From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 5 Victory and aftermath
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Oxford Univ. Press
1970
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Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIII, 416 S., 7 Bl. Ill., Kt. |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow |b the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |n 5 |p Victory and aftermath |c by Arthur J. Marder |
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adam_text | Titel: Bd. 5. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. Victory and aftermath
Autor: Marder, Arthur Jacob
Jahr: 1970
Contents
page
PREFACE vii
PART I. THE WEMYSS-GEDDES RÉGIME
January 1918-November 1918
CHAPTER I. THE NAVAL DECISION MAKERS
I. BOARD AND NAVAL STAFF CHANGES 3
Wemyss becomes First Sea Lord—His background, assets, and
methods—The other naval members of the Board—Altera-
tions in Naval Staff organization—Distribution of duties
between naval members belonging to the Staff—The most
significant result of the new organization—Clarification of
Board responsibility for operations.
2. RESULTS 9
The New Order is a great success-—Richmond s appointment
as D.T.S.D.—Harmony at the Admiralty—Relations be-
tween Wemyss and Beatty—Geddes on the improved efficiency
of the Navy.
CHAPTER II. MEDITERRANEAN PROBLEMS
X. THE GO EBEN SORTIE 12
The possible objectives of a sortie—Precautions against a
sortie—Hayes-Sadler separates the two battleships at Mudros
—Distribution of the Aegean Squadron—Fremantle s orders
—The German plan—The sortie—The Breslau is mined—
The Goeben turns back—She is stuck fast at Nagara—The sub-
marine and air attempts to sink her—Her subsequent career
—The fiasco disgusts Wemyss—Public reaction.
2. THE BLACK SEA FLEET 20
The command situation in the Mediterranean—Establish-
ment of an Allied Naval Council—The threat of a German
seizure of the Russian Black Sea Fleet—The problem posed by
the Austrian Fleet in the Adriatic—The Aegean problem—
The French solution to both strategic problems—British
opinion of the Italian Fleet—The Allied Naval Council pro-
poses a solution to both problems, 26-27 April—The Italians
will not play—The battle is continued at the Supreme War
Council, Abbeville, 1 May—The Italians continue to drag
their feet—Wemyss suggests an Admiralissimo for the Medi-
terranean—The heated discussion at the Supreme War
Council, Versailles, 1-2 June—Italian obstructionism worsens
—Allied complaints—Revival in September of the Admiral-
issimo scheme.
xiii
CONTENTS
3. THE OFFENSIVE IN THE ADRIATIC 30
Gough-Calthorpe s views on convoy—Institution of barrage
operations in the Adriatic—Analysis of the system—The
basic weakness of the barrage—Evaluations of the barrage
operations—The brunt of the A/S effort falls on the Royal
Navy—The puny Italian contribution—The Mediterranean
Fleet feels neglected.
CHAPTER III. HOME WATERS : BARRAGES AND BLOCKING
OPERATIONS
1. THE DOVER STRAITS BARRAGE 39
Keyes assumes the Dover command—His limitations and
assets—Keyes infuses life into the command—He introduce«
massed patrols and brilliant illumination of the deep mine-
fields—Results—The German destroyer sortie, 14-15 February
—The incredible denouement—The findings of the Court of
Inquiry—German elation—Keyes strengthens British control
of the Straits—T he raid disturbs the War Cabinet.
2. THE ZEEBRUGGE OPERATION 45
The Zeebrugge-Ostend situation—Bayly and Tyrwhitt sug-
gest plans for Zeebrugge-Ostend blocking and combined
operations—Plans Division work out a blocking scheme—
Bacon rips it to shreds—He puts forward his own plan—
—Jellicoe combines it with a blocking operation—Keyes s
plan is accepted—Its objectives—The main features of the
Zeebrugge plan—Requirements of the Zeebrugge plan—
False starts in April—Keyes decides to go ahead—The Zee-
brugge-Ostend operations, 22-23 April—The comment of the
German Official History—Bacon s criticisms—Zeebrugge s
great boost to morale—A hard look at the practical results—
The revelations in the German Official History—Other evi-
dence—Keyes presses for a bomber offensive against the
Flanders bases—Keyes succeeds in closing the Straits to the
Flanders U-boats.
3. THE NORTHERN BARRAGE 66
Laying the barrage—Beatty insists on a gap eastward of the
Orkneys—The American mines are a tremendous disappoint-
ment—Beatty is critical of the barrage—The problem of
Norwegian territorial waters—Withdrawal of the barrage
force—How effective was the barrage ?—British minelaying in
the Heligoland Bight.
