The Shi'ite religion: a history of Islam in Persia and Irak
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
AMS Press
1984
|
| Ausgabe: | Repr. from the ed. of 1933, London |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 371 - 382 |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 393 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0404189598 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | THE
SHI ITE RELIGION
AHISTORYOFJSLAM
INPERSIAANDIRAK
BY
DWIGHT M DONALDSON, DD, PH D -
MASHHAD, PERSIA
LONDON
LUZAC amp; COMPANY
46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W C 1
INTRODUCTION
CONTENTSx
CHAPTER I
THE QUESTION OF SUCCESSION
Emphasis on the Ghadir Khum tradition —Similar Statements at
al-Hudaibiya —Why the Prophet considered Ali as his successor
—His keen disappointment at the death of Ibrahim —The Festival
of Ghadir —Majlisi s story of the halt at Ghadir Khum —Yakubi s
account of the death of Muhammad —Muhammad prevented from
writing a will —The option of life or death —The tradition from
A isha —The tradition from Ali —Disaffection of the Ansar and the
MuMjirin —The meeting of the Beni Sa amp;dat —How allegiance was
given to Abu Bakr —Various partizans of Ali
CHAPTER II
THE THREE USURPERS
j^li was the true Amiru l-Muminin —Succession determined by virtual
leadership and seniority —The question of Fatima s inheritance
from the Prophet —Ali s brief alienation from Abu Bakr —His manner
of life as one of the Caliph s courtiers —His knowledge of the Koran
and Traditions —Recognized as a counsellor to ymar —Decision
of Abdu l-Rahman in favour of ythman —Effect of city life on the
Arabs —The arrogance of the Arabs in the colonies —The discontent
that led to the murder of ythman
CHAPTER III
ALI THE FOURTH CALIPH
jjili succeeded Uthman —Dissatisfaction among the Kuraish —
Ibn Sa d s outline of events —A isha s dislike for Ali —The rebellion
of Talha and Zubair —Ali set out for Basra —The Battle of the
Camel —The letter to Mu awiya —Amr ibn Aws goes to Mu awiya —
The Battle of Siffin —The agreement to arbitrate —The desertion
of the Khawarij —Ali assassinated by Ibn Muljam
CHAPTER IV
ALI THE FIRST IMAM
Influence of Abd Allah ibn Saba —Ali as Muhammad s wa$i —
Legendary accounts of his military prowess —His special intimacy
with the Prophet —He assisted in systematizing Arabic grammar —
Ali could read and write —His special knowledge of the Koran —
The secret books available to the Imams —Sagacious sayings
attributed to Ali —His miracles —Stories connected with the mirdj
of Muhammad
i x
XCONTENTS
CHAPTER V
PAGE
THE SHRINE OF £LI AT NAJAF 54
Doubt as to the place where Ali was buried —The pulpit in the
mosque at Kufa where he was killed —Traditions about Najaf in
ancient times —Notices of Najaf in the works of Arab geographers —
The story of Harun al-Rashid s hunting experience —The Shrine
built by ^dud-al-Dawlah in A D 977 —Khulagu Khan spared Najaf
—Ibn Batuta s reference to the night of revival —Shrine suffered
no injury from raids of Timur —Powerful influence of Shrine author
ities under Safawid dynasty —Nadir Shah s visit, and how his doubts
were dispelled —Instances of influence in modern Persian politics
—Significance of the pilgrimage to the tomb of j li —Selection
from the Prayer of Salutation
CHAPTER VI
HASAN, THE CALIPH WHO ABDICATED 66
Mas udi s summary of Hasan s caliphate —Acknowledged by Alids
after death of Ali —The question of ability for leadership or of
designation —Ali s designation of Hasan, Husain, and Ali ibn
Husain —Dinawari s account of Hasan s caliphate —Additional
details from Yakubi and al-Suyuti —The number of months Hasan
