Fire in South African mountain fynbos: ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin u.a.
Springer
1992
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
93 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 325 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 354053301X 038753301X |
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| adam_text | Titel: Fire in South African mountain fynbos
Autor: Wilgen, Brian W. van
Jahr: 1992
Contents
1 The Swartboskloof Experimental Site
B.W. van Wilgen and D.J. McDonald (17 Figures) ... 1
1.1 Introduction.................................... 1
1.2 Location and Physical Site Description ............. 2
1.3 Land-Use History ............................... 7
1.4 The Vegetation of Swartboskloof................. 10
1.4.1 Specialized Hygrophilous Communities............ 11
1.4.2 Short to Tall Proteoid Shrublands................. 12
1.4.3 Ericoid-Restioid Shrublands...................... 14
1.4.4 Short Riparian Forest Communities............... 15
1.4.5 Tall Forests.................................... 15
1.5 Fauna......................................... 17
1.6 Research Rationale and Design................... 18
1.7 The Fire of March 1987.......................... 18
Acknowledgements...................................... 20
2 The Climate of Swartboskloof
D.B. Versfeld, DM. Richardson, B.W. van Wilgen,
R.A. Chapman, and G.G. Forsyth (10 Figures)..... 21
2.1 Introduction................................... 21
2.2 The Climate of Swartboskloof
in a Mediterranean-Climate Context .............. 21
2.3 Important Climatic Parameters................... 25
2.3.1 Rainfall....................................... 25
2.3.2 Temperature and Vapour Pressure Deficit.......... 26
2.3.3 Radiation...................................... 27
2.3.4 Evaporation................................... 29
2.3.5 Wind ......................................... 30
2.3.6 Periods of Drought ............................. 31
2.4 The Influence of Climate on Fire.................. 32
2.4.1 Lightning as an Ignition Source................... 32
XII Contents
2.4.2 Climate and the Probability of Fire................ 33
2.5 Conclusions.................................... 35
Acknowledgements...................................... 35
3 Fuel Properties of Vegetation in Swartboskloof
B. W. van Wilgen and H.J. van Hensbergen
(7 Figures)..................................... 37
3.1 Introduction................................... 37
3.2 The Description of Vegetation as Fuel............. 37
3.2.1 Subdivision of Biomass into Fuel Classes........... 38
3.2.2 Fuel Arrangement.............................. 38
3.2.3 Fuel Energy Contents........................... 38
3.2.4 Fuel Models................................... 39
3.2.5 Fuel Buildup and Decay......................... 40
3.3 The Fuel Properties of Vegetation in Swartboskloof 40
3.3.1 Fuel Loads, Fuel Buildup
and the Probability of Fire....................... 40
3.3.2 Fuel Arrangement.............................. 43
3.3.3 Seasonal Trends in Fuel Moisture Content......... 43
3.3.4 Live Plants .................................... 45
3.3.5 Dead Fuel Moisture............................. 45
3.3.6 Energy and Crude Fat Contents of Selected Species . 45
3.4 Fire in Fynbos and Forest Patches in Swartboskloof . 48
3.5 The Effects of Invasion
by Alien Trees and Shrubs on Fuel Properties...... 50
3.6 Fuel in Swartboskloof and Other Ecosystems....... 50
3.7 Conclusions.................................... 52
4 Regeneration Strategies in Fynbos Plants
and Their Influence on the Stability
of Community Boundaries After Fire
B.W. van Wilgen and G.G. Forsyth (6 Figures)..... 54
4.1 Introduction................................... 54
4.2 Survival Mechanisms and Vital Attributes of Species 54
4.2.1 Systems for the Classification of Species............ 54
4.2.2 Selection and Characterization of Species.......... 56
4.3 Results and Discussion.......................... 57
4.3.1 Spectra of Fire Response and Vital Attribute Types . 57
4.3.2 Age at Maturity................................ 58
4.3.3 Longevity of Individuals and Seed Banks........... 58
4.3.4 The Timing of Critical Life History Events......... 59
4.3.5 Differences Between Communities................ 63
4.3.6 Fire and the Stability of Community Boundaries .... 66
Contents XIII
4.3.7 Comparison to Other Fire-Prone Shrublands....... 69
4.3.8 Fire, Resilience and Dynamics in Fynbos........... 70
Acknowledgements...................................... 71
5 Is Fynbos a Stage in Succession to Forest?
Analysis of the Perceived Ecological Distinction
Between Two Communities
P. T. Manders, D. M. Richardson, and P. H. Masson
(13 Figures).................................... 81
5.1 Introduction................................... 81