CHAPTER IV. BEATING THE U-BOATS
I. THE SHIPPING SITUATION 77
The position early in 1918—Improvement—Falling off in
losses by mine—The turning-point.
xiv
CONTENTS
2. THE U-BOATS IN THE FINAL PHASE 8l
U-boat construction in 1918—War losses in 1918—The
Admiralty is heartened by the falling off in U-boat morale—
Scheer s reasons for the decline in U-boat successes—An
analysis of Scheer s statement.
3. CONVOY IN FULL BLOOM 85
Development and results of the various convoy systems—
Analysis of the final convoy statistics—Explanation of the
success of convoy—German assessment of convoy—The U-
boats respect for destroyer escorts—The role of aircraft in
A/S warfare and the convoy system—The practical results of
convoy air escorts—Night attacks by surfaced U-boats—A
note on U-boat wolf-pack tactics—Convoy alters U-boat
strategy—German post-mortems on the submarine campaign.
4. THE CONVOY SYSTEM: EVALUATIONS 97
The attitude of the Admiralty remains ambivalent—Reasons
for and analysis of the mixed feelings on convoy—Why more
U-boats were destroyed in 1918—Weak links in the convoy
system—Handicaps under winch the system operated.
5. GROWING ANXIETIES IO5
High Authority is increasingly optimistic about the A/S cam-
paign—Public opinion remains sceptical—The Admiralty
begin to have doubts—The Germans admit failure of the U-
boat campaign—The Admiralty nearly panic: the naval
mission to Washington in October—Statistics on shipping
losses, shipbuilding output, the convoy system, and U-boats.
CHAPTER V. ANGLO-AMERICAN NAVAL RELATIONS
(April 1917-November 1918)
1. THE QUEENSTOWN COMMAND 121
Bayly proves an ideal choice for the command—His relations
with Sims and Pringle—The general harmony between the
two Navies at Queenstown—Sims s relations with the
Admiralty.
2. THE GRAND FLEET 124
The U.S. battle squadron is integrated into the Grand Fleet
—British estimates of the Americans—The co-operation
between the two Navies—U.S. Navy Department-Admiralty
differences.
CHAPTER VI. THE GRAND FLEET: UNCERTAINTIES AND
A MISSED OPPORTUNITY (January 1918-June 1918)
I. MORALE
128
Sturdee leaves the Grand Fleet—War weariness and boredom
are pronounced—Yet morale remains very high—An expla-
nation of the paradox.
XV
CONTENTS
2. THE NEW STRATEGY
The strain on Grand Fleet resources—Beatty s momentous
report of 9 January on Grand Fleet strategy—The Board
lays down a programme to meet the situation—Jellicoe s
criticism of the new departure—Similarity of his and Beatty s
strategy.
3. THE NUMBERS GAME AND OFFENSIVE IDEAS
The Grand Fleet preponderance in ships—The problem of the
Russian Baltic Fleet—An extraordinary plan to destroy this
fleet—The battle-cruiser position causes concern—Richmond s
offensive schemes—Beatty urges an air offensive—The
Admiralty stress the difficulties—The Naval Staff searches
for offensive measures.
4. THE HIGH SEAS FLEET SORTIE
British expectations and plans re a sortie—Anxiety over the
Scandinavian convoy—The intervals between sailings are
increased—Discussion of changing the convoy routes—The
Intelligence factor—Scheer s decision to attempt a bold
stroke—His plan—The Fleet passes out of the Bight—The
Moltke suffers a breakdown—The operation continues, then
turns back—Admiralty-Grand Fleet response—Missed oppor-
tunities—Observations on the sortie—Disappointment of the
Navy—Room 40 holds an inquiry.
5. INVASION AND OTHER BOGIES
Plans Division envisages a battle-cruiser raid into the Atlantic
—The possibility of a German raid on Ireland—The serious
threat to the French Channel ports—The invasion problem is
re-examined in August 1916—And again in March 1917—
Grand Fleet invasion strategy—Still another joint Service
conference on invasion, December 1917—Jellicoe is unhappy
with its main result—The Admiral ty-War Office report—
The last flurry of invasion jitters, 1918 spring—A note on the
Dutch problem—A final word on the invasion question.
CHAPTER VII. THE FINAL RECKONING
(July igi8-November 1919)
I. THE BEGINNING OF THE END
Beatty s mood in the summer of 1918—The air of expectancy
in naval circles—Wemyss and Beatty exchange views on the
enemy s intentions—An armistice is signed with Turkey—
The Allied fleets anchor off Constantinople—Scheer orders the
recall of the U-boats—Hipper s plan for a bold operation—
The Admiralty are alerted—Mutiny in the High Seas Fleet—
What lay behind it.
xvi
CONTENTS
2. THE NAVAL ARMISTICE 175
The Allied draft conditions of 8 October—The mood of the
Navy—Wemyss s attitude—The Admiralty present their views
on a naval armistice—Beatty s position—The War Cabinet
considers the Navy s proposals—The Allied Naval Council s
terms—The Supreme Council debates these—The Allied
Naval Council will not heed the politicians—-The die is cast
by the Supreme War Council, 4 November—The naval terms
—Later alterations—The Admiralty do not immediately
appreciate the full import of the mutiny in the German Fleet
—Beatty s unhappiness over the naval terms—11 November:
contrasting moods of the public and the Navy.
