The Middle East: a geographical study
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London
Fulton
1988
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 551 - 608. - Literaturangaben |
Beschreibung: | XV, 623 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
ISBN: | 1853460931 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: The Middle East
Autor: Beaumont, Peter
Jahr: 1988
Contents
Introduction 1
0.1 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................................................1
0.2 Unity and diversity ........................................................................................................................................................................3
0.3 Geopolitical significance ........................................................................................................................................................7
0.4 Middle East: image and reality ................................................................................................................................12
0.5.Perspective ....................................................................................................................................................................................................15
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
1. Relief, Geology, Geomorphology and Soils 19
1.1 Relief........................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
1.2 Geology ............................................................................................................................................................................................................21
1.3 Geomorphology....................................................................................................................................................................................28
1.4 Soil ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
1.4.1 Soil surveys............................................................................................................................................................................38
1.4.1.1 Turkey................................................................................................................................................................................38
1.4.1.2 Iran ........................................................................................................................................................................................40
1.4.1.3 Israel ....................................................................................................................................................................................42
1.4.1.4 Egypt....................................................................................................................................................................................44
1.4.2 Soil management............................................................................................................................................................46
1.4.2.1 Soil erosion................................................................................................................................................................46
1.4.2.2 Soil salinity................................................................................................................................................................47
References .............................................................................................................. 47
2. Climate and Water Resources 50
2.1 Climate................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
2.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................50
2.1.2 Weather systems............................................................................................................................................................52
2.1.3 Pressure and winds....................................................................................................................................................54
2.1.4 Temperatures........................................................................................................................................................................56
2.1.5 Precipitation ........................................................................................................................................................................65
2.1.6 Evapotranspiration....................................................................................................................................................73
2.1.7 Climatic classification............................................................................................................................................73
2.1.8 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................................78
2.2 Water resources....................................................................................................................................................................................81
2.2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................81
2.2.2 Available water resources................................................................................................................................81
2.2.3 Irrigation ....................................................................................................................................................................................88
2.2.4 The Qariàt................................................................................................................................................................................93
2.2.5 Multi-purpose water resource schemes....................................................................................96
2.2.6 Industrial and domestic demands for water....................................................................105
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................108
3. Landscape Evolution 113
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................113
3.2 Natural vegetation....................................................................................................................................................................117
3.3 Domestication ........................................................................................................................................................................................118
3.4 Effects of domestication........................................................................................................................................................120
3.5 Spatio-temporal variations................................................................................................................................................123
References ............................................................................................................ 134
4. Rural Land Use: Patterns and Systems 139
4.1 The importance of cultivation and pastoralism...................................... 139
4.2 Influence of physical conditions................................................................ 140
4.3 Land use organization................................................................................ 143
4.3.1 Permanent settlements........................................................................................................................................143
4.3.2 Land tenure............................................................................................................................................................................148
4.3.3 Land reform........................................................................................................................................................................152
4.3.4 Water rights...................................................................................... 155
4.3.5 Peasant economy ....................................................................................................................................................156
4.3.6 Pastoralism ............................................................................................................................................................................158
4.4 Patterns of land use.................................................................................. 161
4.4.1 Herding ........................................................................................................................................................................................161
4.4.2 Forestry ........................................................................................................................................................................................166
4.4.3 Cultivation................................................................................................................................................................................167
References ............................................................................................................ 181
5. Population 184
5.1 Historic perspective.................................................................................... 184
5.2 Population size.......................................................................................... 185
5.3 Birth rates.................................................................................................... 187
5.4 Death rates.................................................................................................. 188
5.5 Growth rates.............................................................................................. 189
5.6 International migration............................................................................................................................................................191
5.7 Distribution and density of population........................................................................................................193
5.8 Conclusion: population growth and change........................................................................................196
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................197
6. Towns and Cities 199
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 199
6.2 Pre-Islamic towns...................................................................................... 200
6.2.1 Ancient towns.................................................................................. 200
