Managing nuclear operations:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C.
Brookings Inst.
1987
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 751 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0815713134 0815713142 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 1. Introduction Ashton B. Carter, John D. Steinbruner, Charles A. Zraket Overview 3 General Themes 8 Part One: Nuclear Operations 2. Peacetime Operations: Safety and Security Donald R. Cotter The Scope of U.S. Nuclear Operations 18 Force Categories and Their Evolution 22 Balancing Military Effectiveness and Safety and Security 42 Conclusion 55 Appendix A: How Nuclear Weapons Are Authorized—The Paper Trail 57 Appendix В : NATO Programs of Cooperation 59 Appendix C: Personnel Reliability Program 60 Appendix D: Summary of Reporting Requirements of Nuclear Accidents or Incidents, U.S. Army, Europe 62 Appendix E: A Chronology of Significant Events in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Program 64 3. Alerting in Crisis and Conventional War Bruce G. Blair Alert Operations and Interactions 78 Internal Control Programs in Managing Alerts 113 Conclusion 119
x CONTENTS 4. Preplanned Operations Walter Slocombe 121 Preplanned Attacks 121 Stages of Nuclear Operations 126 Nuclear Command and Control and Deterrence 140 5. Continuing Control as a Requirement for Deterring Albert Wohlstetter and Richard Brody 142 Dealing with Suicidally Irrational Political Leaders 144 Two Doctrines of Deterrence and Their Contrasting Implications for Control 145 Soviet Interests in Control 153 Soviet Use of Selectivity and Gross Control 157 Evolution of Obstacles, Incentives, and Capabilities for Control in the West 163 Requirements and Possibilities for Western Control 180 6. War Termination Paul Bracken 197 The Theory of Nuclear War Termination 198 Command and Control for War Termination 202 The Interaction between Strategy and Control 207 Conclusion 213 Part Two: The Command System 1. Communications Technologies and Vulnerabilities Ashton B. Carter 217 Peacetime and Crisis Communications 218 The Communications Needs of Strategic Nuclear Forces 222 Technical Possibilities for Nuclear War Communications 226 Threats and Countermeasures 257 8. Warning and Assessment Sensors John C. Toomay 282 Strategic and Tactical Warning Missions 282 Atmospheric Warning (Current and Near-Future Systems) 287 Missile Warning (Current and Near-Future Systems) 293 Technology for the Far Term 311 NATO's Attack Warning and Assessment 320 Reflections on Warning and Attack Assessment 320 ѓ
CONTENTS 9. Command Centers Albert E. Babbitt Xl 322 Command Center Functions 323 Peacetime Command Centers 329 Wartime Command Centers 336 The Effect of Future Technologies 344 10. Delegation of Nuclear Command Authority Paul Bracken 352 Levels of Warfare and Control 353 Provincial Control 356 Political Control 367 New Dimensions of Civil-Military Relations 371 11. Targeting Theodore A. Postoi 373 The Simple Mechanics of Targeting 374 The Attack Viewed from Ground Zero 382 Events outside the Target Area 390 The Hidden Issues: Military Judgments with Policy Implications 391 Targeting Mobile and Relocatable Targets 401 Targeting for Tactical Nuclear Weapons 402 Possible Future Developments 404 12. The Psychological Climate of Nuclear Command Russell E. Dougherty 407 13. The Role of War Games and Exercises Thomas C. Schelling 426 Command Exercises 429 Anticipating Response 432 Game Design 436 Uses of Command Games 438 14. NATO Nuclear Operations Catherine McArdle Kelleher The Weapons 447 Weapon Deployments, Security, and Storage 452 Release Authority: The Military Channels 457 Release Authority: The Political Channels 462 The National Nuclear Forces 465 The Continuing Problems 468 445