3. DER TAG 188
Admiral Meurer arrives to arrange internment details—The
scene in the Queen Elizabeth—The High Seas Fleet surrenders,
21 November—How the Grand Fleet viewed it—Press reac-
tion—A note on Baltic operations and Imperial naval prob-
lems.
PART II. AFTERMATH
November 1918—-June 1919
CHAPTER VIII. RIFTS AND REFORMS
1. THE CHANGING OF THE GUARD I99
Geddes leaves the Admiralty—Long succeeds him—How the
press and the Service viewed the appointment—Other changes
in the Board—Browning, the new Second Sea Lord—The
inexplicable appointment of Fergusson as D.C.N.S.—Sinclair
replaces Hall as D.N.I.—Shrinkage of the Fleet—The Grand
Fleet ceases to exist.
2. WEMVSS AND BEATTY 203
Beatty complains that he is ignored—Friction over appoint-
ments—The misunderstanding over Wemyss s retirement and
Beatty s succession—The Times announces a change in First
Sea Lord—Beatty proposes to hold the two offices of First Sea
Lord and C.-in-C.—Wemyss and Beatty go over their
differences—Long is distressed—The press campaign against
Wemyss—Long becomes his champion—Long on the Beattys
—Wemyss promotes an earldom for Beatty—Wemyss resigns.
3. PERSONNEL AND NAVAL STAFF REFORMS 212
Causes of lower-deck unrest—The situation moves towards a
climax late in the war—The near-flash point is reached after
the war—The status of officers pay—The Jerram and Halsey
Committees—Most of their recommendations are accepted—
Wemyss reorganizes the Naval Staff.
B Xvii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IX. NAVAL POLICY: UNCERTAINTIES AND NEW
RIVALRIES
1. THE NAVY ESTIMATES 221
The First Lord introduces the 1919-20 Estimates—Press
reaction to the speech—The Estimates are revised in July—
The initial uncertainty over the future of the capital ship—
The Admiralty reaffirm their faith in capital ships.
2. THE SEA BATTLE OF PARIS 224
The U.S. naval challenge—The whys of the ambitious
American naval plans—British opinion is not unsympathetic
—But the Admiralty are suspicious of American naval expan-
sion—Plans Division analyses U.S. motivations—The First
Lord expresses his concern—Anglo-American naval discus-
sions in Paris—Daniels and Lloyd George square off—An
informal agreement is reached-—Daniels gives assurances in
his London visit—Long is prepared to accept them—The
significance of the naval imbroglio—The Admiralty s views
on the likelihood of war with the U.S. and Japan—Admiralty
strategic plans for a war with Japan.
3. THE FREEDOM OF THE SEAS 238
Point 2 of Wilson s Fourteen Points—What did the U.S. mean
by it?—The Admiralty state their views—Lloyd George
stoutly opposes the doctrine of the Freedom of the Seas—A
compromise is reached with the U.S.—The question is not
discussed at the Peace Conference.
4. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND ARMAMENTS
LIMITATION 242
The U.S. Navy and the idea of a League Navy—The
Admiralty have no faith in a League of Nations or an inter-
national navy—They oppose any limitation of armaments—¦
The League Covenant does not provide for an international
force—The Versailles Treaty provisions for international
armaments limitation—The U.S. Navy opposes a liquidation
of German sea power—A note on relative naval strength.
CHAPTER X. THE NAVAL SETTLEMENT WITH GERMANY
I. COLONIES, KIEL CANAL, HELIGOLAND,
BALTIC, AND SUBMARINES 249
Admiralty policy on the German colonies—The Versailles
colonial settlement—The Admiralty and the Kiel Canal—The
Council of Ten discussion of the problem—The Peace Treaty
provision on the Canal—Wartime views on Heligoland—
Post-war consideration of alternatives—-The problem comes
before the Council of Ten—The Peace Treaty provision on
Heligoland—On Germany s Baltic defences—Inter-Allied
controversy over the abolition of submarines—The wrangle
over the disposition of the U-boats—U-boat provisions of the
Peace Treaty.
xviii
CONTENTS
2. DISPOSAL OF THE HIGH SEAS FLEET 262
The Admiralty decide on a policy—Its essentials are accepted
by the Allied Admirals and Council of Ten—The French
advocate partition of the German Fleet—Lloyd George and
House reach a compromise—The U.S. and Britain prefer
destruction—Opposition to destruction within the Navy—
Support for the Admiralty s position—The French are not to
be put off—Deadlock.
