The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Stevens and Haynes
1917
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. XIV - XVI |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 264 S. |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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/
PAGE
Preface....................................................... v
Works and Documents referred to................................ xiv
PART I.
The Problem of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.—The Posi-
tion of Waterways in General under International Law.
CHAPTER I.
The Problem of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles ........ 1—9
The Straits problem and the present War ............. 1
Position of Turkey in regard to Europe .............. 2
Essence of the Straits problem ...................... 3
Position of Russia................................... 4
Policy of Russia ............................ ....... 6
The Straits question must bo solved ................. 8
CHAPTER II.
Tile Position of Waterways in General under International
Law............................................10— 16
The high sea........................................... 10
The territorial sea...................................... 10
Inlets ................................................. 11
Lakes and land-locked seas........................... 11
Straits ............................................... 13
Interoceanic canals ..................................... 15
vin
CONTENTS.
The Evolution of the Rule of the Straits of the Bosphorus and
PART II.
e of the Straits c
the Dardanelles.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
From the Beginning of the Capitulations to tiie end of the
Eighteenth Century .............................. 17—31
The Black Sea as a Turkish lake ...................... 17
The system of capitulations........................... 18
Position and policy of Russia......................... 21
Conflicts with Turkey—Peter the Groat—Catherine II.... 22
Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 1774 .................... 27
Peace of Jassy, 1792.................................. 30
CHAPTER II.
From the Treaty of Constantinople, 1798, to the Treaty of
Bucharest, 1812................................... .32—46
Treaties of Campo-Formio, 1797, and Constantinople, 1798.. 32
Scheme to partition Turkey............................. 33
Kotelioubey’s report, 1802 ............................. 34
Peace betwcou Franco and Turkey, 1802 ................. 34
Projected Russo-Turkish union............................. 35
Treaty of Constantinople, 1805 ........................ 36
Treaty of Pressburg, 1805 ................................ 37
Passage of Russian warships through tho Straits, 1806 .... 37
Treaty of 1805 denounced by Turkoy..................... 39
Peace of Tilsit, 1807.................................. 40
Franeo-Russian plan to partition Turkey, 1807 ......... 41
Treaty of Erfurt, 1808 ................................ 43
Peace of the Dardanelles, 1809 ........................ 43
Treaty of Bucharest, 1812 ............................. 45
CONTENTS.
IX
CHAPTER III.
PAGE
Treaties of Adrianopde, 1829, and Unkiar-Srelessi, 1833 .. .47—69
Greek revolt, 1821...................................... 48
Treaty of Akkerman, 1826 .............. 49
Treaty of London, 1827 49
Peace of Adrianople, 1829 ............................ 50
Treaty between United States and Turkey, 1830......... . 54
Revolt of Mehomet Ali, 1831 ........ ................. 54
The Tsar’s attitude towards Turkey.................... 57
Efforts of Prance to secure passage for warships...... 59
Secret Russo-Turkisli negotiations, 1833 ............. 60
Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, 1833............ 62
Protests against it................................... 67
CHAPTER IV.
The Convention of London, 1840, and the Straits Conven-
tion, 1841...............................................70—80
Rivalry between England and Russia in the East ......... 70
Convention of Miinchengriitz, 1833 .................. 71
Difficulties of the Russo-Turkish alliance............ 71
War with Mehemet Ali, 1839 .......................... 72
Intervention of the Powers............................ 72
The Tsar’s declarations as to Turkey and the Straits.. 73
Treaty of London, 1840 .............................. 74
The Straits Convention, 1841 ........................... 77
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER V.
PAGE
The Treaty of Paris, 1856..............................81—100
The Straits Convention and Russian policy ............. 81
Turkish safeguards with regard to the Straits ......... 81
Nicholas’ viow of Turkey as a 1 sick man 1 ............ 82
The question of the Holy Places...... ................. 83
Partition scheme of Nicholas .......................... 83
Mission of Menshikofï, 1853 ......................... 84
Occupation of the Danubian Principalities—The Straits
Convention in question............................... 85
Allied lleets in the Black Sea ...................... 86
The Straits Convention and the Crimoan War............. 87
Questions before the Conference, 1855 ................. 91
Treaty of Paris, 1856 ................................. 94
Convention between Russia and Turkey .................. 97
Convention between Great Britain, Prance, and Austria . . 98
The Treaties of Paris as collective engagements .......... 98
Position of Russia after the treaty................. 99
CHAPTER VI.
Denunciation of the Treaty of Paris—Treaty of London,
1871 ............................................101—129
Difli cullies of Russia............................... 101
Determination of Alexander ............................. 102
Attitudo of King William of Prussia................... 103
Pranco-Prussian War.................................... 103
Prince GortchakofFs circular ......................... 105
Special despatches sent to the signatory Powors....... 107
Protest of Great Britain ............................. 109
Attitudo of the other Powers ......................... Ill
Examination of GorfcchakofFs claims . ‘............... 112
Negotiations for a Conference......................... 119
The London Conference, 1871......................... 121
Treaty of London, 1871 .............................. 127
CONTENTS.