15. Soviet Nuclear Operations Stephen Aí. Meyer The Soviet Notion of Command and Control 474 Command and Control during Peace, Crisis, and War 475 The Peacetime Contingency 476 The Crisistime Contingency 497 The Wartime Contingency 512 Conclusion 523 Part Three: Policy Perspectives 16. Choices and Trade-offs John D. Steinbruner Fundamental Choices 536 Contrasting Styles 551 Crisis Interactions 553 17. Assessing Command System Vulnerability Ashton B. Carter Principles of Assessment 556 Targeting for Decapitation 560 Vulnerability in Today’s U.S. Command System 573 Future Trends in Command System Survivability 595 Principal Judgments Regarding Vulnerability in Today’s Nuclear Command System 605 18. Sources of Error and Uncertainty Ashton B. Carter Nuclear War versus Conventional War 616 The Relation of Vulnerability to Error 618 Concepts of Error and Uncertainty 619 Planning for Error and Uncertainty 639 19. Management Issues: Planning, Acquisition, and Oversight Donald C. Latham and John J. Lane Policy Development and Planning for the Employment of Nuclear Forces 641 Design and Acquisition of the Nuclear Command and Control System 643 Acquisition 655
CONTENTS 20. Nuclear Operations and Strategic Defense Theodore Jarvis Defense of Command and Control 661 Command and Control of a Strategic Defense 664 Coordinating Nuclear Offenses and Defenses 676 21. Nuclear Operations and Antisatellites PaulB. Stares Nuclear Command and Control Missions for Satellites 680 The Threat to Space Systems 692 ASAT Use as a Catalyst of Nuclear War 694 Avoiding the ASAT Threat to Nuclear Command and Control 697 Conclusion 703 22. Nuclear Operations and Arms Control Michael M. May and John R. Harvey Confidence-Building Measures 705 Assessment of Potential Future Confidence-Building Measures 713 Nuclear Operations within the Traditional Arms Control Framework 724 Conclusion 734 Contributors Index
¡v CONTENTS Tables 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-D1. Responsibilities for U. S. Nuclear Weapons Current and Projected U. S. Strategic Nuclear Forces U. S. and Allied Nuclear Programs of Cooperation Permissive Action Link Categories Summary of Reporting Requirements of Nuclear Accidents or Incidents, U.S. Army, Europe 2E-1. Development of Atomic Weapons,1939-46 2E-2. Acquisition of Nuclear Forces, 1947-75 2E-3. Nuclear Forces in an Arms Control Environment, 1970-86 8-1. Present and Near-Future Atmospheric Warning Systems and Technology 8-2. Missile Warning Systems (Present and Near-Future) 8-3. Detection Sensors and Techniques 14-1. U.S. Nuclear Weapons for NATO Use, 1985 14- 2. Modernization of U.S. Nuclear Forces for NATO, 1985-92 15- 1. Soviet Strategic Warning Indicators of Impending War 17-1. Command Centers 17-2. Communication Nodes 17-3. Warning and Assessment Sensors 17-4. Strategic Nuclear Force Targets 21-1. Typical Deployment of U. S. and Soviet Command and Control-Related Satellites and Associated Missions 25 26 42 50 62 64 65 71 294 311 313 448 451 499 561 562 562 566 683 Figures 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5. 2-6. 2-7. 2-8. 2-9. 2-10. Department of Energy Nuclear Weapons Program Budget Department of Energy Nuclear Weapons Complex Government Roles and Relationships Regarding Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Mix of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Total Megatonnage of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile, 1955-82 Number of U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Stockpile, 1955-82 Deployments of Theater Nuclear Weapons, 1955-85 Command Relationships for NATO Nuclear Forces Bomb and Reentry Vehicle Safeguards Assuring
Nuclear Warhead Safety under Abnormal Environments: The Weak Link-Strong Link Principle 2-11. Trajectory Sensing and Unique Arming Signals to Ensure Nuclear Warhead Safety 2-12. Internal Active Protection Systems 3-1. Ground-Launched Cruise Missile Communications 3-2. Request Sequence for Use of Battlefield Nuclear Weapons 3-3. Chain of Command for Release of Battlefield Nuclear Weapons 21 23 24 30 31 32 38 41 44 47 48 51 102 1Ю 112
CONTENTS 4-1. Launch under Attack Time Line 5-1. A Standard Communications Network 5-2. A Standard Communications Network with Individual Station Redundancy of Two 5-3. A Standard Communications Network Corrected by a Distributed Net 7-1. Message for the USS Liberty 7-2. Bit Rate and Frequency Bandwidth 7-3. The Radio Spectrum 7-4. Radio Propagation at Different Frequencies 7-5. VLF Trailing Wire Antenna aboard TACAMO Relay Aircraft Broadcasting to U.S. Missile Submarines 7-6. Visibility from Satellite at 1,000-Kilometer Altitude over Zero Degrees Longitude and Latitude 7-7. Visibility from Satellite at 36,000-Kilometer Geosynchronous Orbit over Zero Degrees Latitude and Longitude 7-8. Four Geosynchronous Communications Satellites Providing Worldwide Coverage at Mid-Latitudes 7-9. Undersea Acoustic Communications 7-10. Encryption with a One-Time Pad 7-11. High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Ground Coverage for Explosions at Altitudes of 50 Kilometers and 200 Kilometers above Western Europe 7-12. High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Ground Coverage for a Nuclear Blast at 100, 300, and 500 Kilometers above the United States 8-1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Showing Frequencies of Interest for Warning and Attack Assessment 8-2. Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B)Radar Principles 8-3. Planned Atmospheric Warning Coverage of the United States and Canada, Showing Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) Coverage Sectors and North Warning System 8-4. Approximate ICBM Warning Time Lines and Ranges 8-5. Electronic Steering of Phased-Array Radars 8-6. Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted
from an Object (“Black Body”) at Various Temperatures 8-7. Atmospheric Transmission Windows 8-8. Single-Element, Line-Array, and Mosaic Sensors 8-9. Missile Warning Radar Coverage, 1990s 9-1. Organization and Command and Control Functions of the Command Staff of a U.S. Commander in Chief 9-2. Command Center Configuration 9-3. Nominal WWMCCS Information System (WIS)Configuration 9-4. Airborne Command Center Configuration XV 136 170 172 174 220 230 232 234 239 246 247 248 256 266 274 275 284 290 295 298 300 302 304 305 312 324 330 336 338
XVI CONTENTS 9-5. Qualitative Evaluation of Mobile Command Centers 9-6. Vulnerability of an Airborne Command Center to a Barrage Attack 9-7. Defense Department Criteria for Computer Security 11-1. Targets and Damage Criteria for the Washington, D.C., Area 11-2. One-Megaton Ground Zeros for the Washington, D.C., Area 11-3. Fifty-Kiloton Ground Zeros for the Washington, D.C., Area 11-4. Allocation of Warheads for an Attack on Washington, D.C. 11-5. Footprint of a MIRVed Missile 11-6. Effect of Range Increases on the Footprint of a MIRVed Missile 11-7. Effect of Deployment Sequence on the Footprint of a MIRVed Missile 11-8. Intermissile Targeting 11-9. Stabilized Debris Clouds from Nuclear Detonations of Various Yields 11-10. Area of Possible Sewer Contamination from a 100-Kiloton Near-Surface Burst Centered on the Pentagon 11-11. Effects of a Single One-Megaton Airburst on the Washington, D.C.,Area 11-12. Unintended Damage in the Washington, D.C., Area from a One-Megaton Detonation 11-13. Force Multiplication Factor versus Damage Expectancy against Target Base of Hardened Silos, Four Hypothetical Attacking Forces 14-1. NATO Nuclear Delivery Systems 14- 2. Nuclear Weapon Deployments in WestGermany 15-1. Soviet View of Launch under Attack 15-2. A Soviet View of Nuclear Attack against Population, Economic, and Military Targets 17-1. Schematic Representation of Value of Fixed Command System Destroyed versus the Intensity of the Soviet Attack 17-2. The First Thirty Minutes in the Standard Scenario for Soviet Attack 17-3. The First Nine Hours in the Standard Scenario for Soviet
Attack 17-4. The First Three Days in the Standard Scenario for Soviet Attack 18-1. Deviation from Expected Value 18-2. Leakage of Probability in a Limited War Scenario 18-3. Schematic Representation of Assessment Logic in a Simplified Warning System 18-4. Possible Result of Adding a New Warning Sensor 18-5. Possible Effect of Adding an Antisatellite Sensor to the Warning System of Figure 18-3A 18-6. Possible Effect of Adding an Antisatellite Attack Sensor to a Warning System with Voting Scheme 19-1. The Planning. Programming, and Budgeting Process 340 342 348 375 377 378 379 381 382 384 385 386 387 393 395 400 446 454 496 510 568 580 586 588 621 627 631 633 634 635 644
CONTENTS І9-2. Percentage of Total Defense Budget Allocated to C3, Fiscal Years 1970-86 19-3. Total Obligational Authority for C\ by Appropriation, Fiscal Years 1984-86 19-4. Total Obligational Authority for C\ by Defense Component, Fiscal Years 1984-86 19-5. Total Obligational Authority for C3, by Mission Area, Fiscal Years 1984-86 19-6. Total Obligational Authority for Strategic C3, by Appropriation, Fiscal Years 1984-86 19- 7. Total Obligational Authority for Strategic C3, by Sub-Mission Area, Fiscal Years 1984-86 20- 1. Centralized Command and Control 20- 2. Distributed Command and Control 21- 1. Approximate DSP Satellite Earth Coverage 21-2. View of the Earth from a Soviet Early Warning Satellite near Apogee XVÍÍ 648 650 651 652 653 654 669 670 684 686