was Caliph —The end of the caliphate foretold by the Prophet —
Hasan s service as peacemaker also foretold — His physical re
semblance to Muhammad —Estimate of his character —His miracles
are less than those of other Imams —Frequent attempts to poison
him —Buried in the Baki a cemetery
CHAPTER VII
HUSAIN, THE IMAM WHO WAS KILLED IN BATTLE - - 79
Ali s attitude towards Hasan and Husain —Suggestion to constitute
the Caliphate an hereditary office —Mu awiya s caution to Yezid —
Muslim sent as Husain s representative to Kufa —Ibn Abbas tried
to dissuade Husain from going —Yezid made Ubaidulla military
governor of Kufa —The capture and killing of Muslim —Husain
intercepted at Kadisiya —Forced to fight against impossible odds at
Kerbala —Muhammad s affection for Hasan and Husain —Memorials
at Ascalon, Cairo, and Kerbala
CHAPTER VIII
KERBALA, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SHI ITE SHRINE - - S8
The location of the town of Kerbala —Significance of the pilgrimage
—The clay tablets used in prayer —It is only this clay that has healing
properties —Forbidding chains at the entrance to the Shrine —
Observations from Arab geographers and travellers —The approach
of a caravan of pilgrims —Benefits of pilgrimages compared with those
of insurance policies —Remarkable sayings about Kerbala in the
traditions —Description of the two shrines —The earliest historical
account of the tragedy at Kerbala —Fear to take a false oath at
the Shrine of Abbas —Cleaning the tomb chamber of the Shrine of
Husain —The Rauda Khdrti, or memorial service
CONTENTSxi
CHAPTER IX
PAGE
THE IMAM ALI ASGHAR, ZAIN AL-^BIDIN ---- 101
The Kais amp;nis, or supporters of Muhammad ibn Hanifiyya —The
claim that Husain had designated i^li Asghar —How his life had
been spared at Kerbala —Indignation aroused by atrocities against
the Prophet s family —Ibn Zubair led a rebellion against the
Umayyads —Inhabitants of Medina subjected to violence —Desecra
tion of the Prophet s tomb —Zain al-Abidin disclaimed responsibility
for rebellion —Mecca besieged and the Kaaba set on fire —The
army withdrew after the death of Yezid —Ibn Zubair s rival court
in Mecca —Efforts of Sulaiman and the party called Penitents
—The vengeance of al-Mukhtir —Divergent theories of the Caliphate
—The appeal to the black stone in the Kaaba —Zain al-Abidin s
mother, a Persian princess —Years of private life, and (possibly)
death by poison
CHAPTER X
THE IMAM MUHAMMAD AL-BAKIR, THE AMPLE - -112
The leading interpreter of the faith —His claim to the knowledge
of the prophets —Explained his right to the Imamate before the
Caliph Hisham —Warned his brother Zaid not to rebel with the
Kufans —Was the status of an Imam conditional upon his public
appearance ?—The enmity of his cousin, Zaid, the son of al-Hasan
—Particular miracles ascribed to Muhammad al-Bakir —The rival
claim of Abdulla ibn Ali ibn Abdulla ibn al-Husain —Sayings showing
the Imam Bakir s peace-loving disposition —The story that he was
poisoned at the age of fifty-seven
CHAPTER XI
THE RISE OF THE ABBASIDS 120
Discontent with the Imams as merely spiritual guides —Marwan II
seized the Caliphate —Precarious situation in Khorasan —The
Abbasid propaganda for the family of the Prophet —The
Ummayads were losing their fighting strength —They were increas
ingly hated by the non-Arab Muslims —The Kaisanis united with the
Hashimids —Emissaries to Khorasan —Ibrahim put to death by
Marwan II —The victorious advance of Muslim s armies from
Khorasan —As-Saffah, the pitiless blood shedder, became Caliph
—His successor was the famous al-Mansur —The great general,
Muslim, was lured to his death —Where was the Imam Ja far as-Sadik ?
