Hydrothermal mineral deposits: principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; London ; Paris ; Tokyo ; Ho
Springer
1992
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 709 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3540525173 0387525173 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hydrothermal mineral deposits |b principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |c Franco Pirajno |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; London ; Paris ; Tokyo ; Ho |b Springer |c 1992 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 709 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Hydrothermal deposits | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Prospecting | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804118880537280512 |
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| adam_text | Contents
I Introduction
Part I Nature and Types of Hydrothermal Solutions
and Systems
1 Water and Solutions .................................. 5
1.1 Introduction ........................................ 5
1.2 Water: Its Origin and Significance ...................... 5
1.2.1 Planetary Evolution and the Origin of Water ............. 6
1.2.2 Water - Past and Present.............................. 8
1.2.3 Water in Subduction Zones............................ 12
1.2.4 Water in the Crust ................................... 13
1.3 Solutions........................................... 14
1.4 Solubility and Boiling ................................ 15
1.5 Acid-Base Nomenclature.............................. 16
1.6 Structure of Water - Hydrolysis and Hydration........... 17
1.7 Redox Potential (Eh)................................. 18
1.8 Chemical Potential, Chemical Activity and Fugacity....... 20
References ................................................ 21
2 Hydrothermal Solutions ............................... 23
2.1 Introduction ........................................ 23
2.2 Water of Hydrothermal Solutions ...................... 23
2.3 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics
of Hydrothermal Fluids............................... 25
2.4 Fluid Inclusions ..................................... 28
2.5 Dissolved Constituents and Metals Partitioning
into Hydrothermal Solutions........................... 31
2.5.1 Partitioning of Metallic Elements
into Hydrothermal Solutions........................... 33
2.6 Metal Transport..................................... 33
2.6.1 Complex Ions and Ligands............................ 34
2.6.2 Complex Ions in Hydrothermal Solutions................ 37
2.7 Metal Deposition.................................... 39
References ................................................ 40
XII
Contents
3 Hydrothermal Systems ............................... 42
3.1 Introduction ........................................ 42
3.2 Definition and Types ................................ 43
3.3 Magmatic Hydrothermal Systems Related to Shallow
and Deep-Seated Plutonism ........................... 44
3.4 Magmatic-Meteoric Hydrothermal Systems,
Related to Volcano-Plutonic and Volcanic Complexes ..... 45
3.4.1 Magmatic Hydrothermal Systems ...................... 46
3.4.2 Predominantly Meteoric Hydrothermal (Geothermal)
Systems ............................................ 50
3.4.3 Hot Water-Dominated and Vapour-Dominated
Hydrothermal Systems ............................... 56
3.4.4 Hot Springs, Mud Pools, Geysers, Crater Lakes
and Fumaroles ...................................... 57
3.5 Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Systems: Spreading Centres
and Island Arcs ..................................... 59
3.5.1 Hydrothermal Systems in Spreading Centres ............. 60
3.5.2 Hydrothermal Systems in Submarine Volcanic Centres .... 66
3.6 Rift-Associated Hydrothermal Systems
in Sedimentary Basins ................................ 69
3.6.1 Hydrothermal Systems ............................... 71
3.6.2 Hydrothermal Systems in Modern Rift Settings ........... 79
3.7 Hydrothermal Systems of Metamorphic and Crustal Origin 83
3.7.1 Metamorphism, Metasomatism, Dewatering
of Rock Sequences and Fluid Generation ................ 84
3.7.2 Fluid Pressure, Metamorphic Porosity,
Impermeable Barriers and Hydraulic Fracturing .......... 86
3.7.3 Metamorphic Hydrothermal Systems ................... 88
3.7.4 Fluid Paths: Faults, Shear Zones and Thrust Faults ....... 91
3.7.5 Fluids in Subduction Zones ........................... 96
References ................................................ 97
4 Hydrothermal Alteration .............................. 101
4.1 Introduction ........................................ 101