5.2 Fire and the Stability of Forest/Fynbos Boundaries .. 84
5.2.1 The Effects of Fire on Forest Boundaries
in Swartboskloof............................... 84
5.2.2 Soil Seed Banks................................ 85
5.3 Colonization of Fynbos by Forest Species.......... 86
5.3.1 Post-Fire Seed Deposition ....................... 86
5.3.2 Germination Requirements...................... 89
5.3.3 Development of Forest in Fynbos Between Fires .... 92
5.4 Factors Influencing Forest Development........... 95
5.4.1 The Role of Nutrients in Forest Development ...... 96
5.4.2 Soil Moisture .................................. 98
5.4.3 Historical Factors.............................. 103
5.5 Synthesis..................................... 104
5.5.1 Fynbos Succession............................. 104
5.5.2 Determinants of the Rate of Succession........... 106
Acknowledgements..........................¦........... 107
6 Coexistence of Seeders and Sprouters
in a Fire-Prone Environment:
tbe Role of Ecophysiology and Soil Moisture
R.E. Smith, B.W. van Wilgen, G.G. Forsyth,
and D.M. Richardson (4 Figures)................ 108
6.1 Introduction.................................. 108
6.2 Ecophysiological Characteristics
of Seeders and Sprouters in Swartboskloof........ 110
6.3 Comparison of Swartboskloof with Other Regions.. 116
6.3.1 Other Fynbos Areas ........................... 116
6.3.2 Californian Chaparral.......................... 116
6.3.3 Australian Kwongan........................... 118
6.4 Community Composition
Along a Moisture Gradient ..................... 119
6.5 Conclusions................................... 121
Acknowledgements..................................... 122
XIV Contents
7 The Relative Advantages of Seeding and Sprouting
in Fire-Prone Environments: a Comparison
of Life Histories of Protea neriifolia and Protea nitida
D. C. Le Maitre (4 Figures)...................... 123
7.1 Introduction.................................. 123
7.1.1 Evolution of Seed Regeneration
in Mediterranean Shrublands.................... 125
7.1.2 Trade-Offs Linked to Seeding and Sprouting ...... 126
7.1.3 Hypotheses................................... 126
7.2 Population Growth after Fire.................... 128
7.3 Mortality Rates ............................... 129
7.3.1 Protea neriifolia............................... 129
7.3.2 Protea nitida.................................. 130
7.4 Age at Maturity............................... 135
7.5 Seed Production and Seed Banks ................ 135
7.5.1 Protea neriifolia............................... 135
7.5.2 Protea nitida.................................. 136
7.6 Seed Germination............................. 138
7.7 Recruitment Between Fires..................... 139
7.8 Effects of Fire Frequency....................... 141
7.9 Coexistence of Seeders and Sprouters ............ 142
7.10 Implications for Management ................... 143
7.11 Conclusions................................... 143
Acknowledgements..................................... 144
8 Life Cycles and Fire-Stimulated Flowering in Geophytes
D.C. Le Maitre and P.J. Brown (5 Figures) ....... 145
8.1 Introduction.................................. 145
8.1.1 Factors that Stimulate Flowering After Fires....... 145
8.1.2 Factors Favouring the Evolution
of Fire-Stimulated Flowering.................... 148
8.2 The Life Cycle of Watsonia borbonica (Iridaceae) .. 149
8.3 The Life Cycle
of Cyrtanthus ventricosus (Amaryllidaceae)........ 152
8.4 Fire Season and the Flowering Response
of Watsonia borbonica.......................... 153
8.5 Proximate Cues for Flowering................... 154
8.6 Factors Favouring the Evolution
of Fire-Stimulated Flowering.................... 156
8.7 Geophyte Life Cycles
and the Type of Flowering Response............. 157
8.8 Effect of Frequent Fires on Watsonia borbonica.... 158
8.9 Conclusions................................... 159
Acknowledgements..................................... 160
Contents XV
9 Why Is Mountain Fynbos Invasible
and Which Species Invade?
D.M. Richardson andR.M. Cowling (5 Figures) . . . 161
9.1 Introduction.................................. 161
9.2 What Makes Terrestrial Plant Communities
Invasible? .................................... 164
9.3 Plant Invasions in Mountain Fynbos:
Why and How?................................ 165
9.3.1 Invasions by Trees and Shrubs................... 165
9.3.2 Why is Mountain Fynbos Invasible?.............. 167
9.3.3 How is Mountain Fynbos Invaded?............... 172
9.4 Which Species Invade?......................... 174
9.4.1 Describing a Good Invader ..................... 174
9.4.2 Those That Have Made It: Pines and Hakeas...... 175
9.5 Conclusions................................... 179
Acknowledgements..................................... 181
10 Do Small Mammals Govern Vegetation Recovery
After Fire in Fynbos?