CHAPTER XII
THE IMAM JA FAR AS-SADUK, THE TRUTHFUL - - 129
The Imam most frequently cited as an authority —Little known
of his domestic life —Extreme care to keep out of politics —
Shahrastani s estimate of him —The story of the burning of his
house — His relations with the Caliph al-Mansur — His Socratic
school in the garden in Medina —Several of his famous pupils —
Stories of Abu Hanifa, the rival savant in Kufa —Teachings and
sayings attributed to the Imam Ja far —The question as to whether
he wrote any books —The Imamate as related to the doctrine of
The Light of Muhammad The Imam Ja far s death Was he
also poisoned ?—He was buried in the Baki cemetery at Medina
xii CONTENTS
CHAPTER XIII
PAGE
MEDINA, THE CITY OF THE PROPHET AND HIS FAMILY - 142
Mustawfi s description —Destruction of the Mosque by fire in A D 1256
—The long delay in rebuilding —Safawids discouraged pilgrimages
outside of Persia —The sufficiency of the prayer of visitation at
a distance —Pilgrimages resumed —The Wahhabi occupation of
Medina in 1804 —The building of the present Mosque —Medina
again under the Wahhabis —The fears of the Shi ites —The desolation
of the Baki cemetery —The significance of the pilgrimage to Medina —
Regulations for visiting the mosque of the Prophet
CHAPTER XIV
MUSA KAZIM, THE FORBEARING 152
He lived during four caliphates —His mother, and the large family
—His brother Isma il was designated as Imam —The complications
that arose from Isma il s death —I-Iis brother Abdulla also claimed
the Imamate —The greatly increased non-Arab influence —Heretical
teachings vigorously resisted by the Caliphs —The Imam Musa s
domestic life —His religious rather than political interest —First
imprisonment and release in the caliphate of Mahdi —The Alid rising
in Medina in the time of Hadi —The powers of heating attributed to
Imam Musa —His too apt answer to Harun ar-Rashid —Story of
his release from prison after special prayer —His final imprisonment
and death —The coroner s inquest that was arranged
CHAPTER XV
ALI AR-RIDA, THE IMAM INVOLVED IN POLITICS - - 161
Harun ar-Rashid s difficulty in choosing his successor —The decision
to divide authority between Amin and Ma mun —Harun starts on the
journey to Khorasan —The death of Harun at Tus —Fadl ibn Rai
returned to Amin in Irak —Ma mun under Persian Shi ite influence
of Fadl ibn Sahl —Ma mun recognized Amin as Caliph —Amin
appointed his son Musa as his successor —Ma mun s armies besieged
and captured Baghdad —Ma mun was declared Caliph —Ali ar-Rida
was appointed as Ma mun s heir apparent —His mother was also
a Persian slave —The Imam made the journey from Medina to Merv
—Thus he became inextricably involved in politics —His character
shown by miracles attributed to him —The Imam officially declared
heir apparent in Merv —Ma mun was declared deposed in Baghdad
—The religious conferences held by Ma mun in Merv —The return
of Ma mun and his army and court to Baghdad —The assassination
of Fadl ibn Sahl in his bath —The death and burial of the Imam Rida
CHAPTER XVI
THE DISTANT SHRINE AT MASHHAD 170
Traditions showing the significance of the pilgrimage —Ancient
Naugawn was called Tus in the ninth century —The death and
burial of Harun ar-Rashid —The Imam Rida was buried in the same
tomb —The first building was destroyed by the Amir Sabuktagin —
The second building, of Sultan Mahmud, destroyed by Turkish
tribes —Restoration in twelfth century by Sultan Sanjar —Damages
CONTENTS xiii
from the invasion of the Mongols, A D 1220 —Restoration in the
fourteenth century by Sultan Muhammad Uljaitu —Comments
from Ibn Batutah and Mustawfi —Damages suffered from the raids
of Timur Lang —The city of Tus (ancient Tabar amp;n) was finally
abandoned —The building of the walls of the modern city of Mashhad,
A D 1405 —The wife of Shah Rukh gave the mosque of Gauhar Sh amp;d
Damages from the severe earthquake in A D 1673 —Chardin saw
the making of the golden tiles to repair the dome —A record of this
restoration is preserved by an inscription on the dome —The Russian
bombardment of the Shrine in 1912 —Special affection of the people
for the Imam Rida —A description of the sacred Shrine —The
income from Shrine properties —Mashhad, a city independent of the
Shrine
CHAPTER XVII
