS 519 24.4.2 ANION EQUIVALENTS 519 24.4.3 DEPOSITION OF
POLLUTANTS 522 24.5 RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF POLLUTANT TRANSFER INTO
INDIVIDUAL TREE STANDS 525 24.6 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 528 25 GASEOUS
AIR POLLUTANTS AND FOREST FLOOR VEGETATION * A CASE STUDY AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS OF INTEGRATION BY L. STEUBING AND A. FANGMEIER 539 25.1
INTRODUCTION 539 25.2 GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FOREST
FLOOR VEGETATION * WHAT IS KNOWN? 540 25.3 THE EXPERIMENT 541 25.3.1
STUDY AREA 541 25.3.2 FUMIGATIONS 541 25.3.3 VEGETATION ANALYSES 544
25.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 544 25.4.1 POLLUTANT EFFECTS AT THE
POPULATION LEVEL 544 25.4.2 POLLUTANT EFFECTS AT THE MICROMORPHOLOGICAL
LEVEL 550 25.5 POLLUTANT EFFECTS AT THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LEVEL . 551 25.6
POLLUTANT EFFECTS AT THE BIOCHEMICAL LEVEL 557 25.7 CONCLUSIONS 562 26
EUTROPHICATION IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS BY P. JAKUCS 571 26.1 INTRODUCTION
571 26.2 INDICATOR POPULATIONS OF EUTROPHICATION 572 26.3 EXAMPLES OF
TERRESTRIAL EUTROPHICATION IN FOREST STANDS 572 XXVI CONTENTS 26.3.1
TERRESTRIAL EUTROPHICATION AS AN ACCOMPANYING PHENOMENON OF THE NEW TYPE
OF FOREST DECLINE 572 26.3.2 TERRESTRIAL EUTROPHICATION AS AN
ACCOMPANYING PHENOMENON OF CLEAR-CUTTING 573 26.3.3 TERRESTRIAL
EUTROPHICATION IN BLACK LOCUST FOREST STANDS . . . . 575 26.3.4
EUTROPHICATION IN FORESTS AS THE DETERIORATION IN THE QUALITY OF THE
FOREST 576 26.3.5 TERRESTRIAL EUTROPHICATION IN SEMI-NATURAL FOREST
COMMUNITIES 576 26.3.6 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL TERRESTRIAL EUTROPHICATION
577 27 ANIMAL-COENOSES IN THE SPRUCE FOREST ECOSYSTEM (PROTOZOA, META-
ZOA-INVERTEBRATES): INDICATORS OF ALTERATIONS IN FOREST-ECOSYSTEMS BY W.
FUNKE AND M. ROTH-HOLZAPFEL 579 27.1 INTRODUCTION 579 27.2 STUDY SITES,
MATERIAL AND METHODS 580 27.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 581 27.3.1 SOIL
ANIMALS AS SENSITIVE INDICATORS OF FOREST DECLINE 581 27.3.2
FLUCTUATIONS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND LITTER DECOMPOSITION AS
INDICATORS OF ALTERATIONS IN FOREST-ECOSYSTEMS (CAUSED BY CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS) 581 27.3.3 SOIL ANIMALS AS INDICATORS OF ALTERATIONS IN
FOREST SOILS, CAUSED BY LIMING, MINERAL-FERTILIZATION OR BY ADDITIONAL
IRRIGATION . . 585 27.3.4 SOIL ARTHROPODS AS SENSITIVE INDICATORS (TEST
ORGANISMS) OF THE SUITABILITY OF PESTICIDES IN NATURE 590 27.3.5
INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS AS ACCUMULATIVE INDICATORS OF SEVERAL ELEMENTS 593
VI THE CARBON CYCLE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 601 28 CARBON ISOTOPE
FRACTIONATION DURING CO2 FIXATION BY PLANTS BY G. H. SCHLESER 603 28.1
INTRODUCTION 603 28.2 FORMULATION OF THE MODEL 604 28.3 THEORETICAL
ANALYSIS 606 28.4 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS . 612 28.4.1 MATERIAL AND