Contents 1 1. Introduction Ashton B. Carter, John D. Steinbruner, Charles A. Zraket Overview 3 General Themes 8 Part One: Nuclear Operations 2. Peacetime Operations: Safety and Security Donald R. Cotter 17 The Scope of U.S. Nuclear Operations 18 Force Categories and Their Evolution 22 Balancing Military Effectiveness and Safety and Security 42 Conclusion 55 Appendix A: How Nuclear Weapons Are Authorized—The Paper Tmil 57 Appendix B: NATO Programs of Cooperation 59 Appendix C: Personnel Reliability Program 60 Appendix D: Summary of Reporting Requirements of Nuclear Accidents or Incidents, U.S. Army, Europe 62 Appendix E: A Chronology of Significant Events in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Program 64 3. Alerting in Crisis and Conventional War Bruce G. Blair Alert Operations and Interactions 78 Internal Control Programs in Managing Alerts 113 Conclusion 119 їх 75
CONTENTS 4. Preplanned Operations Walter Slocombe Preplanned Attacks 121 Stages of Nuclear Operations 126 Nuclear Command and Control and Deterrence 140 5. Continuing Control as a Requirement for Deterring 142 Albert Wohlstetter and Richard Brody Dealing with Suicidally Irrational Political Leaders 144 Two Doctrines of Deterrence and Their Contrasting Implications for Control 145 Soviet Interests in Control 153 Soviet Use of Selectivity and Gross Control 157 Evolution of Obstacles, Incentives, and Capabilities for Control in the West 163 Requirements and Possibilities for Western Control 180 6. War Termination Paul Bracken 197 The Theory of Nuclear War Termination 198 Command and Control for War Termination 202 The Interaction between Strategy and Control 207 Conclusion 213 Part Two: The Command System 7. Communications Technologies and Vulnerabilities Ashton B. Carter 217 Peacetime and Crisis Communications 218 The Communications Needs of Strategic Nuclear Forces 222 Technical Possibilities for Nuclear War Communications 226 Threats and Countermeasures 257 8. Warning and Assessment Sensors John C. Toomay Strategic and Tactical Warning Missions 282 Atmospheric Warning (Current and Near-Future Systems) 287 Missile Warning (Current and Near-Future Systems) 293 Technology for the Far Term 311 NATO’s Attack Warning and Assessment 320 Reflections on Warning and Attack Assessment 320 282
CONTENTS 9. Command Centers Albert E. Babbitt Xl 322 Command Center Functions 323 Peacetime Command Centers 329 Wartime Command Centers 336 The Effect of Future Technologies 344 10. Delegation of Nuclear Command Authority Paul Bracken 352 Levels of Warfare and Control 353 Provincial Control 356 Political Control 367 New Dimensions of Civil-Military Relations 371 11. Targeting Theodore A. Postoi 373 The Simple Mechanics of Targeting 374 The Attack Viewed from Ground Zero 382 Events outside the Target Area 390 The Hidden Issues: Military Judgments with Policy Implications 391 Targeting Mobile and Relocatable Targets 401 Targeting for Tactical Nuclear Weapons 402 Possible Future Developments 404 12. The Psychological Climate of Nuclear Command Russell E. Dougherty 407 13. The Role of War Games and Exercises Thomas C. Schelling 426 Command Exercises 429 Anticipating Response 432 Game Design 436 Uses of Command Games 438 14. NATO Nuclear Operations Catherine McArdle Kelleher The Weapons 447 Weapon Deployments, Security, and Storage 452 Release Authority: The Military Channels 457 Release Authority: The Political Channels 462 The National Nuclear Forces 465 The Continuing Problems 468 445
CONTENTS 15. Soviet Nuclear Operations Stephen M. Meyer 470 The Soviet Notion of Command and Control 474 Command and Control during Peace, Crisis, and War 475 The Peacetime Contingency 476 The Crisistime Contingency 497 The Wartime Contingency 512 Conclusion 523 Part Three: Policy Perspectives 16. Choices and Trade-offs JohnD. Steinbruner 535 Fundamental Choices 536 Contrasting Styles 551 Crisis Interactions 553 17. Assessing Command System Vulnerability Ashton B. Carter 555 Principles of Assessment 556 Targeting for Decapitation 560 Vulnerability in Today’s U.S. Command System 573 Future Trends in Command System Survivability 595 Principal Judgments Regarding Vulnerability in Today’s Nuclear Command System 605 18. Sources of Error and Uncertainty Ashton B. Carter 611 Nuclear War versus Conventional War 616 The Relation of Vulnerability to Error 618 Concepts of Error and Uncertainty 619 Planning for Error and Uncertainty 639 19. Management Issues: Planning, Acquisition, and Oversight Donald C. Latham and John J. Lane Policy Development and Planning for the Employment of Nuclear Forces 641 Design and Acquisition of the Nuclear Command and Control System 643 Acquisition 655 641
