Environmental science: living within the system of nature
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
Allyn and Bacon
1989
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 637, 28 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kupchella, Charles E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Environmental science |b living within the system of nature |c Charles E. Kupchella ; Margaret C. Hyland |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b Allyn and Bacon |c 1989 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie humaine | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804119699934412800 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
BRIEF CONTENTS
PART ONE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY 1
CHAPTER 1 THE FRAMEWORK OF ECOLOGY 2 CHAPTER 2 ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS 20
CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL CYCLES IN LIVING SYSTEMS 44 CHAPTER 4 POPULATIONS AND
COMMUNITIES 65 CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY: THE EMERGENCE OF THE
ECOSPHERE 94
PART TWO
HOMO SAPIENS IN THE SCHEME OF NATURAL THINGS 123
CHAPTER 6 ENERGY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS 124 SECTION A ENERGY UP TO NOW:
SOURCES AND USES 124 SECTION B ENERGY ALTERNATIVES FOR THE FUTURE 142
SECTION C THE ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF ENERGY 193 CHAPTER 7 MINERAL AND
WATER RESOURCES 208
SECTION A MINERALS: ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS OF CIVILIZATION 208 SECTION B
WATER RESOURCES 222 CHAPTER 8 POPULATION, FOOD, AND HUNGER 241 SECTION A
POPULATION IN PERSPECTIVE 241
SECTION B FOOD, HUNGER, AND NUTRITION 262
PART THREE
THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 279
CHAPTER 9 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES 280 CHAPTER 10 THE EFFECTS OF
AIR POLLUTION 310 CHAPTER 11 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 354 CHAPTER 12
WATER POLLUTION 386 CHAPTER 13 LAND USE AND LAND MISUSE 439
CHAPTER 14 WILDLIFE, WILDERNESS, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 470
CHAPTER 15 NOISE, CROWDING, AND UGLY SURROUNDINGS 495 CHAPTER 16 ALL
SPHERES CONSIDERED: THE PROBLEMS OF WASTE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE
ECOSPHERE 516 SECTION A PESTICIDES IN THE ECOSPHERE 517
SECTION B CANCER: THE ULTIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL INSULT 536 SECTION C WASTE
DISPOSAL IN THE ECOSPHERE 560
PART FOUR
POINTS OF VIEW 599
CHAPTER 17 HUMAN INSTITUTIONS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 600 CHAPTER 18
FROM PROBLEMS TO PROMISE: AN ASSESSMENT 627
APPENDIX A INTERPRETING TABLES AND GRAPHS A-L APPENDIX B KEEPING UP TO
DATE A-3 APPENDIX C THINK METRIC A-10
IMAGE 2
DETAILED CONTENTS
PREFACE XIII REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT XVI
TO THE STUDENT XVIII
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XXI
PART ONE
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 THE FRAMEWORK OF ECOLOGY 2
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN NATURE AND THE SCOPE OF ECOLOGY 2 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION IN NATURE 2 ECOLOGY, THE STUDY OF ECOSYSTEMS 2 THE
STRUCTURE OF ECOSYSTEMS 6
NONLIVING COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS 6 LIVING COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEMS:
PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND DECOMPOSERS 9 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 12
POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES 12 THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 13 BALANCE IN NATURE 15
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY 17
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS 20
ENERGY AND ENTROPY 20 ENERGY 20 ENTROPY 21 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 22
THE EARTH S ENERGY BUDGET 24
THE SOURCE 24 SOLAR CONSTANT 25 SOLAR ENERGY, WEATHER, AND CLIMATE 25
ECOSYSTEM ENERGY BUDGETS 28 ENERGY ROW THROUGH LIVING SYSTEMS 32
NET VERSUS GROSS PRODUCTION 32 PRODUCTIVITIES OF THE MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS
OF THE ECOSPHERE 33 HOW IS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY MEASURED? 35
WHAT HAPPENS TO ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS ONCE IT IS PRODUCED? 36