XI
CHAPTER VII.
PAGE
The Russo-Turkish War—The Treaty of Sat* Stefano—The
Treaty of Rerun, 187S ..........................130—149
The Triple Alliance ..................................... 130
Panslavism and panislamism ............................ 130
Christian rising in Balkans, 1875 ..................... 131
Meeting of the Enrperors at Roiclistadt, 1876.......... 132
The Tsar’s assurances as to Turkey .................... 132
Proposal for a Conference ............................... 135
Russian invasion of Turkey, 1877 ...................... 136
Turkey’s appeal to the Powers . ................. ..... 137
Lord Darby’s Note defining British interests .......... 138
Gortchakoif’s undertaking ............................. 139
Progress of the war.................................... 110
Alarm in Europe ......................................... 141
Conditions of peace—Russian demand as to the Straits .... 142
Convention of Adrianople, January, 1878................ . 144
British warships in Soa of Marmara..................... 145
Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878 .................... 146
Congross of Berlin—Treaty of Berlin.................... 148
CHAPTER VIII.
Interpretation and Application of the Rule of the Straits .
150—177
Difficulty in interpretation of the rule ............... 150
Instances of passage of warships ............ .......... 150
United States warship refused passago .................. 151
Other examples of refusal and of passage................ 152
Collective nature of the rule .......................... 153
Question of interpretation at Berlin Congress........... 155
Lord Salisbury’s explanation, 1885 .................... 159
New interpretation adopted by Russia, 1895 ............. 162
Recent instances of passage of warships . ............. 163
Altered views of Great Britain and Russia .............. 169
The Straits Question in the Russo-Japanese War ......... 170
Incident of the Kniaz Potemkin, 1905 ................. 173
The Straits Question in more recent wars................ 173
Wliat vessels are warships.............................. 175
The existing rule unsatisfactory........................ 176
XU
CONTENTS
PART III.
Reconstruction.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
The Attitude of Russia during the Nineteenth Century . 178—187
Varying Russian viows...................................... 178
The ‘ sick man , theory, 1800 ........................... 178
Policy of Alexander I..................*................. 178
Policy of Nicholas I..................................... 179
Brunnow’s declaration, 1839 ............................... 180
Tho i sick man * theory again, 1853 ..................... 180
GortchakofFs proposal as to passage in tho Straits....... 181
Russia’s policy after tho Crimean War.................... 181
Hor efforts in 1877-78 .................................... 183
The panslav movement..................................... 183
CHAPTER II.
Recent Efforts of the Russian Government to modify the
Rude of the Straits—Attitude of the Powers—
Development of Opinion in Russia—Schemes for Re-
construction SUGGESTED-----INFLUENCE OF THE PRESENT
War...............................................188—212
Recent efforts of Russia to procure passage for her war-
ships ................................................. 188
Various political combinations established ............. . 188
The Austrian annexation, 1908 ......................... 189
Plan for forming a Balkan League ...................... 190
Russia’s step in the Turco-Italian War, 1911 .......... 190
Attitude of Great Britain and France .................. 191
Anstro-G-erman opposition to Russia.................... 192
The Balkan League, 1912 ............................... 192
Tho Balkan Wars......................................... 103
Recent opinion in Russia................................. 194
The War and Russian opinion ............................ 199
CONTENTS.
X1U
CHAPTER III.
PAGE
Opinion outside Russta—Various Schemes suggested .. . .213—223
In favour of Russian acquisition .................... 213
Constantinople under Belgian rule...................... 215
In favour of freedom for all vessels and internationalisation 215
Efforts of tho United States to procure passage for
warships (1868-71) .............................. 216
Rocent views....................................... 218
Military guardianship of United States suggested .... 220
View of Sir Edwin Pears............................ 222
CHAPTER IY.
Which is the Best Solution ? .............................224—249
The old rule no longer tenable ........................... 224
Why it has failed........................................ 225
The problem of the Straits now different................. 227
Whether Russian possession of the Straits is advisable .... 229
Other Powers directly concerned.......................... 231
International commerce in the Straits ................... 232
Protection of States on the Black Sea ................... 233
Opening to all as the fundamental principle.............. 233
How liberty of navigation to be established.............. 23G
Benefits of international co-operation .................. . 237
Internationalisation and neutralisation ................... 239
Principles suggested for the Straits .................... 239
International Commission ................................. 241
The Danube Commission.............. .................. 242
Other provisions rogulating the Danube .................... 246
Future of Constantinople................................... 247
Position of Turkey with regard to Europe ................ 248
INDEX
251
|
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| title | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles |
| title_auth | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles |
| title_exact_search | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles |
| title_full | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by Coleman Phillipson and Noel Buxton |
| title_fullStr | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by Coleman Phillipson and Noel Buxton |
| title_full_unstemmed | The question of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles by Coleman Phillipson and Noel Buxton |
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