IMAM MUHAMMAD TAKI, THE PROTfiGfi OF THE CALIPH
MA MUN 188
Disturbances in all parts of the Empire —Ma mun s arrival in Baghdad
He changed the green for the black apparel —Reappointment of
Hasan ibn Sahl as Governor of Irak —Ma mun s favour towards the
Shi ites continued —The Caliph married his daughter to Muhammad
Taki —The first meeting with Ma mun —The assembly at the time
of the wedding —The three years in Medina —Ma mun s own magni
ficent wedding —Difficulties in the Imam s married life —Traditions
and teachings of - the Imam —The Mu tazalites and the Imam s
probable concessions —Ma mun s campaign against Theophilus —
The death of Ma mun in Tarsus of Cilicia —The death of the Imam
Muhammad Taki
CHAPTER XVIII
THE SHRINE OF KAZIMAIN, THE TWO KAZIMS, AT BAGHDAD 19S
Different views to be obtained by visitors —Present building dates
back to the sixteenth century —The cemeteries north of Baghdad in
the eighth century —The importance attached to Kazimain in early
times —Particular instructions for making the ziarat —The fame
of the Shrine- for miracles of healing —The sanctuary enriched by
the favour of the Buyids —The period when the Shi ite traditions were
compiled —The Shrine was burned by the Sunnis in 1031 —Visited by
Sultan Malik Shah in 10S6 —Ibn Jubayr s limited notice in 1184 —
The repair made by the Caliph Zahir after another fire —The de
struction of the Shrine by the Mongols —The death of Mustasim, the
last of the Abbasids —The Shi ites obtained the favour of Khulagu
Khan —The Shrine of Kazimain was rebuilt —Mustawfi s visit
in 1339 —Tribal warfare —The horrible carnage when Timur took
the city in 1393 —Baghdad in the control of the Turkomans —The
Shrine restored by Shah Ismail I in 1619 —Size and significance of the
modern suburb
CHAPTER XIX
THE IMAM ALI NAKI, WHO WAS TWENTY YEARS A PRISONER 209
The generals of the armies of Turkish mercenaries became dictators
—The birth and early life of the Imam Ali Naki —He was first
engaged in teaching in Medina —The rigidly orthodox Mutawakkil
became suspicious of him —His house was searched for arms, but
he was found innocent —When he was forced to recite poetry to the
xiv CONTENTS
drunken Caliph —The story of Yahya ibn Harthama, who brought him
from Medina —Mas udi s statement that the Imam entered the den
of lions —His twenty years imprisonment at Samarra —Miracles
reminiscent of his life while in Samarra —The Imam outlived the
Caliph Mutawakkil —His death during the caliphate of al-Mu tazz,
in 254 A-H- (868)
CHAPTER XX
THE ELEVENTH IMAM, HASAN AL-ASKARI -
Doubt as to the date of his birth —His mother was a slave girl, called
Hadith —The family moved to Samarra when the father was
imprisoned —The child Hasan was miraculously saved from a well
—As a young man,, he rode the Caliph s high-spirited mule —How
his father procured for him a Christian slave girl —The girl s claim
to be a princess, and her dreams —Hasan al-Askari was himself
taken to Baghdad as a prisoner —His greatest oppressor was the
Caliph al-Mu tamid —His only children were by the slave Narjis-
Khatun —He restored the confidence of the people in Islam —Other
miracles attributed to him —His death in 260 A H (873)
CHAPTER XXI
THE HIDDEN IMAM, WHO IS EXPECTED TO RETURN - - 226
The Sunnite conception of the Mahdi —Traditions amplify sugges
tions in the Koran A hope that arose from suffering and oppression
—Muhammad ibn Hanifiyya was called al-Mahdi —Ibn Khaldun
expressed doubt about these traditions —The Shi ite exegesis of
I£oranic verses expressing guidance —The Mahdi is identified by
the Shi ites with the Hidden Imdm —Regarding his birth and child
hood —The celebration of the akika —His utterances at birth —
He was committed by his father to the care of the birds —His aston
ishing growth —His father designated him as the Imam —His
disappearance, or going into concealment (ghaiba) —His reappearances
—The four wakils during the Lesser Concealment —Correspondence
with him in the Greater Concealment —The belief in his return
(raj a) is based on the Koran —The idea of retribution and reward —
Those who have been killed shall return to die, and vice versa —
The expected return of Husain and of Ali —The return of Sa if ibn
Sa id as ad-Dajjdl —Muhammad s encounter with him in real life —
