Class crystallization:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Brunswick, NJ
Rutgers Univ. Pr.
1981
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 255 S. |
| ISBN: | 0813509181 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 4 | |a Classes sociales | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prestige professionnel | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Statut social | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Structure sociale | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Occupational prestige | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social classes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social status | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social structure | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents Ust of Figures xvii Ust of Tables xix Acknowledgments xxi A Gradational Approach to Social Structure 1 A. Social Structure 1. Gradational Character of Groups 2. Gradational Character of Communities 1 1 3 Galpin s analysis of an agricultural community. The service community as a gradational concept. B. Gradational Character of Vertical Structure 1. Research Findings as Bases of Inference 2. Karl Marx’s Gradational View * 5 5 6 Gradational and nongradational elements. The eco nomic basis. Awareness of class interests. Class for itself. Quantitative aspects of class consciousness. Class consciousness and class conflict. External and internal criteria of gradation. 3. Max Weber s Gradational View 10 Class and the market system. Market positions and life chances. Effects on life chances vary in degree. Social change and stratification. Gradational charac ter of class and estate. Reciprocities between both modes of stratification. Multidimensional stratification and life chances. vii
Contents 4. Alternative Implementations of Weber s Approach 14 Differentiation of public opinion. Differentiation of in teraction clusters. 5. Internal versus External Criteria of Structuration 16 Rank Systems 18 A. The Multidimensional Character of Stratification 18 Stratification systems as composites of rank systems. Positions as units of rank systems. Position and person. B. Prestige and Power 20 Status criteria vary with sociological perspectives. Prestige and power as alternative criteria of status. Empirical use of the prestige criterion. Difficulties of measuring power. 1. Similarities in the Distribution of Prestige and Power 22 Comparison requires identical units of analysis. Mu tual reinforcement between prestige and power. Command power not the only kind of power. Discre tionary power. Gatekeeper power. Concentration and dispersion of power. Judges, physicians, and pro fessors in the United States and West Germany. C. Uniformity and Variability inRank Stratification 1. Occupational Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective 30 30 Social power and physical power. Lower white-collar occupations and conspicuous leisure. Different effects of contact with disdained objects. 2. Types of Rank Systems in Different Societies 3. Agrarian Rank Systems 32 33 Conditions for their formation. Agrarian rank systems in Italy, Puerto Rico, and Java. 4. Age and Sex Rank Systems Similarities and differences among age rank systems. Preurban and urban factors in age status. Ambiguity of sex status in Western cultures. Situationally dif ferentiated sex rank systems. 34
Contents IX 5. Family Descent Flank Systems 36 Symbols of descent status. Historical bases of no bility. Informal family descent status. Family descent rank systems in Polynesia. An ecological explanation of differences between family descent rank systems (Sahlins). The relationship among different rank sys tems as a problem for investigation. III. Structural Properties of Stratification as Variables A. Class Crystallization 40 40 A conception of vertical structure. Vertical and hori zontal axes of stratification systems. A standardized scale for the vertical axis. Gains and losses resulting from standardization. Horizontal constellations of ranks. Discrete and interconnected units of horizontal constellations. The crystallization variable. Im probability of occurrence of extreme cases. Class crystallization and class. 1. Methodological Considerations 44 Criteria for the selection of rank systems: com prehensive coverage, potential for shared family sta tus, noninterchangeability, consensus. Class system crystallization and class level crystallization. Prob lems of measurement. Separation, convergence, and intercorrelations. Convergence of units and structura tion of systems. An inverted measure of dispersion applied to class level crystallization. 2. Problems of Evaluation 49 Evaluation and comprehension. Generalized and situationally specific inequality. Class crystallization and generalized inequality. Class crystallization and egal itarian values. The Australian Yir Yoront. Class crys tallization and individual merit. Homans: inequality as an exchange
relation. Distributive justice and status congruence. An ideology of privilege. B. Class Boundaries Two criteria for the discernment of structure. Limita tions of crystallization analysis. The basic conception of a class boundary Methodological considerations. 54