CHAPTER XI. GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG (21 June 1919)
I. INTERNMENT 270
Arrival of the interned ships—The demoralization of the
German Fleet—Communication among the ships and with the
British—The guardships—Von Reuter is an ideal prisoner—
British plans to prevent scuttling.
2. THE SCUTTLING 275
Fremantle takes his squadron to sea—Von Reuter s prepara-
tions to scuttle his ships—He signals the order—His message
that morning to Fremantle—Fremantle hurries back to Scapa
•— the results of the scuttling—Fremantle s attitude—He
rebukes von Reuter—Could the scuttling have been prevented ?
—Madden recommends a severe punishment of the Germans
—The Council of Four discusses the scuttling and warns the
Germans—British reaction to the scuttling—Long s statement
in the Commons—The French and Italians hint at British col-
lusion in the scuttling—Lieutenant-Commander Kenworthy s
blatant assertion— Pertinent questions which have never been
satisfactorily answered —An attempt to answer them—¦
Wemyss s reaction to the scuttling—Lloyd George pins the
ultimate responsibility on the Americans—Wemyss spells out
the essentials—He overlooks Lloyd George s role.
3. EPILOGUE 293
The eventual fate of the scuttled ships—Naval terms of the
Versailles Treaty—The problem of the disposition of the sur-
rendered ships—A settlement is finally reached—Admiralty
satisfaction with the peace terms.
CHAPTER XII. REFLECTIONS ON AN ERA
I. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NAVY, I914-18 297
Conflicting interpretations of the role of sea power—The
ultimate objects of British naval policy—The Navy is suc-
cessful in achieving them—Critics of the naval war effort—
Criticism of the failure to bring on a general fleet action—The
benefits that would have followed a crushing victory—
Factors working against an aggressive strategy and tactics—
The naval authorities feel the game is not worth the candle—
XIX
CONTENTS
The general expectation of Trafalgars—Misinterpretation of
the Nelson Tradition —Other sources of the primacy-of-battle
fetish—The Young Turks are critical of the passive strategy
—Jellicoe s The Grand Fleet exposes the matériel shortcomings—
Reasons for the unsatisfactory matériel position—Comparisons
between German and British matériel—But British self-
depreciation went too far—A partial catalogue of errors of
commission—A gentle word of understanding.
The lack of a well-organized and efficient Naval Staff—Staff
officers— Round and round go the dockets —The poor intra-
Staff co-operation—The work of the Plans Division—f ile
officer educational system—Richmond s ideas for educational
reform—He pinpoints the failures of the system—Naval
officers and naval history—The pre-war immersion in
matériel concerns—Outstanding senior officers—Why were
there so many square pegs in round holes ?—Richmond, a case
history of dominant attitudes re intellect and independent
thinking—Others of the same stamp—Senior officer venera-
tion—Over-centralization in the Admiralty and Fleet—
Methods of work and training in ships and fleets—Four
principles of human relations.
How is the British victory to be explained?—The personnel
factor in the Royal Navy—In the German Navy—The
Germans lack a maritime tradition—How they handled their
surface fleet—Observations on the Anglo-German naval
rivalry—A discussion of leadership—Mahan on practical
experience and a knowledge of history—Wartime relations
between the two Services—And between the seamen and the
politicians—Some final thoughts on Jacky.
2. FUNDAMENTAL WEAKNESSES
313
3. THE HUMAN FACTOR
33O
BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. Unpublished Papers
ii. British Official Works—Unpublished
iii. Official Works—Published
iv. Published Works
v. Newspapers and Periodicals
vi. Miscellaneous
vii. Addenda
401
402
403
346
356
361
364
INDEX
405
XX
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spelling | Marder, Arthur Jacob 1910-1980 Verfasser (DE-588)142891207 aut From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 5 Victory and aftermath by Arthur J. Marder London Oxford Univ. Press 1970 XXIII, 416 S., 7 Bl. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV004957945 5 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003032913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Marder, Arthur Jacob 1910-1980 From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |
title | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |
title_auth | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |
title_exact_search | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |
title_full | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 5 Victory and aftermath by Arthur J. Marder |
title_fullStr | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 5 Victory and aftermath by Arthur J. Marder |
title_full_unstemmed | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 5 Victory and aftermath by Arthur J. Marder |
title_short | From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow |
title_sort | from the dreadnought to scapa flow the royal navy in the fisher era 1904 1919 victory and aftermath |
title_sub | the Royal Navy in the Fisher era ; 1904 - 1919 |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=003032913&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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