EFFICIENCIES OF ENERGY TRANSFERS WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS 38 PYRAMIDS: WHY
THERE ARE MORE PLANTS THAN PLANT EATERS 38
FOOD WEBS AND FOOD CHAINS COMPLEXITY AND STABILITY 42 40
CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL CYCLES IN LIVING SYSTEMS 44
CHEMICALS IN MOTION: CYCLES IN THE ECOSPHERE 44 CHEMICAL FORM 45
LOCATION 45 PATHWAYS AND RATES 46
CYCLES AND ENERGY 47 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 47 WATER-A UNIQUE SOLVENT 47
WATER DOES NOT ALWAYS FLOW DOWNHILL 48
RAINFALL PATTERNS: WATER, WIND, AND WEATHER 49 HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE 50 ATMOSPHERIC CYCLES 50 THE CARBON CYCLE 50
CARBON EQUILIBRIUM 52 THE NITROGEN CYCLE 53 AGRICULTURE AND NITROGEN 55
LITHOSPHERIC CYCLES 55
THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE 56 THE SULFUR CYCLE 56 NUTRIENT CYCLES AS
REGULATORS OF ECOSYSTEM ACTIVITY 57
THE LAW OF THE MINIMUM 57 FACTORS GOVERNING THE SUPPLY OF MINERAL
NUTRIENTS 59 LAKES: SPRING AND FALL OVERTURN 59
THE LAW OF TOLERANCE 61 THE ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION 62
CHAPTER 4 POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES 65
POPULATIONS: SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION 66
DENSITY 66 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 66
66
IV DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGE 3
GROWTH OF POPULATIONS 68
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH 68 BIOTIC POTENTIAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE 68 SURVIVORSHIP 70 AGE STRUCTURE 71 POPULATION
GROWTH PATTERNS 73
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH 73 THE J-SHAPED CURVE 73 THE SIGMOID CURVE 73 THE
CONCEPT OF NICHE 75
COMMUNITIES 76 DIVERSITY AND STABILITY REVISITED 77 FACTORS INFLUENCING
SPECIES DIVERSIFY IN AN ECOSYSTEM 78 DOMINANCE AND STABILITY 78
THE COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 78 OTHER INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS
81 SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS 82 THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITIES: BIOMES 83
SUCCESSION 87
MOVING ON 89
CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY: THE EMERGENCE OF THE ECOSPHERE 94
FITNESS FOR WHAT? 99 DOES NATURAL SELECTION STILL OPERATE IN HUMAN
BEINGS? 101
WHY ARE THERE DISCRETE GENE POOLS OR SPECIES? WHY NOT A CONTINUUM OF
GENETIC PACKAGES? 102 EXTINCTION 106 HOW DID THE EARTH AND ITS GREAT
SPHERES
ORIGINATE? 108 COULD LIFE HAVE ORIGINATED ON EARTH SPONTANEOUSLY? 108
OXYGEN: A WASTE PRODUCT AND SOME NEW NICHES 109 COULD LIFE ORIGINATE
SPONTANEOUSLY TODAY? 110 AFTER THE EARLY LIFE FORMS 110 THE EVOLUTION OF
ECOSYSTEMS 110
HOW DID HOMO SAPIENS EVOLVE? 112 HUMANS AS INTELLIGENT, COOPERATIVE
GENERALISTS 115 FROM HUNTER TO FARMER AND THE ORIGINS OF CULTURE 116
HOW DO CULTURAL EVOLUTION AND BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION COMPARE? 117 THE
IMPACT OF EARLY HUMANS ON THE ENVIRONMENTS THAT SHAPED THEM 118 THE
QUESTION 119
WHAT IS EVOLUTION? 94 HOW DOES EVOLUTION ACTUALLY WORK? 97
PART TWO
HOMO SAPIENS IN THE SCHEME OF NATURAL THINGS
CHAPTER 6 ENERGY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS 124
SECTION A ENERGY UP TO NOW: SOURCES AND USES 124 THE HISTORY OF ENERGY
USE-SOME RELATIVELY RECENT NOTEWORTHY TRENDS 127
THE HISTORY OF CONSUMPTION 127 THE HISTORY OF IMBALANCE 129 ENERGY
SOURCES UP TO THE PRESENT 130 NATURAL GAS 131
COAL 133 PETROLEUM 133 NUCLEAR POWER 134
ELECTRICITY AS A DELIVERY FORM 135 OTHER ENERGY SOURCES 137 MAJOR
CATEGORICAL USES OF ENERGY 137 ENERGY IN AGRICULTURE 137
ENERGY IN TRANSPORTATION 140 RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION 141 INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 141 SECTION B ENERGY
ALTERNATIVES FOR THE FUTURE 142
COAL 142 U.S. WESTERN COAL RESERVES: PROMISES AND
123
PROBLEMS 142 THE TROUBLE WITH COAL IN GENERAL 143 EMERGING COAL
TECHNOLOGY 144 THE FUTURE OF COAL 148 PETROLEUM 150
RESERVES 150 NEW OIL FIELDS INCLUDING THOSE OFFSHORE 152 ENHANCED
RECOVERY 153 OIL SHALE AND OIL SANDS 153 NATURAL GAS 155
ENERGY FROM THE SUN 156 HISTORY 156 POTENTIAL 156 SPACE HEATING AND
WATER HEATING 156
CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY INTO ELECTRICITY VIA STEAM 158 PHOTOVOLTAIC
CONVERSION 159 LOCAL VERSUS CENTRAL CONVERSION 159