6.2.2 Greco-Roman towns........................................................................ 202
6.3 Islamic towns: seventh to eighteenth centuries........................................ 204
6.3.1 Morphology of the Islamic town.................................................... 206
6.3.2 Municipal organization.................................................................... 212
6.3.3 Urban decline: fifteenth to eighteenth centuries............................ 212
6.4 The nineteenth and twentieth centuries.................................................... 214
6.4.1 Level of urbanization...................................................................... 214
6.4.2 Rate of urban growth...................................................................... 215
6.4.3 Concentration of urban populations.............................................. 216
6.4.4 Number of towns............................................................................ 217
6.4.5 New towns........................................................................................ 219
6.4.6 Changes in urban form in the twentieth century.......................... 220
6.5 The distribution of towns and cities........................................................ 225
6.5.1 Capital cities.................................................................................... 227
6.5.2 Relations between town and country............................................ 228
6.6 Urban planning.......................................................................................... 229
References ............................................................................................................ 230
7. Problems of Economic Development 233
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 233
7.2 General problems of economic development.......................................... 235
7.2.1 Agriculture................................................................................................................................................................................235
7.2.2 Population................................................................................................................................................................................240
7.2.3 Regional inequalities........................................................................ 243
7.3 Specific problems of economic development.......................................... 245
7.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................249
References ............................................................................................................ 249
8. Industry, Trade and Finance 251
8.1 Industrial resources.................................................................................... 251
8.2 Manufacturing industry........................................................................................................................................................257
8.3 Foreign trade............................................................................................................................................................................................264
8.4 Transport and internal trade........................................................................................................................................270
8.5 Financial flows........................................................................................................................................................................................277
References ............................................................................................................ 279
9. Petroleum 280
9.1 Introduction................................................................................................ 280
9.2 The Middle East as an oil producing region............................................ 280
9.3 Oil concessions............................................................................................ 283
9.4 The oil fields................................................................................................ 284
9.5 Early development of the oil fields.......................................................... 286
9.5.1 Libya ............................................................................................................................................................................................286
9.5.2 Egypt ............................................................................................................................................................................................286
9.5.3 Iraq....................................................................................................................................................................................................286
9.5.4 Saudi Arabia....................................................................................................................................................................287
9.5.5 Kuwait ........................................................................................................................................................................................287
9.5.6 Saudi Arabia/Kuwait Neutral Zone........................................................................................289
9.5.7 Gulf States............................................................................................................................................................................289
9.5.8 Turkey ........................................................................................................................................................................................290
9.5.9 Syria ................................................................................................................................................................................................290
9.5.10 Israel................................................................................................................................................................................................290
9.5.11 Iran....................................................................................................................................................................................................291
9.6 Petroleum reserves............................................................................................................................................................................292
9.7 Transport of crude oil and petroleum products............................................................................295
9.8 Revenues............................................................................................................................................................................................................299
9.9 The future ....................................................................................................................................................................................................306
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................308
10. The Political Map 309
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 309
10.2 Modern political history.......................................................................... 309
10.3 Boundary disputes and territorial claims.............................................. 316
10.4 Maritime boundaries................................................................................ 320
10.5 The political map: some implications.................................................... 323
10.6 Future changes.......................................................................................... 325
References ............................................................................................................ 327
11. Tradition and Change in Arabia 329
11.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 329
11.2 Traditional economies........................................................................................................................................................330
11.2.1 Cultivation........................................................................................................................................................................332
11.2.2 Other traditional economies........................................................................................................333
11.3 Modification and change................................................................................................................................................336
11.3.1 Cultivation........................................................................................................................................................................336
11.3.2 Pastoralism ....................................................................................................................................................................339
11.3.3 Other activities............................................................................................................................................................340
11.3.4 Petroleum............................................................................................................................................................................344
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................346
12. Iraq - A Study of Man, Land and Water in an Alluvial
Environment 349
12.1 The economy............................................................................................ 349
12.2 Agriculture and settlement in the alluvial lowlands.............................. 355
12.3 History of land use.................................................................................. 359
12.4 Contemporary environmental problems and their solution................ 363
12.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 368
References ............................................................................................................ 368
13. Agricultural Expansion in Syria 370
13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 370
13.2 Expansion of cultivation.......................................................................... 373
13.3 Cropping.................................................................................................... 378
13.4 Expansion of irrigation............................................................................ 380
13.5 Communications and industry................................................................ 383