4.2 Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism and Base Exchange ......... 102
4.2.1 Chemical Processes Related to Hydrogen Ion Metasomatism 103
4.3 Styles and Types of Hydrothermal Alteration ............ 109
4.3.1 Styles of Alteration .................................. 110
4.3.2 Types of Alteration .................................. 110
4.3.3 Other Types of Alteration ............................ 123
4.4 Quantification and Monitoring of Hydrothermal Alteration
Processes - Data Presentation ......................... 132
4.4.1 Rare Earths Elements in Hydrothermal Alteration Processes 136
4.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics .............. 139
4.6 Metamorphism of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks ........ 142
Contents XIII
4.7 Detection of Hydrothermal Alteration
by Spectral Remote Sensing ........................... 150
References ................................................ 152
Part II Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics,
Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits and Mineral Exploration -
Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts
5 Crustal Evolution, Global Tectonics and Mineral Deposits .. 159
5.1 Introduction ....................................... 159
5.2 Tectonic Phases in the Earth s Geological Evolution
and Related Metallogeny ............................. 162
5.2.1 The Archean Eon: Phase of Microplate Tectonics ........ 162
5.2.2 The Proterozoic Eon: Phase of Intraplate Tectonics ...... 171
5.2.3 The Phanerozoic Eon: Phase of Macroplate Tectonics,
Sea Floor Spreading and Continental Drift ............. 179
5.2.4 Conclusions ........................................ 189
References ................................................ 190
6 Geological Processes and Hydrothermal Mineralisation
in Plate Tectonic Settings - Mineral Exploration .......... 197
6.1 Introduction ....................................... 197
6.2 Extensional Plate Tectonics ........................... 198
6.2.1 Mid-Ocean Spreading Centres ........................ 199
6.2.2 Intracontinental Rifts ................................ 201
6.2.3 Passive Continental Margins and Interior Basins ......... 205
6.3 Compressional Plate Tectonics ........................ 206
6.3.1 Subduction-Related Settings .......................... 207
6.3.2 Collision-Related Settings ............................ 212
6.4 Transform Fault Tectonics ........................... 215
References ................................................ 216
7 Geotectonic and Metallogenic Analysis of Orogenic Belts .. 219
7.1 Introduction ....................................... 219
7.2 The Pan-African Orogenic Belts of Africa .............. 219
7.2.1 The Arabian-Nubian Shield .......................... 221
7.2.2 The Damara Orogen, Namibia ........................ 226
7.2.3 The Lufillian Fold Belt .............................. 233
7.3 Metallogenic Epochs and Geotectonic Environments
of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits of the Orogenic Belts
in New Zealand ..................................... 236
7.3.1 Geotectonic Settings of the Tuhuan Orogeny
and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation .............. 236
XIV
Contents
7.3.2 Geotectonic Settings of the Rangitata Orogeny
and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation .............. 239
7.3.3 Geotectonic Settings of the Kaikoura Orogeny
and Related Hydrothermal Mineralisation .............. 241
References ................................................ 241
Part III Hydrothermal Processes and Activities -
Related Mineral Deposits
8 Alkali Metasomatism and Related Mineral Deposits ....... 247
8.1 Introduction ....................................... 247
8.2 Alkali Metasomatism in Continental Igneous Systems .... 247
8.2.1 Role of Volatiles in Granitic Magmas .................. 247
8.2.2 Textural Features ................................... 251
8.2.3 Sodic Metasomatism and Albitites ..................... 253
8.2.4 Potassic Metasomatism and Microclinites ............... 255
8.3 Alkali Metasomatism in Anorogenic Ring-Type Complexes 256
8.3.1 Fenites ............................................ 259
8.4 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism ......... 265
8.4.1 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes
of the Ijolite-Carbonatite Association .................. 266
8.4.2 Mineralisation in Ring Complexes
of the Alkaline Granite Association.................... 271
8.4.3 Mineralisation Related to Alkali Metasomatism
of Pegmatites ....................................... 274
References ................................................ 277
9 Greisen Systems .................................... 280