THE PROBLEM OF STORAGE AND OTHER RESEARCH SUBJECTS 159 ASSESSMENT 160
ATOMIC ENERGY 160 FISSION 160
HOW DOES A NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR WORK? 160
DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGE 4
BREEDER REACTORS 160
ATOMIC FUSION 162 THE TROUBLE WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY 164 THREE MILE ISLAND
169 CHERNOBYL 170 NUCLEAR ENERGY AS A SOCIAL ISSUE 172
THE STATUS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY 173 THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE
UNITED STATES 175 HYDROELECTRIC POWER 176 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 176 ENERGY
FROM BIOMASS 178
ALCOHOLS FROM BIOMASS 180 NATURAL GAS 180 PETROLEUM FROM PLANTS 180
ENERGY BALANCES FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION 180 ADVANTAGES, PROBLEMS, AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH BIOMASS AS FUEL 181 OTHER ENERGY SOURCES 182
WIND 182 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY 182 TIDAL POWER 184 THE PROSPECTS OF
IMPROVED ENERGY STORAGE AND ENERGY TRANSMISSION 184
HYDROGEN AS STORED ELECTRICITY 184 ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION IN THE FUTURE
185 CONSERVATION IN OUR ENERGY FUTURE 185 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AROUND THE
WORLD 185
CONSERVATION POTENTIAL 187 CONSERVATION AND THE ENERGY CRISIS 191 WHAT
NEEDS TO BE DONE? 192
SECTION C THE ECONOMICS AND POLITICS OF ENERGY 193 DOLLARS AND WATTS:
THE ECONOMICS OF ENERGY 193 TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE PRICE OF ENERGY
AFFECT ITS
USE? 193 WHAT ARE SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF ENERGY PRICE REGULATION? 194
WHAT IMPACT HAVE RISING ENERGY PRICES HAD ON THE
WORLD TRADE BALANCE? 195 THE POLITICS OF ENERGY 195 ENERGY AND WORLD
POLITICS 195 THE U.S. DOMESTIC POLITICS OF ENERGY 196
THE NEED FOR A FEDERAL ENERGY POLICY 197 OUR ENERGY FUTURE: PROJECTIONS
REGARDING ENERGY USE AND ENERGY SOURCES 197 FUTURE TRENDS IN ENERGY USE
197
FUTURE TRENDS IN ENERGY SOURCES 198 WHAT MUST BE DONE? 198 IS THERE ROOM
[OR OPTIMISM? 199
CHAPTER 7 MINERAL AND WATER RESOURCES 208
SECTION A MINERALS: ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS OF CIVILIZATION 208
RESOURCES AND RESERVES: SOME DEFINITIONS 209 SUPPLY AND DEMAND,
RESOURCES AND RESERVES 210 MINERALS AND LIMITING FACTORS 211
WORLD TRENDS AND IMBALANCES IN THE USE OF MINERAL RESOURCES 211 WHERE DO
WE STAND TODAY? 213 INVENTORY 213
THE TROUBLE WITH INVENTORIES 214 INCREASING OUR RESOURCE RESERVES 214
FINDING NEW DEPOSITS 214 MINING THE DEEP SEA 214
FINDING BETTER WAYS TO EXTRACT MINERALS 215 PROBLEMS WITH THE STRATEGIES
OF MORE 216 STRATEGIES TO REDUCE RATES OF MINERAL CONSUMPTION 216
REPEATED USE OF MINERALS: RECYCLING 216 EXTENDED USE OF PRODUCTS:
ANTIOBSOLESCENCE 219 SUBSTITUTES: LET THEM EAT CAKE? 219 MINERALS AND
WORLD POLITICS 220
SECTION B WATER RESOURCES 222 WORLDWIDE WATER RESOURCES 222 WATER SUPPLY
AND USE IN THE UNITED STATES 223 WATER FOR DRINKING, WASHING, AND
FLUSHING 229
GROUNDWATER 229 THE OGALALLA AQUIFER 232 WATER RIGHTS AND WATER
ECONOMICS 232 INTERSTATE WATER CONFLICTS AND COORDINATION 233
WATER MARKETING 233 INCREASING SUPPLY: OLD WAYS AND NEW 233 DIVERSIONS
233 DAMS 234
GLACIERS AND ICE MINING 235 CLOUD SEEDING 235 DECREASING DEMAND 236
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 236
BLUEGRASS VERSUS ROCK 236 INSTITUTIONAL ADJUSTMENTS 237 THE FUTURE 237
CHAPTER 8 POPULATION, FOOD, AND HUNGER 241
SECTION A POPULATION IN PERSPECTIVE 241 OVERPOPULATION 241 LIMITS TO
GROWTH 242 WAR, FAMINE, AND DISEASE 242
SELF-REGULATORY MECHANISMS 244 PHYSICAL LAWS AND POPULATION GROWTH 244
MODELS OF GROWTH AND LIMITS TO GROWTH 244 DEMOGRAPHY 245
POPULATION GROWTH INDICES: A REVIEW 245 ZERO POPULATION GROWTH (ZPG) 247
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND TRENDS 247 WORLD POPULATION 247
DEVELOPED VERSUS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 248 WORLD TRENDS 250
VI DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGE 5
POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES 250
U.S. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION TRENDS 253 U.S. IMMIGRATION POLICIES AND
TRENDS 254 POPULATION GROWTH AND ECONOMICS 255 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
POPULATION 255
ECONOMIC BIRTH CONTROL 255 POPULATION GROWTH AND CULTURE 256 DETERMINING