METHODS 612 28.4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 612 29 CARBON DIOXIDE EFFECTS
ON VEGETATION BY D. OVERDIECK AND M. FORSTREUTER 623 29.1 INTRODUCTION
623 29.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 626 29.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 628
CONTENTS XXVII 29.3.1 CARBOHYDRATES 628 29.3.2 ANATOMICAL MODIFICATIONS
629 29.3.3 PHYTOMASS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS 629 29.3.4 COMPETITION 633
29.3.5 PHYTOMASS OF WOODY PLANTS 633 29.3.6 CO2 GAS EXCHANGE OF MODEL
ECOSYSTEMS 634 29.3.7 MINERAL CONTENT 641 29.3.8 WATER BUDGET 644 29.4
MODELLING THE CO 2 EFFECT 647 30 TROPICAL GRASSLANDS AND THEIR ROLE IN
THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE BY D. O. HALL AND J. M. O. SCURLOCK 659 30.1 THE
IMPORTANCE OF TROPICAL GRASSLANDS 659 30.2 ACCOUNTING FOR CARBON FLOWS
663 30.3 RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE 663 30.4
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 667 30.5 THE UNEP
GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY PROJECT 668 30.6 GRASSLAND BURNING AND THE GLOBAL
CARBON CYCLE 669 30.7 PRESENT AND FUTURE WORK 671 30.8 CONCLUSIONS 672
31 OSNABRIICK BIOSPHERE MODEL: STRUCTURE, CONSTRUCTION, RESULTS BY G.
ESSER 679 31.1 INTRODUCTION 679 31.2 GENERAL MODEL CONCEPT 683 31.3
MODEL CONSTRUCTION 685 31.3.1 NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY 686 31.3.2 LITTER
PRODUCTION 691 31.3.3 LITTER DEPLETION 692 31.3.4 SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
PRODUCTION 692 31.3.5 SOIL ORGANIC CARBON DEPLETION 693 31.3.6 LEACHING
OF DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON (DOC AND POC) 693 31.3.7
LAND-USE CHANGES AND DEFORESTATION 693 31.4 GEOGRAPHICAL DATA FOR
RUNNING THE MODEL 696 31.5 FUNDAMENTAL MODEL RESULTS 697 31.6
CONCLUSIONS 703 32 VEGETATION AND CLIMATE: A TENUOUS LINK BY J. GRACE
711 32.1 INTRODUCTION 711 32.2 SOILS WILL CHANGE 712 32.3 CLIMATE
WARMING IN THE UPLANDS 713 32.4 SOME NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON
PRODUCTIVITY 716 XXVIII CONTENTS 32.5 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN PLANTS 717
32.6 BEWARE OF PESTS, DISEASES, DROUGHTS AND WINDS 718 32.7 WHAT SHOULD
WE DO? 718 VII REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC MODELLING 723 33 GLOBAL
ECOLOGY: THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING BY D. E. WLCKLAND 725 33.1
INTRODUCTION 725 33.2 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION FROM REMOTE SENSING 726
33.2.1 THE INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH THE EARTH S
SURFACE 726 33.2.2 BASIC OBSERVATIONS ACROSS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM . . . 727 33.2.3 SPECIALIZED MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATION
TECHNIQUES . . . . 738 33.3 DISCUSSION 740 33.4 CONCLUSIONS .741 34
SEARCH FOR GEOGRAPHIC SCALE REGULARITIES IN ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES BY A. I.