H.J. van Hensbergen, S.A. Botha, G.G. Forsyth,
and D.C. Le Maitre (8 Figures).................. 182
10.1 Introduction.................................. 182
10.2 Methods...................................... 184
10.2.1 Factors Affecting the Distribution and Size
of Small Mammal Populations................... 184
10.2.2 Vegetation Factors Affecting Habitat Selection
by Small Mammals............................. 185
10.2.3 The Effect of Small Mammals
on Plant Regeneration.......................... 186
10.2.3.1 Factors Affecting Plant Establishment
in Mature Fynbos.............................. 186
10.2.3.2 Factors Affecting Plant Establishment
After Fire in Fynbos........................... 187
10.3 Results....................................... 189
10.3.1 Post-Fire Development
of Small Mammal Communities.................. 189
10.3.2 Vegetation Factors Affecting Habitat Selection
by Small Mammals............................. 189
10.3.2.1 The Relationship Between Floristic Communities
and Small Mammal Occurrence.................. 189
10.3.2.2 The Relationship Between Structure
of the Vegetation and Small Mammal Densities .... 190
10.3.2.3 Survival and Recolonization Strategies
of Small Mammals............................. 191
XVI Contents
10.3.3 The Effect of Small Mammals
on Plant Regeneration.......................... 196
10.3.3.1 Factors Affecting Plant Establishment
in Mature Fynbos.............................. 196
10.3.3.2 Factors Affecting Plant Establishment
in Burnt Fynbos............................... 197
10.4 Discussion.................................... 199
10.4.1 Post-Fire Development
of Small Mammal Communities.................. 199
10.4.2 Factors Affecting Habitat Selection
by Small Mammals............................. 200
10.4.3 Do Small Mammals
Limit Protea Regeneration from Seed? ........... 200
10.5 Conclusions................................... 202
Acknowledgements..................................... 202
11 The Influence of Fire, Vegetation Age
and Argentine Ants (Iridomyrmex humilis)
on Ant Communities in Swartboskloof
A.E. de Kock, J.H. Giliomee, K.L. Pringle,
andJ.D. Majer (4 Figures)...................... 203
11.1 Introduction.................................. 203
11.2 Methods...................................... 204
11.2.1 Locality of Study Sites.......................... 204
11.2.2 Extent and Rate of Invasion
by Argentine Ants in Swartboskloof.............. 205
11.2.3 Ant Surveys .................................. 205
11.2.4 Data Analysis................................. 206
11.3 Results and Discussion......................... 207
11.3.1 Extent and Rate of Invasion
by Argentine Ants in Swartboskloof.............. 207
11.3.2 Ant Species Collected.......................... 208
11.3.3 Similarity of Ant Species Composition............ 211
11.3.4 Ant Diversity Patterns.......................... 213
11.3.5 Impact of Fire................................. 214
Acknowledgements..................................... 215
12 The Effects of Fire on Soil Water Repellency,
Catchment Sediment Yields and Streamflow
D.F. Scott and D.B. van Wyk (6 Figures) ......... 216
12.1 Introduction.................................. 216
12.2 Methods and Results........................... 217
12.2.1 Studies at the Whole Catchment Level............ 217
Contents XVH
12.2.1.1 Effects of Fire on Streamflow.................... 217
12.2.1.2 Effects of Fire on Catchment Sediment Yields..... 221
12.2.2 Surface Runoff Plots........................... 222
12.2.3 Water-Repellent Soils.......................... 226
12.3 Discussion.................................... 228
12.3.1 Studies at the Whole Catchment Level............ 228
12.3.1.1 Effects of Fire on Streamflow.................... 228
12.3.1.2 Effects of Fire on Catchment Sediment Yields..... 229
12.3.2 Surface Runoff Plots........................... 229
12.3.3 Water-Repelient Soils.......................... 230
12.3.4 Integration of Catchment,
Plot and Profile Level Studies ................... 232
12.4 Conclusions................................... 233
Acknowledgements..................................... 233
13 Fire and Catchment Chemical Budgets
D.B. van Wyk, W. Lesch, and W.D. Stock
(3 Figures).................................... 240
13.1 Introduction.................................. 240
13.2 Approach and Methods......................... 241
13.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis.................... 241
13.2.2 Statistical Treatment of Data.................... 242
13.3 Atmospheric Deposition........................ 244
13.4 Stream Water Chemistry........................ 245
13.5 Mineral Nutrient Budgets....................... 251
13.6 The Effect of Fire ............................. 251
13.7 Conclusions................................... 257
Acknowledgements..................................... 257
14 Soil Microorganisms and Activities
in Relation to Season, Soil Factors and Fire
C.A. Van Reenen, G.J. Visser, and M.A. Loos
(4 Figures).................................... 258
14.1 Introduction.................................. 258
14.2 Soil Chemical, Physical
and Microbiological Investigations............... 259
14.2.1 Experimental Soils............................. 259
14.2.2 SoilpH....................................... 259
14.2.3 Soil Moisture ................................. 260