9.1 Introduction ....................................... 280
9.2 Greisenisation Processes ............................. 282
9.3 Geochemistry ...................................... 289
9.4 Greisen-Related Mineral Deposits ..................... 290
9.4.1 Sn and W Geochemistry in the Greisen Environment -
Deposition of Cassisterite and Wolframite .............. 291
9.4.2 Sn Deposits Associated with the Acid Phase
of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa ......... 294
9.4.3 Sn-W Mineralisation at Brandberg West,
Damara Orogen, Namibia ............................ 304
9.4.4 Endo- and Exogreisen Sn Mineralisation
at Mount Bischoff, Tasmania ......................... 310
9.4.5 The Hercynian Sn-W Deposits of Southwest England,
Cornwall and Portugal ............................... 314
References ................................................ 322
Contents
XV
10 Porphyry Systems and Skarns ......................... 325
10.1 Introduction ....................................... 325
10.2 Tectonic Settings .................................... 326
10.3 Classification of Porphyry Systems .................... 328
10.4 Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralisation ............ 330
10.4.1 Lowell-Guilbert Model .............................. 333
10.4.2 Diorite Model ...................................... 335
10.4.3 Alteration-Mineralisation of Carbonate Wall Rocks (Skarns) 336
10.5 Mineral Deposits of Porphyry Systems ................. 344
10.5.1 Panguna and Ok Tedi Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits ........ 344
10.5.2 Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposits in Chile .................... 349
10.5.3 Porphyry Mo Deposits of the Colorado Mineral Belt ..... 355
10.5.4 Porphyry Mo Mineralisation in the Oslo Graben, Norway 360
10.5.5 Skarn Deposits in the Western USA ................... 361
10.5.6 Other Types of Skarn Deposits ........................ 364
10.5.7 Porphyry Sn Deposits in Bolivia ...................... 367
References ................................................ 370
11 Fossil and Active Geothermal Systems -
Epithermal Base and Precious Metal Mineralisation
(Including Kuroko-Type Deposits) ...................... 375
11.1 Introduction ....................................... 375
11.2 General Characteristics of Epithermal Systems .......... 378
11.2.1 Main Types of Epithermal Deposits ................... 380
11.3 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Deposit Types ............. 385
11.3.1 Epithermal Systems of Submerged Volcanic Structures ... 387
11.3.2 Hydrothermal Alteration............................. 390
11.3.3 Mineral and Metal Zoning ........................... 394
11.4 Transport and Deposition of Precious Metals
in Epithermal Systems ............................... 396
11.4.1 Boiling Depths and Metal Zoning ..................... 400
11.5 Active Geothermal Fields ............................ 401
11.5.1 Geothermal Systems of the Taupo Volcanic Zone,
New Zealand ....................................... 402
11.5.2 Salton Sea, California, USA .......................... 405
11.6 Volcanic-Hosted Epithermal Mineral Deposits .......... 407
11.6.1 Hauraki Goldfields, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand 407
11.6.2 Epithermal Au in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea....... 415
11.7 Sediment-Hosted Epithermal Deposits ................. 418
11.7.1 Mineral Belts and Deposit Types of Nevada, USA ....... 420
11.7.2 Nature of Fluids and Ore Genesis ..................... 426
11.8 Kuroko-Type Mineral Deposits ....................... 427
11.8.1 Kuroko Deposits ................................... 428
11.8.2 Precambrian Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits ... 440
References ................................................ 443
XVI
Contents
12 Hydrothermal Processes in Oceanic Crust
and Related Mineral Deposits .........................450
12.1 Introduction .......................................450
12.2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor......................451
12.2.1 Mid-Ocean Ridges ..................................452
12.2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones ..................453
12.2.3 Seamounts and Volcanic Chains ......................454
12.3 Birth, Life and Death of an Ocean Basin ...............454
12.4 Oceanic Lithosphère and Ophiolites ...................457
12.5 Heat Flow, Oceanic Crust Metamorphism
and the Nature of Related Hydrothermal Solutions ......460
12.5.1 Heat Flow and Oceanic Crust Metamorphism ...........461
12.5.2 Nature and Composition of the Hydrothermal Solutions .. 465
12.6 Tectonic Settings, Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Processes,