His imprisonment on an island in the Caspian Sea —Signs of the
coming of ad-Dajjal —How Jesus Christ is to return and kill him —
How Jesus will show himself a good Muhammadan
CHAFFER XXII
SA MARRA, THE CITY OF THE LAST IMAMS - 242
Founded by Mu tasim —Attractive location of the new capital —
The Friday Mosque —The Minaret with the outside gangway —
Extensive building operations of the caliphs in Samarra —Removal
of the great cypress tree from Kishmar —Modern Samarra is part of the
Camp of Mu tasim —The city of the caliphs was much more extensive
—Ibn Batuta s reference to the mosque of the Twelfth Imam in
Hilla —The two Shrines in modern Samarra —Directions for the
visit to the Shrine of the Askariyain —Mention of the tombs of
Narjis Khatun and Halimah Khatun —The Confession of Faith at the
Shrine of the Hidden Imam —The Pledge of utter devotion —The
prayer to be offered when entering the sardclb
CONTENTS XV
CHAPTER XXIII
PAGE
THE FOUR AGENTS OF THE HIDDEN IMAM --- 251
The four agents are named in the traditions —The first one had
assisted the Tenth and the Eleventh Imams —The description of his
designation —The location of his grave in Baghdad —The second
agent inherited books on the Law —His supernatural intuition in
foretelling his death —The location of his grave in Baghdad —The
appointment of the third agent —Testimony as to his character —
His shrewdness in dissimulation (takiya) —His opinion concerning
temporary marriage —The location of his grave in Baghdad —The
fourth agent —State of the Muhammadan Empire during the period
of the agents —His decision that he would not appoint a successor —
The location of his grave in Baghdad
CHAPTER XXIV
PILGRIMAGES TO THE GRAVES OF IMAMZADEHS - - 258
Ordinarily they are not authorized by traditions from the Imams —
The town of K[umm, with the Shrine of Fatima —Mustawfi visited
J£umm in the fourteenth century —Tradition from the Imam Rida
is given by Ibn Babawaihi —Directions for visiting Fatima s grave —
The identity of the grave of Ali ibn Ja far is doubted —The chief
reason for the importance of Kumm —The shrine of Shah Abdu I-
Azim, near Teheran —The prescribed petition for his intercession —
The Shrine at Ardabil in Adharbaij amp;n —Was Shaikh Safi an Imam-
zadeh ?—The historic interest of the town of Ardabil —Shah Tahmasp s
visit is related in his diary —Graves of other Imamzadehs —The
grave of Ibrahim at Kuchan —The Shrine of the descendant of
Zainu l-Abidin at Nishapur —Little regard for the tomb of Umar
Khayyam
CHAPTER XXV
MINOR PLACES OF SHI ITE PILGRIMAGE ---- 266
Seeking the intercession of local saints —Stones with the footprints of
Imams —Ivadamg amp;h in Khorasan —The Graves of Companions of the
Prophet —The Graves of Scholars, Poets, and Saints —Pilgrimage
by Proxy
CHAPTER XXVI
THE RISE OF THE BUWAIHIDS ------ 2 y z
The Caspian region on the frontier —Daylamites had been employed
as mercenaries —The missionary work of Hasan ibn Ali Utrush —
Daylamite chiefs in the service of Muslim rulers —Why the Day
lamites were Shi ites —The tradition about the dream of Abu Shuja
Buwaih —The sons of Buwaih in the service of Mard amp;wij —Their
rise to power through independent conquests —The high-sounding
titles given by the later Abbasids —When the Mu izz ad-Dawla blinded
the Caliph al-Mustaki —Significance of the fact that the Buwaihids
were Shi ites —The beginning of public mourning during Muharram
—The most celebrated Buwaihid, the Adud ad-Dawla —Honour
to the Caliph when it was politic to bring him forward —The domi
nating Turkish generals had been succeeded by Buwaihids —Literary
activity was characterized by freedom for Shi ites
xvi CONTENTS
CHAPTER XXVII
PAGF
THE EARLIEST COLLECTIONS OF SHI ITE TRADITIONS - 281
No collections of Muslim traditions from the Umayyad period —
The conflict of Malik ibn Anas with political authorities —How
traditions favourable to Ali survived —The variety of traditions
collected by Ahmad ibnHanbal —The influence of the Abbasids on the
canonical collections —The fate of an-Nasa i for reading Alid traditions
in Damascus —Accepted without protest in other parts of the empire
—Tirmidhi on the Virtues of the Household of the Prophet —
Impetus to collectors of Shi ite hadith under the Buwaihids —Bio