14.2.4 Soil Microbial Respiratory Activity............... 261
14.2.5 Soil Microbial ATP............................ 262
14.2.6 Fungal, Actinomycete and Non-Actinomycete
Bacterial Biomass ............................. 262
XVIII Contents
14.2.7 Post-Fire Soil Populations of Fungi and Bacteria
by Plate Count................................ 263
14.2.8 Post-Fire Soil and Rhizosphere Populations
of Bacteria and Apparent Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
by Plate Count................................ 264
14.3 Effects of Season.............................. 265
14.4 Effects of Soil Type and Depth.................. 267
14.5 Effects of Fire................................. 268
14.6 Rhizosphere Stimulation
of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Post-Fire Soils
in Relation to General Rhizosphere Effect........ 268
14.7 Intercontinental Comparisons................... 269
14.7.1 Microbial Activity and Biomass
in Relation to Seasonal Factors.................. 269
14.7.2 Microbial Activity and Biomass
in Relation to Soil Factors...................... 270
14.7.3 Effects of Fire on Soil Microorganisms
and Their Activities............................ 270
14.7.4 Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
in Mediterranean Regions in Relation to Fire...... 271
14.8 Conclusions................................... 272
Acknowledgements..................................... 272
15 Ecosystem, Community and Species Response
to Fire in Mountain Fynbos:
Conclusions from the Swartboskloof Experiment
D.M. Richardson and B.W. van Wilgen (2 Figures) . 273
15.1 Introduction.................................. 273
15.2 Population-Level Effects of Fire................. 275
15.3 Community-Level Effects of Fire ................ 277
15.4 Ecosystem-Level Effects of Fire ................. 280
15.5 Managing Fire in Mountain Fynbos .............. 283
References............................................. 285
Subject Index.......................................... 315
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Südafrika Kontinent (DE-588)4058393-4 gnd Swartboskloof-Gebiet (DE-588)4304210-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Südafrika Kontinent Swartboskloof-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV005400903 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:28:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 354053301X 038753301X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003381245 |
| oclc_num | 611323442 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XXI, 325 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological studies |
| series2 | Ecological studies |
| spelling | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof B. W. van Wilgen ... (ed.) Berlin u.a. Springer 1992 XXI, 325 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 93 Brand (DE-588)4133754-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Feuerökologie (DE-588)4638558-7 gnd rswk-swf Fynbos (DE-588)4304216-8 gnd rswk-swf Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd rswk-swf Südafrika Kontinent (DE-588)4058393-4 gnd rswk-swf Swartboskloof-Gebiet (DE-588)4304210-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Südafrika Kontinent (DE-588)4058393-4 g Fynbos (DE-588)4304216-8 s Feuerökologie (DE-588)4638558-7 s DE-604 Swartboskloof-Gebiet (DE-588)4304210-7 g Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s Brand (DE-588)4133754-2 s Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 s Wilgen, Brian W. van Sonstige oth Ecological studies 93 (DE-604)BV000004586 93 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003381245&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof Ecological studies Brand (DE-588)4133754-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Feuerökologie (DE-588)4638558-7 gnd Fynbos (DE-588)4304216-8 gnd Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4133754-2 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4638558-7 (DE-588)4304216-8 (DE-588)4016969-8 (DE-588)4058393-4 (DE-588)4304210-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof |
| title_auth | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof |
| title_exact_search | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof |
| title_full | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof B. W. van Wilgen ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof B. W. van Wilgen ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fire in South African mountain fynbos ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof B. W. van Wilgen ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Fire in South African mountain fynbos |
| title_sort | fire in south african mountain fynbos ecosystem community and species response at swartboskloof |
| title_sub | ecosystem, community and species response at Swartboskloof |
| topic | Brand (DE-588)4133754-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Feuerökologie (DE-588)4638558-7 gnd Fynbos (DE-588)4304216-8 gnd Feuer (DE-588)4016969-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Brand Ökosystem Feuerökologie Fynbos Feuer Südafrika Kontinent Swartboskloof-Gebiet Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003381245&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wilgenbrianwvan fireinsouthafricanmountainfynbosecosystemcommunityandspeciesresponseatswartboskloof |