FAMILY; SIZE 256 BIRTH CONTROL: METHODS AND PROGRAMS 257 GOVERNMENT
INVOLVEMENT IN POPULATION CONTROL 258
INCENTIVES AND COERCION 259 CHINA: A NATIONAL POLICY ON BIRTH CONTROL
259 INDIA: A NATIONAL PROGRAM OF BIRTH CONTROL 260 PROSPECTS FOR THE
FUTURE 261
SECTION B FOOD, HUNGER, AND NUTRITION 262 FOOD PRODUCTION: CURRENT
SITUATION 262
THE POTENTIAL AND LIMITS OF THE LAND 263 NEW LANDS 263 DESERTIFICATION
264 INCREASING YIELDS 264
THE GREEN REVOLUTION 265 A NEW ROLE FOR TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE 266
IMPROVING THE USE OF EXISTING SUPPLIES 267
STORAGE AND PRESERVATION 267 FOOD FROM THE SEA 267 FOOD AND HEALTH 269
FOOD DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 270
THE POLITICS OF FOOD 271 APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 271 RESEARCH 272 IN
CLOSING 273
PART THREE
THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 279
CHAPTER 9 AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES 280
THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM DEFINED 280 A SHORT HISTORY OF SOME NOTABLE
AIR POLLUTION DISASTERS 283 MEUSE VALLEY, BELGIUM, 1930 283
DONORA, PENNSYLVANIA, 1948 284 LONDON, 1952 284 THE PROPERTIES OF AIR
POLLUTANTS 284 SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 284
OXIDES OF SULFUR 284 OXIDES OF NITROGEN 288 GASEOUS HYDROCARBONS AND
OTHER VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 289
CARBON DIOXIDE 291 PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS (OZONE) 291 PANICULATE MATTER
294 METALS: LEAD AND MERCURY 296 RADIOISOTOPES 299
OTHER AIR POLLUTANTS 299 THE SOURCES AND CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION 299
NATURAL SINKS AND OVERLOADING 300 NATURAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION 300
HUMANS AND AIR POLLUTION: TECHNOLOGY AS A GENERAL SOURCE 301
TRANSPORTATION AND AIR POLLUTION: THE MOBILE SOURCES 302
STATIONARY SOURCES (ELECTRIC UTILITIES, INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, AND
CONSTRUCTION) 303 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND INCINERATION 303 THE
INFLUENCES OF WEATHER AND OTHER SYNERGISTIC
FACTORS ON AIR POLLUTION 303 SYNERGISM DEFINED 304 ANOTHER REASON TO
COMPLAIN ABOUT THE WEATHER 305
THE CREATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE 306 TEMPERATURE AND WIND
306 TOPOGRAPHY 306 THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ON
HUMAN HEALTH 307
CHAPTER 10 THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION 310
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH 310 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
AND ITS DEFENSES 310 TISSUE REACTIONS TO THE DEATH OF CELLS 315 MAJOR
CLASSES OF AIR POLLUTION-RELATED
DISEASES 315 ACUTE AND CHRONIC IRRITATION DISEASES AND IMPAIRED LUNG
FUNCTION 316 CANCER 318
DUST DISEASES 318 ASPHYXIATION 318 SYSTEMIC TOXINS 319 THE EFFECT OF AIR
POLLUTION ON RESISTANCE TO
DISEASE 321 AIR POLLUTION AND FEELING GOOD 322 EPIDEMIOLOGY: A
POPULATION-BASED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE 322
THE PLACE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN UNDERSTANDING DISEASE 322 WHAT DO
EPIDEMIOLOGISTS DO? 323 CONTROL GROUPS 324
DETAILED CONTENTS VII
IMAGE 6
RETROSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY 324
THE TROUBLE WITH CONTROLS AND THE TROUBLE WITH EPIDEMIOLOGY 325
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE THAT AIR POLLUTION IS INDEED A REAL HEALTH
PROBLEM 325 THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON OTHER ANIMALS, PLANTS,
MICROORGANISMS, AND ECOSYSTEMS 327
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS OTHER THAN HOMO SAPIENS 327 THE
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON PLANTS 327 AIR POLLUTION AS FERTILIZER? 329
PLANTS AS EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS 329 THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON
ECOSYSTEMS 329 ACID RAIN: WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN-SOMEWHERE,
SOMETIME, IN SOME FORM 329
WHY ACID RAIN NOW? 330 THE EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN 332 ACID RAIN AS AN
INTERNATIONAL ISSUE 337 PROBLEM STATUS AND THE NEED FOR ACTION 337 THE
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MATERIALS 339 THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
ON CLIMATE: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 340
THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE OZONE SHIELD 345 AIR POLLUTANTS AND
VISIBILITY 348
CHAPTER 11 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION 354
THE ECONOMICS OF AIR POLLUTION 354 THE COST OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 354
THE OVERALL COST OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE 356 HEALTH COSTS OF AIR
POLLUTION 361
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION 361 THE ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON ANIMALS 362
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON MATERIALS 362 THE IMPACT OF AIR
POLLUTION ON PROPERTY VALUES 362 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON
ECOSYSTEMS 363 DETERMINING THE COST-BENEFIT RATIO FOR AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL 363 AIR POLLUTION AND THE LAW 364 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS 365
THE MAKING OF A STANDARD 366
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 366 MEASURING AND MONITORING
POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR 368 THE BUBBLE POLICY 368 ENFORCEMENT: GIVING
MEANING TO AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS 368 THE AIR TOXICS PROGRAM OF THE EPA 369 COMPLIANCE TRENDS
369 THE AIR POLLUTION INDEX AND AIR POLLUTION
ALERTS 373 STAY INDOORS? 373 AMENDMENTS TO THE CLEAN AIR ACT (1977) 375
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AND ITS AMENDMENTS 375 AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES 377
CHANGING LIFE-STYLES 379 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 379 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES 380 CLEANING FUEL 380
TRAPPING EFFLUENTS 380 IN SUMMARY. 381
CHAPTER 12 WATER POLLUTION 386
WATER POLLUTION: A DEFINITION 387 TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS 389
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS 389 ENERGY-RICH ORGANIC CHEMICALS 391
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 391 INORGANIC CHEMICALS THAT ENRICH 391
CHEMICAL POISONS 392 HEAT 394
FLOATING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS 396 SUSPENDED OR SEDIMENTARY SOLIDS 396
COLOR 396 CHEMICALS THAT MAKE FOAM 396 RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES 397
INORGANIC SALTS, ACIDS, AND ALKALIS 397 WATER POLLUTION SOURCES 397
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE 398 WATER POLLUTANTS FROM FARMS 398
INDUSTRY 400 ELECTRICAL UTILITIES 400 WATER POLLUTION FROM THE
PRODUCTION OF COAL 401 WATER POLLUTION FROM THE PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT,
AND
USE OF OIL 402 POLLUTED WATER: SOME NOTABLE EXAMPLES 405 THE TROUBLE
WITH LAKE ERIE 405 THE OHIO RIVER 407
THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 409 THE OCEANS IN GENERAL 411 THE POLLUTION OF
GROUNDWATER 412 WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND OTHER TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL 414 SELF-PURIFICATION OF WATER 416 PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT 417
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT 419
TERTIARY SEWAGE TREATMENT 419 MODEM PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS
419 PACKAGE TREATMENT PLANTS 420 INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 420
DEEP-WELL INJECTION: WASTE UNDER THE RUG 420 RECYCLING WATER AND
WATERBOME WASTES: AN ECOLOGICALLY SENSIBLE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
STRATEGY 422
VIII DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGE 7
THE PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER 424
THE ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 425 THE
COST OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 425 THE COST OF NOT CONTROLLING WATER
POLLUTION 425
THE BALANCE SHEET 427 WATER POLLUTION AND THE LAW 428 THE REFUSE ACT OF
1899 428
THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1948 428 THE 1956 WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ACT 428 THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1961 428
THE 1965 AMENDMENTS 428 THE 1966 AMENDMENTS 428 THE 1970 AMENDMENTS 428
THE 1972 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 428
THE 1977 CLEAN WATER ACT 430 THE WATER QUALIFY ACT OF 1987 430 THE
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1970 431 THE SAFE DRINKING WATER
ACT OF 1974 (PL.