graphical information concerning Shi ite traditionists —Kulaini, and
the Kdfi fi Ilm ad-Din —Saduk (Ibn Babuwaihi) and the Man la
yahduruhu l-Fa^ih —Tus i and the Tahdhib and the Istibsdr —
Shi ite collections influenced by doctrine of infallibility of the Imams
Contents of the Usulu l-Kdfi —A brief Harmony of the four books
of Shi ite traditions
CHAPTER XXVIII
LATER SHI ITE SCHOLARS AND THEOLOGIANS --- 291
Tendency of conquering peoples to prefer opposite sect of Islam —
Shi ite theologians suppressed during periods of Sunnite supremacy
The fall of the Buwaihids ended preferential treatment for Shi ites —
Shaikh Tabarsi the only Shi ite theologian under the Seljuks —
Extent of Shi ite participation in the Crusades —Great Shi ite scholars
under the Mongols —The works of the Sage of Hilla —For 150
years the Shi ites were again suppressed —The Rise of the Safavids
—Theologians of the Safavid period
CHAPTER XXIX
THE DOCTRINE OF THE IMAMATE
The question as to whether an Imam was necessary —Opinion of
orthodox Shi ite scholars —Discussion of the meaning of the word
imam —Argument from the kindness of God —An Imam required
as the guardian of the Law —Advantages from the Imam in conceal
ment —Analogy from the mind, the imam of the senses — Man
a little universe —The Imamate on the authority of God and the
Apostle —The Faith has no other need so real as that for an Imam
CHAPTER XXX
THE SINLESSNESS OF THE PROPHETS AND THE IMAMS - 320
Statement of the doctrine —Majlisi s nine proofs for the necessity
of the belief —No limitation to the sinlessness of the Imams —On
the authority of the Koran (Surah ii, 1 iS) —The doctrine explained and
confirmed by traditions —Psychological explanations —The prophets
and apostles are of four degrees —Purity of those of the House
hold (Surah xxxiii, 33) —Majlisi undertakes to reply to objections
CONTENTS XVII
CHAPTER XXXI
PAGE
THE ORIGIN OF THE ISLAMIC DOGMA OF SINLESSNESS - 330
Not from canonical Jewish Scriptures or the New Testament —
Possible influence of Jewish apochryphal books —The doctrine of
isma is not supported by the Koran —Statements regarding sins
of Adam, Moses, and David —Similar expressions used of Corah,
Pharaoh,, and Haman —Doctrine is not mentioned in early con
troversies with Christians —The Dogma of Sinlessness owes its
origin to the Shi ites —Shi ite exegesis of texts from the !Koran,
especially Surah ii, 118 —The doctrine a deduction from the divine
appointment of the Imams —Therefore Muhammad and all the Erophets must have been without sin —Doctrine developed among hi ites during historic imamate —The whole idea is repudiated by
al-Ghazzali —-Championed among the Sunnites by ar-Rdzi —Influence
of Stiffs and Mu tazalites in transmitting beliefs —Dogma finally
included in the Ijma , al-Fadali quoted —An-Nasafi makes no such
claim —Special way to read the account in the Koran of Adam s
disobedience
CHAPTER XXXII
THE PROPHETS AND THE IMAMS AS MEDIATORS - - 339
Muhammad ridiculed Jews for relying on mediation of the prophets
—The intercession of Muhammad an accepted belief of modern
Islam —Adam is said to have appealed to Muhammad as his mediator
—Dr Hurgronje s statement of Muhammadan point of view —The
Shi ite idea of the intercession of Husain —Widespread reliance on
intercession of saints and martyrs —But Guidance and Salvation
are only through the Imams —Belief in the Imams as mediators is
illustrated in prayers —The prayers that are applicable to any or
all of the Imams — May you cause God to be pleased with me —
May my sins be forgiven because of your intercession — O God, wilt
thou keep the Imams reminded of me —The Necessity of Recognizing
the Imams —The Covenant Agreement with the Twelfth Imam
CHAPTER XXXIII
THE RISE OF RELATED SECTS IN MODERN TIMES - - 357
Doctrines appropriated from the Isma ilis —Successive periods of
disappointing delay in the coming of the Imam —Rise of heterodox
Shi ite theologians, the Shaikhis —Shaikh Ahmad Ahsai saw his
people praying for their own shepherd—His doctrine of the two
human bodies —He regarded the Imams as creative forces —H amp;jji
Sayyid Kazim of Resht left no successor —Brief Outline of the
Teachings of the Shaikhis —Mirza Ali Muhammad and the Babis —