CONTENTS 20. Nuclear Operations and Strategic Defense Theodore Jarvis Defense of Command and Control 661 Command and Control of a Strategic Defense 664 Coordinating Nuclear Offenses and Defenses 676 21. Nuclear Operations and Antisatellites PaulB. Stares Nuclear Command and Control Missions for Satellites 680 The Threat to Space Systems 692 AS AT Use as a Catalyst of Nuclear War 694 Avoiding the ASAT Threat to Nuclear Command and Control 697 Conclusion 703 22. Nuclear Operations and Arms Control Michael M. May and John R. Harvey Confidence-Building Measures 705 Assessment of Potential Future Confidence-Building Measures 713 Nuclear Operations within the Traditional Arms Control Framework 724 Conclusion 734 Contributors Index |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV005141883 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-01T16:01:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0815713134 0815713142 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-003166715 |
| oclc_num | 246882027 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-Bo133 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-Bo133 |
| physical | XXII, 751 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1987 |
| publishDateSearch | 1987 |
| publishDateSort | 1987 |
| publisher | Brookings Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Managing nuclear operations Ashton B. Carter ... eds. Washington, D.C. Brookings Inst. 1987 XXII, 751 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Atomwaffe fes Abschreckung (DE-588)4000230-5 gnd rswk-swf Krisenmanagement (DE-588)4127374-6 gnd rswk-swf Kontrollsystem (DE-588)4126040-5 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsverhütung (DE-588)4165720-2 gnd rswk-swf Atomkrieg (DE-588)4003420-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Abschreckung (DE-588)4000230-5 s DE-604 Atomkrieg (DE-588)4003420-3 s Kontrollsystem (DE-588)4126040-5 s 1\p DE-604 Kriegsverhütung (DE-588)4165720-2 s 2\p DE-604 Krisenmanagement (DE-588)4127374-6 s 3\p DE-604 Carter, Ashton 1954-2022 Sonstige (DE-588)1081082739 oth Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003166715&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003166715&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Managing nuclear operations Atomwaffe fes Abschreckung (DE-588)4000230-5 gnd Krisenmanagement (DE-588)4127374-6 gnd Kontrollsystem (DE-588)4126040-5 gnd Kriegsverhütung (DE-588)4165720-2 gnd Atomkrieg (DE-588)4003420-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000230-5 (DE-588)4127374-6 (DE-588)4126040-5 (DE-588)4165720-2 (DE-588)4003420-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Managing nuclear operations |
| title_auth | Managing nuclear operations |
| title_exact_search | Managing nuclear operations |
| title_full | Managing nuclear operations Ashton B. Carter ... eds. |
| title_fullStr | Managing nuclear operations Ashton B. Carter ... eds. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Managing nuclear operations Ashton B. Carter ... eds. |
| title_short | Managing nuclear operations |
| title_sort | managing nuclear operations |
| topic | Atomwaffe fes Abschreckung (DE-588)4000230-5 gnd Krisenmanagement (DE-588)4127374-6 gnd Kontrollsystem (DE-588)4126040-5 gnd Kriegsverhütung (DE-588)4165720-2 gnd Atomkrieg (DE-588)4003420-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Atomwaffe Abschreckung Krisenmanagement Kontrollsystem Kriegsverhütung Atomkrieg Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003166715&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003166715&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carterashton managingnuclearoperations |
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