93-523) 432 THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1986 432 THE
IMPACT OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLATION 433 WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE:
THE ROLE OF THE CITIZEN 434
CHAPTER 13 LAND USE AND LAND MISUSE 439
SOIL: THE LITHOSPHERE CONNECTION 439 SOIL DEFINED 439 HOW SOIL IS FORMED
440 SOIL IN PROFILE 440 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL 442
SOIL CONSERVATION 444 SOIL EROSION 444 SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES 445
SOIL EROSION IN OTHER COUNTRIES 446 LAND AS A RESOURCE 447
LAND FOR FARMING 447 THE 1985 FARM BILL: A NEW BEGINNING 449 THE
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF LAND 449
LAND FOR OTHER THINGS: THE ECONOMICS OF LAND USE 450 LAND USE AND THE
LAW 451 FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN LAND USE
MANAGEMENT 452 STATE INVOLVEMENT IN LAND USE PLANNING 455 REGIONAL
PLANNING 455 LAND USE MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL 456 FEDERAL LANDS
AND LAND USE MANAGEMENT 459 LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE 461
, SOLID WASTE 461 HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL 463 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
DISPOSAL 465 SAVING LAND FROM WASTE 466
CHAPTER 14 WILDLIFE, WILDERNESS, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 470
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES DEFINED 470 CAUSE FOR CONCERN/RATIONALE FOR ACTION
470 EXTINCT, THREATENED, AND ENDANGERED SPECIES 470 SPECIES
INTRODUCTIONS AS A SPECIAL PROBLEM 473
ELIMINATION OF HABITAT 473 WETLANDS: A SPECIAL CASE 474 TROPICAL
FORESTS: ANOTHER SPECIAL CASE 477 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES 478
HABITAT MANAGEMENT 478 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 479 SPECIES PROTECTION AND
THE LAW 480 SPECIES PRESERVATION: THE CONDOR AND THE RED
WOLF 481 HABITAT PROTECTION 482 SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 482
RESTORATION OF HABITAT 482
HABITAT PRESERVATION: WETLANDS 482 PROTECTING TROPICAL FORESTS 483
FEDERAL MANAGEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 485 RANGELAND 485
NATIONAL FORESTS 486 NATIONAL PARKS 487 WILDERNESS 489 IN CLOSING 491
CHAPTER 15 NOISE, CROWDING, AND UGLY SURROUNDINGS 495
NOISE REALLY IS A POLLUTANT 495 SOUND AND HEARING 496 THE NATURE OF
SOUND 496 HOW WE HEAR 497
WHEN IS SOUND NOISE? 499 THE EFFECTS OF NOISE 499 THE AUDITORY EFFECTS
OF NOISE: HEARING LOSS 499 WHEN DOES THE AUDITORY DAMAGE OCCUR? 501
OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE 502 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE
504 THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON WILDLIFE 505 SOME IMPORTANT SOURCES OF
NOISE 505
CARS, TRUCKS, AND BUSES 505 AIR TRANSPORTATION 505 AT HOME 506
THE CITY 506 THE PROSPECTS FOR NOISE CONTROL 507 ENGINEERING QUIET 507
LEGISLATING QUIET 507 THE ECONOMICS OF NOISE CONTROL AND THE IMPACT OF
NOISE 508
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CROWDING AND ENVIRONMENTAL UGLINESS 509
HOLD MANY PEOPLE MAKE AN UGLY CROWD? 509 CROWDING BY CHOICE? 509
DETAILED CONTENTS IX
IMAGE 8
STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF CROWDING ON ANIMALS IN THE
WILD 509 CROWDING IN ANIMALS UNDER CONTROLLED LABORATORY CONDITIONS 511
CROWDING AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS 512
THE IMPACT OF UGLY SURROUNDINGS 513
CHAPTER 16 ALL SPHERES CONSIDERED: THE PROBLEMS OF WASTE AND HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS IN THE ECOSPHERE 516
SECTION A PESTICIDES IN THE ECOSPHERE 517 THE ECOLOGICAL CONNECTION 517
THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE 517 BIOMAGNIFICATION 51 7
PESTICIDE ECOLOGY 518 DEFINING TERMS 518 INSECTICIDES: A CLOSER LOOK 519
PESTICIDE PATHWAYS 519 PESTICIDE USE 521
THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDES ON PESTS: A CLOUDED RECORD 521 THE EMERGENCE OF
RESISTANT STRAINS 522 NONSPECIFITY 523 PESTICIDES AND HEALTH 523
EXPOSURE ROUTES 523 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN ANIMALS OTHER THAN
HUMANS 524 ORGANOPHOSPHATES IN ANIMALS OTHER THAN
HUMANS 524 HUMAN HEALTH AND PESTICIDES 526 PESTICIDE BANS AND
RESTRICTIONS 529 AN OVERVIEW 529
AGENT ORANGE 530 MIREX AND THE FIRE ANTS 530 EDB 531 WOOD PRESERVATIVES
531 THE LAWS REGULATING MANUFACTURE AND USE OF
PESTICIDES 531 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES TO
INSECTICIDE DEPENDENCE 532 SOME OF THE ELEMENTS OF INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT 532 RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT 534 PESTICIDES IN THE THIRD WORLD
534 SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF PESTS 535
MONOCULTURE: AN INVITATION TO A FEAST 535 BEAUTIFUL TOMATOES 535
SECTION B CANCER: THE ULTIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL INSULT 536 CANCER DEFINED