BREYMEYER 751 34.1 INTRODUCTION 751 34.2 DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS 752
34.3 GEOGRAPHICAL CHANGEABILITY OF PRODUCTION AND DECOMPOSITION OF OR-
GANIC MATTER * REVIEW OF SELECTED MAPS 754 34.4 PRODUCTION AND
DECOMPOSITION OF LITTER ON TWO CLIMATIC TRANSECTS . . 759 34.4.1 NORTH -
SOUTH TRANSECT 761 34.4.2 MOUNTAIN TRANSECT 765 35 GEOGRAPHIC MODELING
AND MODERN ECOLOGY BY E. O. BOX AND V. MEENTEMEYER 773 35.1 INTRODUCTION
773 35.2 PREDICTIVE MODELING 774 35.3 BUILDING GEOGRAPHIC MODELS 776
35.4 ECOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND GLOBAL PATTERNS 777 35.4.1 THE THERMAL
PATTERN 778 35.4.2 THE MOISTURE PATTERN 782 35.4.3 THE THROUGHPUT
PATTERN 784 35.4.4 THE ACCUMULATION PATTERN 788 35.4.5 OTHER PHENOMENA
790 35.5 GEOGRAPHIC INVENTORIES 790 35.6 VALIDATING GEOGRAPHIC MODELS
791 35.7 CONCLUSION 793 CONTENTS XXIX VIII URBAN AND LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
805 36 DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF FLOWERING PLANTS IN THE CITY OF ZURICH
BY E. LANDOLT 807 36.1 INTRODUCTION 807 36.2 METHODS OF THE INVENTORY
808 36.3 SOME ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZURICH 808 36.4 SOME
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 810 36.4.1 COMMON SPECIES 810 36.4.2 FREQUENT BUT
NOT COMMON SPECIES 812 36.4.3 PLANTS COMMON OR RATHER COMMON 150 YEARS
AGO WHICH HAVE BECOME INFREQUENT 815 36.4.4 TYPICAL SPECIES OF THE
DEVELOPED AREAS 816 36.4.5 SPECIES OF SOUTHERN SLOPES 818 36.4.6 SPECIES
OF NORTHERN SLOPES AND HIGHER ALTITUDES 818 36.4.7 SPECIES WITH A
SOUTHERN LIMIT 818 36.4.8 MOUNTAIN SPECIES 818 36.4.9 SHORE SPECIES 818
36.4.10SPECIES INTRODUCED BY THE SIHL RIVER 820 36.5 NEOPHYTES 820 36.6
DISCUSSION 820 37 URBAN ECOSYSTEMS AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT BY M. NUMATA
823 37.1 INTRODUCTION 823 37.2 THE HISTORY OF TOKYO BAY AND ITS COASTAL
ZONE 824 37.3 THE KEIYO INDUSTRIAL ZONE AND BAY-COAST CITIES 825 37.4
CONCLUDING REMARKS 828 38 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY * FUNDAMENTALS, AIMS AND
PERSPECTIVES BY H. LESER AND H. RODD 831 38.1 WHAT IS LANDSCAPE
ECOLOGY ? 831 38.1.1 DEFINITION OF THE SUBJECT MATTER OF LANDSCAPE
ECOLOGY 833 38.1.2 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC BRANCH 833 38.2
METHODICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY . . 835
38.2.1 WHO PRACTICES LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY? . 835 38.2.2 PROBLEMS OF
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY SEEN FROM THE PRACTICAL POINT OF VIEW
836 38.3 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY - ECOLOGICAL POLICY - METHODOLOGY: IS THERE
SOME INTERDEPENDENCE? 839 38.3.1 ECOLOGICAL PLANNING AND ECOLOGICAL
POLICY 839 38.3.2 POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL
METHODOLOGY . 840 38.4 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY * WHERE DOES IT LEAD TO? 842
|
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| id | DE-604.BV005500447 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:30:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444891838 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003444469 |
| oclc_num | 24701952 |
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| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-12 DE-703 DE-29T DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXIX, 844 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1991 |
| publishDateSearch | 1991 |
| publishDateSort | 1991 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects Ed. by G. Esser ... Amsterdam u.a. Elsevier 1991 XXIX, 844 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Écologie Écologie végétale ram Ökologie Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 s Esser, Gerd Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003444469&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects Écologie Écologie végétale ram Ökologie Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4045575-0 |
| title | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects |
| title_auth | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects |
| title_exact_search | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects |
| title_full | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects Ed. by G. Esser ... |
| title_fullStr | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects Ed. by G. Esser ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern ecology basic and applied aspects Ed. by G. Esser ... |
| title_short | Modern ecology |
| title_sort | modern ecology basic and applied aspects |
| title_sub | basic and applied aspects |
| topic | Écologie Écologie végétale ram Ökologie Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Écologie Écologie végétale Ökologie Ecology Pflanzenökologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003444469&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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