Baha Ullah and the Bahaies —Ethical and social factors em
phasized as teachings developed —All these sects based on Shi ite
expectation of Twelfth Imam
CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY 37i
INDEX 3S3
B
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Donaldson, Dwight M. 1884-1976 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)15461260X |
| author_facet | Donaldson, Dwight M. 1884-1976 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Donaldson, Dwight M. 1884-1976 |
| author_variant | d m d dm dmd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV005291226 |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BP193 |
| callnumber-raw | BP193.5 |
| callnumber-search | BP193.5 |
| callnumber-sort | BP 3193.5 |
| callnumber-subject | BP - Islam, Bahaism, Theosophy |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)257163705 (DE-599)BVBBV005291226 |
| dewey-full | 297/.82 |
| dewey-hundreds | 200 - Religion |
| dewey-ones | 297 - Islam, Babism & Bahai Faith |
| dewey-raw | 297/.82 |
| dewey-search | 297/.82 |
| dewey-sort | 3297 282 |
| dewey-tens | 290 - Other religions |
| discipline | Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| edition | Repr. from the ed. of 1933, London |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 gnd Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Iran Irak |
| id | DE-604.BV005291226 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:27:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0404189598 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003302917 |
| oclc_num | 257163705 |
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| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 |
| physical | XXVI, 393 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1984 |
| publishDateSearch | 1984 |
| publishDateSort | 1984 |
| publisher | AMS Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Donaldson, Dwight M. 1884-1976 Verfasser (DE-588)15461260X aut The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak Dwight M. Donaldson Repr. from the ed. of 1933, London New York AMS Press 1984 XXVI, 393 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 371 - 382 Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Lehre (DE-588)4241291-2 gnd rswk-swf Schiiten (DE-588)4052455-3 gnd rswk-swf Imamiten (DE-588)4161301-6 gnd rswk-swf Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 gnd rswk-swf Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd rswk-swf Schiiten (DE-588)4052455-3 s Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 g Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 g Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Lehre (DE-588)4241291-2 s Imamiten (DE-588)4161301-6 s 1\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003302917&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Donaldson, Dwight M. 1884-1976 The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Lehre (DE-588)4241291-2 gnd Schiiten (DE-588)4052455-3 gnd Imamiten (DE-588)4161301-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4241291-2 (DE-588)4052455-3 (DE-588)4161301-6 (DE-588)4027653-3 (DE-588)4072920-5 |
| title | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak |
| title_auth | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak |
| title_exact_search | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak |
| title_full | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak Dwight M. Donaldson |
| title_fullStr | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak Dwight M. Donaldson |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Shi'ite religion a history of Islam in Persia and Irak Dwight M. Donaldson |
| title_short | The Shi'ite religion |
| title_sort | the shi ite religion a history of islam in persia and irak |
| title_sub | a history of Islam in Persia and Irak |
| topic | Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Lehre (DE-588)4241291-2 gnd Schiiten (DE-588)4052455-3 gnd Imamiten (DE-588)4161301-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Islam Lehre Schiiten Imamiten Iran Irak |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003302917&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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