537 THE CAUSES OF CANCER 539
VIRUSES AND CANCER 539 RADIATION AND CANCER 540 CHEMICALS AND CANCER 542
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN CANCER 543 PATTERNS OF CANCER DEATH WORLDWIDE 543
THE PATTERNS OF CANCER DEATH IN THE UNITED STATES 543
HEREDITY OR ENVIRONMENT? 544 URBAN CANCER: THE MYSTERY OF INCREASED
CANCER AMONG CITY DWELLERS 546 OCCUPATIONAL CANCER 548
DIET, FOOD ADDITIVES, AND DRUGS 549 RADON AND CANCER 554 LINKING
SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS TO HUMAN TUMORS: THE DIFFICULTY 554
THE MANY FACES OF LIFE-STYLE 555 LINKING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND
CANCER: PROSPECTS FOR THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE 557 TESTING FOR
CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL: WHERE DO WE
STAND AND WHAT IS HAPPENING? 557 THE TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (PL.
94-469) 558
SECTION C WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE ECOSPHERE 560 THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF
SOLID WASTE 561 WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? 561 WHERE DOES WASTE COME FROM? 561
THE ROLE OF CULTURE AND THE ECONOMY 561 COMPOSITION TRENDS 564 SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES 565 INCINERATION 565
OCEAN DUMPING 565 WASTE AS AN ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCE 568 WHEN IS A
WASTE NOT A WASTE? 568 ENERGY RECOVERY THROUGH INCINERATION 569
FUEL FROM WASTE 571 THE ECONOMICS OF RESOURCE RECOVERY 572 WASTE
COLLECTION 573 WASTE AND HEALTH 573
LEACHING 573 OTHER HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS 575 HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL WASTE
575 WHAT IS HAZARDOUS WASTE? 575
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM? 577 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES 577
INTEGRATED HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT: EUROPEAN STYLE 581
WASTE FACILITY SITING 582 THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE 583 RCRA 583
SUPERFUND 584 OTHER SOLUTIONS 584 BOTTLE BILLS 584 LITTER BILLS 585
MANDATORY RECYCLING PROGRAMS 586 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TAX 586 RISK
ASSESSMENT AND THE FUTURE 586
DETAILED CONTENTS
IMAGE 9
PART FOUR
POINTS OF VIEW
CHAPTER 17 HUMAN INSTITUTIONS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 600
RELIGION 601 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 601 IS SCIENCE A FIRST CAUSE ? 601
DO WE NEED A WATCHDOG OVER SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY? 601 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS 601 MEDICINE 602
AGRICULTURE 602 CITIES 602 CITIES AS AN ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM 605 CITIES
AND ARTIFICIAL IMPRESSIONS 605
WHAT CAN BE DONE? 605 TRANSPORTATION 607 THE AUTOMOBILE AS A NONSOLUTION
607 MASS TRANSIT 608
AUTO IMPACT REDUCTION 609 INTERURBAN TRANSIT 609 RECASTING AN
INSTITUTION 609 EDUCATION 609 AN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC 609 ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION 610
PUBLIC EDUCATION: READING, RITING, RITHMETIC, AND ECOLOGY 610 HIGHER
EDUCATION: THE NEED FOR RENAISSANCE PEOPLE 610 INFORMAL ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION AND
ENVIRONMENTALISTS 611 FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT 611 THE STATES 611 LAW 611
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 611 GENERAL
GROUNDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LITIGATION 612 THE PUBLIC TRUST 612
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS 613 GOVERNMENT 613
ADMINISTERING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 614
599
STATE GOVERNMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 614 REGULATORY APPROACHES 615 CAN
GOVERNMENT DEAL WITH THE LONG RANGE? 615 INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT? 616
ECONOMICS 616
SOME RELEVANT ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES 616 SUPPLY AND DEMAND 616 MARGINALISM
618 ON THE INTEMALIZATION OF EXTERNALITIES 619
FACTORS OPERATING AGAINST THE INTEMALIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL COSTS 619 HOW
CAN INTEMALIZATION BE ACCOMPLISHED? 621
PAYING FOR THE PRIVILEGE OF POLLUTING 621 THE PROBLEM OF UNIFORMITY 622
IS IT GOOD TO HAVE A HIGH GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT? 622
ECONOMICS AS A DESCRIPTIVE SCIENCE 622 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 622 TO GROW OR NOT TO GROW 622 GROWTH OR CHANGE? 623
CAPITALIST VERSUS SOCIALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 623 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS
623
CHAPTER 18 FROM PROBLEMS TO PROMISE: AN ASSESSMENT 627
ON THE NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM 627 ON THE NATURE OF WHAT
MUST BE DONE 632 ON THE FUTURE 635