Contents x C. Class Crystallization, Class Boundaries, and Class 58 Two measures of structuration. Conditions under which results may differ. Class a preliminary concept that has had heuristic utility. Central role of class crystallization variable. Its use as both dependent and independent variable. Conditions Affecting Class Crystallization 61 A. Class System Crystallization 1. Rank Differentiation 61 61 Two axes of differentiation. The span of rank sys tems. The shape of rank systems. Horizontal differen tiation as independent variable. Age and sex rank systems and horizontal differentiation. Class crystal lization affected by status identity or discrepancy among family members. Horizontal differentiation and the rise of socioeconomic rank systems. Vertical dif ferentiation as independent variable. Agriculture and stratification in Africa and Eurasia (Jack Goody). 2. Social Change and Class Crystallization 67 Favorable and adverse effects of social change. Cul tural and sociostructural lag. Rates of change differ among rank systems. Different aspects of a rank sys tem as loci of change. Locus of change and rate of change. Compositional changes in rank systems. Dif ferences in the accessibility of old and new positions of high status. 3. Dynamics of Class Crystallization 70 Status itself conducive to status parity. Optimal com bination of conditions. The effects of stability without differentiation and differentiation without stability. Class crystallization in feudal societies. Class crys tallization in urban societies. Curvilinear relation be tween social
development and class crystallization. 4. Some Empirical Findings 73 Detroit, Ankara, and Turkish villages. Differences of population size in the United States. Popayan, Co lombia, and Querétaro, Mexico. Implications for fur ther research. B. Class Level Crystallization Conditions for differences in crystallization within a system. Power to compete and power to restrict com- 79
Contents XI petition. A hypothesized pattern of crystallization. A corresponding pattern of stratification in Czechoslo vakia. Evidence based on the analysis of the relation among socioeconomic rank systems in the United States. Class crystallization and class boundaries in Detroit. V. Class Crystallization and Social Development in India A. Class Crystallization in Tribal Communities Tribal isolation. 7. Sinha’s Tribe-Caste Continuum Continuum or continua? Spread of caste culture with out caste structure. The Hill Maria tribe as example. Similar findings in Sagarbhanga, a Santal village. 2. Internal and External Caste Formation as Distinct Continua The Nilgirl tribes: an intertribal system. Differences in the extent of intra- and intertribal caste formation. The Nilgiri case highlights the gradational character of community. Class crystallization in the intertribal system. Class crystallization in folk societies strengthened by ethnic status differences. Another intertribal system: the Sulung-Dafla pattern. Corre lated forms of inequality. B. Class Crystallization in the Changing Caste System 1. Caste Status and Other Statuses Landed wealth. Educational status. Occupational status. Occupational mobility of Brahmans. Occupa tional mobility in other castes. 2. Urban Research in Poona Brahmans. Depressed classes. Other castes. Direc tion and extent of divergence of occupational status from caste status. Occupational differences and mo bility patterns. Brahman downward mobility. Brah mans as factory workers. Urbanization and occupa tional mobility. C. Conclusions
Contents Class Crystallization and Social Interaction 119 A. Class Crystallization and Personal Status Constellations 119 Each gives rise to a different set of problems. The discomfort theory of status nonparity. Interaction effects and additive effects. Class crystallization effects are additive. B. Differential Association 122 Differential association and random association. Vari eties of differential association. All major rank sys tems foster differential association. Attitudinal factors. Opportunity factors. Available evidence and its limitations. C. Class Crystallization and Differential Association 125 Positive relation is hypothesized. Shared non equivalent status combinations as basis of differen tial association. Holder of nonequivalent statuses as partner and as intermediary in interaction. Weak class crystallization reduces differential association also for holder of equivalent statuses. 1. Effects of Class System Crystallization 128 Structural barriers to interaction become culturally legitimated. Weak class crystallization forms struc tural links between strata. 2. Effects of Class Level Crystallization 129 Studies of differential association on different status levels in American communities. D. Combined Effects of Class Crystallization and Personal Status Constellations Personal interaction patterns likely to be affected by both. Nonequivalent status combinations in highly crystallized systems. Equivalent and nonequivalent status combinations under conditions of weak class crystallization. A study of status constellations and in teraction patterns in
Detroit. Weak class crystalliza tion reduces difference between effects of equivalent and nonequivalent status constellations. Differences between problems requiring inter- and intrasystem comparisons. 130