Hot Springs and Their Mineral Deposits ...............468
12.6.1 Tectonic Settings....................................470
12.6.2 Hydrothermal Processes and Types of Sulphide Deposits . 473
12.6.3 Sub-Sea-Floor Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits .........476
12.7 Oceanic Crust-Related Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits ... 488
12.7.1 Massive Sulphide Deposits of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman 488
12.7.2 The Cu Deposits of Cyprus Island .....................491
12.7.3 The Cu Deposits of the Matchless Amphibolite Belt,
Namibia ...........................................494
References ................................................ 502
13 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
of Continental Rift Environments....................... 507
13.1 Introduction .......................................507
13.2 Continental Rifting.................................. 508
13.2.1 Geophysical Signatures of Continental Rifts ............ 509
13.3 Magmatism and Metamorphism Associated with Rifting ..511
13.3.1 The Nature of Igneous Activity in Rift Systems ..........515
13.3.2 Metamorphism in Continental Rifts ................... 516
13.4 Basin Formation and Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences
in Continental Rifts ................................. 518
13.4.1 The Stratigraphie Record of Proterozoic Basins
in South Africa ..................................... 519
13.4.2 The Stratigraphie Record of Aulacogens................ 522
13.4.3 The East African Rift System ......................... 525
13.4.4 The Rio Grande Rift (USA) .......................... 527
13.5 Continental Rifting in Space and Time -
Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits....................... 530
13.5.1 Early Stages of Continental Rifting .................... 530
13.5.2 Aulacogens and Troughs -
Intermediate Stages of Continental Rifting .............. 531
Contents
XVII
13.5.3 Advanced Stages of Rifting ........................... 535
13.6 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Incipient Rifts ....... 536
13.6.1 The Messina Cu Deposits, South Africa ................ 536
13.6.2 Olympic Dam (Roxby Downs), South Australia ......... 541
13.6.3 Hydrothermal Activity in the Tanganyika Trough,
East African Rift System ............................. 544
13.7 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Aulacogens
and Troughs at Intermediate Stages of Rifting ........... 545
13.7.1 McArthur River and Mt. Isa, Northern Australia ........ 545
13.7.2 The Sediment-Hosted Exhalative Massive Sulphide
Deposits in the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex,
South Africa ....................................... 549
13.7.3 Stratabound Cu-Ag Deposits of the Irumide Belt
in Southern Africa .................................. 555
13.7.4 The Zambian Copperbelt ............................ 559
13.7.5 Stratiform and Stratabound Cu Deposits
of the Keweenawan Rift.............................. 563
13.8 Mineral Deposits Related to Advanced Stages of Rifting -
the Red Sea Deeps .................................. 565
13.9 Banded Iron Formation (BIF) of Proterozoic Age ....... 568
13.9.1 The Mineral Deposits
of the Transvaal-Griqualand Basins ................... 569
References ................................................ 572
14 Stratabound Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits ...... 578
14.1 Introduction ....................................... 578
14.2 Mississipi Valley-Type Deposits (MVT) ................ 580
14.2.1 The Viburnum Trend, USA .......................... 580
14.2.2 Pine Point, Canada .................................. 583
14.3 Alpine-Type Deposits ............................... 585
14.4 Irish-Type Deposits ................................. 586
14.4.1 Mineral Deposits ................................... 587
14.5 Models of Ore Genesis for the MVT,
Alpine and Irish Types ............................... 588
14.5.1 Karsting ........................................... 590
14.5.2 Nature and Temperature of Fluids, Source of Metals
and Sulphur ........................................ 591
14.6 The Carbonate-Hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag and V Deposits
of the Otavi Mountain Land, Namibia ................. 592
14.6.1 Geology, Structure and Metamorphism ................ 594
14.6.2 Mineralisation ...................................... 596
14.6.3 Tsumeb ........................................... 597
14.6.4 Kombat ........................................... 602
14.6.5 Berg Aukas ........................................ 604
Contents
14.6.6 Models of Ore Genesis ............................... 605