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE AND USEFULNESS OF PREDICTIONS 636
APPENDIX A INTERPRETING TABLES AND GRAPHS A-L APPENDIX B KEEPING UP TO
DATE A-3 APPENDIX C THINK METRIC A-10
CREDITS A-LL INDEX A-18
DETAILED CONTENTS XI
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kupchella, Charles E. Hyland, Margaret C. |
| author_facet | Kupchella, Charles E. Hyland, Margaret C. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Kupchella, Charles E. |
| author_variant | c e k ce cek m c h mc mch |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005485364 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH541 |
| callnumber-raw | QH541 |
| callnumber-search | QH541 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3541 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | AR 14000 |
| classification_tum | UMW 012f BIO 130f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)18522127 (DE-599)BVBBV005485364 |
| dewey-full | 304.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 304 - Factors affecting social behavior |
| dewey-raw | 304.2 |
| dewey-search | 304.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3304.2 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Allgemeines Biologie Soziologie Umwelt |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV005485364 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:30:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003434199 |
| oclc_num | 18522127 |
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| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XXI, 637, 28 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1989 |
| publishDateSearch | 1989 |
| publishDateSort | 1989 |
| publisher | Allyn and Bacon |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kupchella, Charles E. Verfasser aut Environmental science living within the system of nature Charles E. Kupchella ; Margaret C. Hyland 2. ed. Boston [u.a.] Allyn and Bacon 1989 XXI, 637, 28 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Milieuvraagstuk gtt Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écologie Écologie humaine Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Human ecology Pollution Environmental aspects Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd rswk-swf Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd rswk-swf Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 s DE-604 Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 s Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s 1\p DE-604 Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 s 2\p DE-604 Hyland, Margaret C. Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003434199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Kupchella, Charles E. Hyland, Margaret C. Environmental science living within the system of nature Milieuvraagstuk gtt Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écologie Écologie humaine Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Human ecology Pollution Environmental aspects Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038639-9 (DE-588)4061616-2 (DE-588)4026152-9 (DE-588)4186812-2 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4137364-9 |
| title | Environmental science living within the system of nature |
| title_auth | Environmental science living within the system of nature |
| title_exact_search | Environmental science living within the system of nature |
| title_full | Environmental science living within the system of nature Charles E. Kupchella ; Margaret C. Hyland |
| title_fullStr | Environmental science living within the system of nature Charles E. Kupchella ; Margaret C. Hyland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental science living within the system of nature Charles E. Kupchella ; Margaret C. Hyland |
| title_short | Environmental science |
| title_sort | environmental science living within the system of nature |
| title_sub | living within the system of nature |
| topic | Milieuvraagstuk gtt Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écologie Écologie humaine Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Human ecology Pollution Environmental aspects Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd Humanökologie (DE-588)4026152-9 gnd Umweltverschmutzung (DE-588)4186812-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Umweltwissenschaften (DE-588)4137364-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Milieuvraagstuk Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écologie Écologie humaine Umwelt Ökologie Ecology Human ecology Pollution Environmental aspects Mensch Humanökologie Umweltverschmutzung Ökosystem Umweltwissenschaften |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003434199&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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