References ............................................................................................................ 386
14. Religion, Community and Conflict in Lebanon 387
14.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 387
14.2 The origin of the principal communities................................................ 389
14.3 Some implications of community identity............................................ 395
14.4 Demographic and political developments, 1846-1941 .......................... 396
14.5 Demographic and political developments, 1941-76 .............................. 398
14.6 Social war and invasion.......................................................................... 402
14.7 New patterns............................................................................................ 404
References ............................................................................................................ 406
15. Jordan - The Struggle for Economic Survival 408
15.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 408
15.2 Transjordan .............................................................................................. 408
15.3 Jordan........................................................................................................ 410
15.3.1 Agriculture.................................................................................... 412
15.3.2 Mineral resources........................................................................ 422
15.3.3 Industry ........................................................................................ 424
15.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 427
References ............................................................................................................ 431
16. Israel and the Occupied Areas: Jewish colonization 433
16.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 433
16.2 The personality of Palestine.................................................................... 434
16.2.1 The coastal plains and the Emek Yizre el................................ 434
16.2.2 The mountains and hills.............................................................. 435
16.2.3 The rift valley.............................................................................. 436
16.2.4 The Negev.................................................................................... 436
16.3 Jewish rural settlement, 1882-1948 ........................................................ 439
16.3.1 1882 to 1903 .................................................................................. 439
16.3.2 1919 to 1931 .................................................................................. 443
16.3.3 1932 to 1939 .................................................................................. 444
16.3.4 1940 to May 1948 ........................................................................ 447
16.4 The Jewish urban population, 1882 to 1948 .......................................... 449
16.5 The occupied areas.................................................................................. 451
16.5.1 Sinai and the Gaza Strip.............................................................. 452
16.5.2 The Golan.................................................................................... 453
16.5.3 The West Bank............................................................................ 454
16.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 457
References ............................................................................................................ 457
17. The Industrialization of Turkey 460
17.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 460
17.2 Phase I: the beginnings, about 1800 to 1914.......................................... 463
17.3 Phase II: a new state, about 1920 to 1940 .............................................. 465
17.4 Phase III: experiment, 1950 to 1960 ...................................................... 469
17.5 Phase IV: the return to planning 1960 to 1980...................................... 473
References ............................................................................................................ 478
18. Iran - Agriculture and Its Modernization 481
18.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 481
18.2 Factors influencing agricultural activity................................................ 483
18.3 Agricultural production.......................................................................... 487
18.4 Modernization of agriculture.................................................................. 491
18.4.1 Economic planning...................................................................... 491
18.4.2 Land reform................................................................................ 495
18.4.3 Developments in crop production.............................................. 503
References ............................................................................................................ 509
19. Egypt - Population Growth and Agricultural
Development 511
19.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 511
19.2 Population growth 1800 to 1986 .............................................................. 512
19.3 Man and the land.................................................................................... 515
19.3.1 Agrarian reform.......................................................................... 517
19.3.2 Expansion of cultivated areas.................................................... 521
19.3.3 Intensification of agricultural production.................................. 525
19.3.4 General restructuring of the economy...................................... 527
19.4 Hydropolitical issues in the Nile valley.................................................. 528
19.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 529
References ............................................................................................................ 531
20. Libya - Oil Revenues and Revolution 533
20.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 533
20.2 Urban growth and industrial development............................................ 537
20.3 Agriculture ................................................................................................ 540
20.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 542
References ............................................................................................................ 543
21. Conclusion 545
21.1 Change ...................................................................................................... 545
21.2 Continuity ................................................................................................ 548
References ............................................................................................................ 550
Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 551
Index...................................................................................................................... 609
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Beaumont, Peter Blake, Gerald Henry 1936- Wagstaff, J. Malcolm 1940- |
author_GND | (DE-588)130287873 (DE-588)141796456 |
author_facet | Beaumont, Peter Blake, Gerald Henry 1936- Wagstaff, J. Malcolm 1940- |
author_role | aut aut aut |
author_sort | Beaumont, Peter |
author_variant | p b pb g h b gh ghb j m w jm jmw |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV005149849 |
callnumber-first | D - World History |
callnumber-label | DS49 |
callnumber-raw | DS49.7 |
callnumber-search | DS49.7 |
callnumber-sort | DS 249.7 |
callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
classification_rvk | RR 15053 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)16802397 (DE-599)BVBBV005149849 |
dewey-full | 915.6 956/.04 |
dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
dewey-ones | 915 - Geography of and travel in Asia 956 - Middle East (Near East) |
dewey-raw | 915.6 956/.04 |
dewey-search | 915.6 956/.04 |
dewey-sort | 3915.6 |
dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel 950 - History of Asia |
discipline | Geschichte Geographie |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:23:52Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 1853460931 |
language | English |
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physical | XV, 623 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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publisher | Fulton |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Beaumont, Peter Verfasser aut The Middle East a geographical study Peter Beaumont ; Gerald H. Blake ; J. Malcolm Wagstaff 2. ed. London Fulton 1988 XV, 623 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 551 - 608. - Literaturangaben Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd rswk-swf Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten Middle East Description and travel Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 s DE-604 Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 s Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 g 1\p DE-604 Blake, Gerald Henry 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)130287873 aut Wagstaff, J. Malcolm 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)141796456 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003174061&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Beaumont, Peter Blake, Gerald Henry 1936- Wagstaff, J. Malcolm 1940- The Middle East a geographical study Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4073972-7 (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)4039755-5 (DE-588)4068878-1 |
title | The Middle East a geographical study |
title_auth | The Middle East a geographical study |
title_exact_search | The Middle East a geographical study |
title_full | The Middle East a geographical study Peter Beaumont ; Gerald H. Blake ; J. Malcolm Wagstaff |
title_fullStr | The Middle East a geographical study Peter Beaumont ; Gerald H. Blake ; J. Malcolm Wagstaff |
title_full_unstemmed | The Middle East a geographical study Peter Beaumont ; Gerald H. Blake ; J. Malcolm Wagstaff |
title_short | The Middle East |
title_sort | the middle east a geographical study |
title_sub | a geographical study |
topic | Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Landeskunde Geografie Naher Osten Middle East Description and travel Mittlerer Osten |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003174061&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT beaumontpeter themiddleeastageographicalstudy AT blakegeraldhenry themiddleeastageographicalstudy AT wagstaffjmalcolm themiddleeastageographicalstudy |