References ................................................ 609
15 Crustal Hydrothermal Fluids
and Mesothermal Mineral Deposits .....................612
15.1 Introduction .......................................612
15.2 Metamorphism and Fluid Generation ..................615
15.2.1 Metamorphic Devolitilisation Reactions ................ 615
15.2.2 Fluid Transport and Migration ....................... 617
15.2.3 Shear Zones ........................................ 618
15.2.4 Metamorphic Vein Systems and Vein Growth ........... 619
15.2.5 Mass Transport and Movement of Metals .............. 622
15.2.6 Au in Hydrothermal Fluids........................... 626
15.2.7 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Systematics ............. 631
15.3 Tectonic Settings.................................... 633
15.4 Archean Mesothermal Deposits ....................... 636
15.4.1 The Archean Greenstone Belts ........................636
15.4.2 Metallogenesis ......................................641
15.4.3 Theories on the Genesis
of Archean Mesothermal Au Deposits .................643
15.4.4 Mesothermal Au Deposits of the Barberton
and Murchison Greenstone Belts, South Africa .......... 654
15.4.5 The Golden Mile, Yilgarn Block, Western Australia ......661
15.4.6 The Hemlo Au-Mo Deposit, Superior Province, Canada . . 663
15.5 Mesothermal Vein Deposits of Phanerozoic Age
(Turbidite-Hosted Au) ............................... 666
15.5.1 The Ballarat Slate Belt, Victoria, Australia.............. 667
15.5.2 Hydrothermal Lode Systems of Otago-Marlborough
and the Southern Alps, New Zealand .................. 670
15.5.3 The Juneau Gold Belt, Southeast Alaska ...............675
15.6 Mineral Deposits Formed by Multistage Ore Genesis .....676
15.6.1 Unconformity-Related U Deposits ..................... 676
15.6.2 Au Mineralisation in the Central Zone
of the Damara Orogen, Namibia ......................681
15.6.3 The Possible Role of Metamorphic Fluids in the Origin
of the Witwatersrand Goldfields, South Africa .......... 683
References ................................................ 685
Epilogue .................................................. 693
Appendix ..................................... 697
Subject Index .............................................. 793
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| discipline | Geowissenschaften Bergbau / Hüttenwesen |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV004759658 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:17:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540525173 0387525173 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002931643 |
| oclc_num | 24467796 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | XVIII, 709 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pirajno, Franco Verfasser aut Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist Franco Pirajno Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York ; London ; Paris ; Tokyo ; Ho Springer 1992 XVIII, 709 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Hydrothermal deposits Prospecting Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd rswk-swf Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd rswk-swf Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 s Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002931643&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pirajno, Franco Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist Hydrothermal deposits Prospecting Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4292338-4 (DE-588)4039443-8 |
| title | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |
| title_auth | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |
| title_exact_search | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |
| title_full | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist Franco Pirajno |
| title_fullStr | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist Franco Pirajno |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist Franco Pirajno |
| title_short | Hydrothermal mineral deposits |
| title_sort | hydrothermal mineral deposits principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |
| title_sub | principles and fundamental concepts for the exploration geologist |
| topic | Hydrothermal deposits Prospecting Hydrothermale Phase (DE-588)4292338-4 gnd Lagerstätte (DE-588)4039443-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hydrothermal deposits Prospecting Hydrothermale Phase Lagerstätte |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002931643&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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