xiii Contents VII. Class Crystallization and the Cultural System 136 A. indirect Cultural Effects of Inequality 137 Differential association as connecting link. Cultural effect of differential association not limited to strat ification. Differential association and language. Crite ria of cultural differentiation. B. Direct Cultural Effects of Inequality 1. Status-Based Experience and Cultural Differentiation 138 138 Aspects of cultural differentiation not explained by in teraction barriers. Making a living or self-fulfillment: differences in value priority. Status differences in gratification and deprivation. Cultural effects not de termined by experience alone. Rational responses to status-based deprivations and gratifications. Cultural aspects of rationality. 2. Conservatism and Traditionalism 142 Conservatism and egalitarian change orientation as instrumental values. Issues conducive to strong re sistance to change in low strata. Conservatism and traditionalism: Weber and Mannheim. Communal and status factors in traditionalism. Gemeinschaft varia bles, social status, and traditionalism. The distribu tion of maintenance and change values by status. C. The Additional Impact of the Class Crystallization Variable 148 Class crystallization, interaction, and cultural dif ferentiation. Class crystallization and the relation of experience variables to status in different rank systems. D. Class Crystallization and Cognitive Units of Culture 1. The Cultural Aspect of ClassConsciousness 150 150 Lukács: avoiding reductionism and reification. Weber and Lukács. Durkheim and
Lukács. A genotypic con ception of class consciousness in sociostructural terms. 2. A Typology of Class Consciousness Cognitive and affective aspects of class con sciousness. Class-status consciousness. Class- 153
Contents XIV structure consciousness. Class-interest con sciousness. Relations suggested by typology. Dependence of class-interest consciousness on other types. Status as factor in perception of struc tural patterns. Opposite effects of status on con sciousness of class status and of class interests. 3. Class Crystallization and Class-Structure Consciousness 159 The stratification system as cognitive object. Con sensus as cultural criterion. Cognitive and affective consciousness of mobility barriers. 4. Class Crystallization and Class-Status Consciousness 162 Differential association and class-status con sciousness. Measuring the cultural strength of classstatus consciousness in cognitive respects. Class crystallization and class solidarity. 5. Class Crystallization and Class-Interest Consciousness 164 Prerequisites for a positive relation between these variables. A methodological approach. Summary. 6. Class Crystallization and Durkheim’s Theory of Classification 166 Class consciousness a form of classification. Durkheim s theory. Scheler’s derivation of the theory. Structural variables affecting classification. Class crystallization as factor. Stereotypic classification. Weak class crystallization and abstraction. Meth odological considerations. Different effects of weak crystallization on collective and individual levels. Gradational Concepts and Levelsof Analysis A. Gradational and Categorical Concepts 172 172 Subordinate role of categorical concepts. 1. Caste 173 Why definitions vary. Shortcomings of the caste con cept. Some caste variables. Status contamination.
2. Estate (Status Group) Development of concept. Weber’s treatment of the concept. Difficulties in gauging the impact of pres- 176
Contents XV tige stratification. Special significance of descent rank systems. Frames of reference for Weber and Toennies. Toennies on estate and class. Heuristic functions of such concepts. 3. Gemeinschaft and Primary Group 182 Overlapping definitions. Utility of shifting to grada tional components. B. Levels of Analysis 185 Simmel: status reversals are integrative. Homans: status incongruence Is divisive. Loaded concepts of status nonparity. Findings supporting Homans. 1. Population Size and Levels of Analysis 187 Two levels of analysis. Large and small collectivities sensitive to different facets of same situation. Attitudinal and sociostructural effects of class crystallization. 2. Class Conflict 189 The role of structural cleavage. Class crystallization and class conflict. C. An Implicit Model of Class Crystallization in Relation to Other Variables 191 Notes 199 Author Index 241 Subject Index 249
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| isbn | 0813509181 |
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| spelling | Landecker, Werner S. 1911-2002 Verfasser (DE-588)121400603 aut Class crystallization Werner S. Landecker New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers Univ. Pr. 1981 XXII, 255 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Classes sociales Prestige professionnel Statut social Structure sociale Occupational prestige Social classes Social status Social structure Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003251865&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landecker, Werner S. 1911-2002 Class crystallization Classes sociales Prestige professionnel Statut social Structure sociale Occupational prestige Social classes Social status Social structure |
| title | Class crystallization |
| title_auth | Class crystallization |
| title_exact_search | Class crystallization |
| title_full | Class crystallization Werner S. Landecker |
| title_fullStr | Class crystallization Werner S. Landecker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Class crystallization Werner S. Landecker |
| title_short | Class crystallization |
| title_sort | class crystallization |
| topic | Classes sociales Prestige professionnel Statut social Structure sociale Occupational prestige Social classes Social status Social structure |
| topic_facet | Classes sociales Prestige professionnel Statut social Structure sociale Occupational prestige Social classes Social status Social structure |
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