Social science agricultural agendas and strategies:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
East Lansing
Michigan State Univ. Press
1991
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 087013289X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONT1
Preface xxiii
PAR
Introdi
1. Introduction to Part I and, in Turn,
This Book 1 3
Origins, Objectives, and Scope of the Social
Science Agricultural Agenda Project (SSAAP) .. .1 3
Four Driving Forces That Increase Rural
Productivity Broadly Defined 1 5
Administration of RSSs and BSSDs 1 5
SSAAP s Three Stage Program of Work 1 6
Historical and Geographic Perspectives 1 6
Past Research Agendas for Agriculture and
Food and the Social Sciences 1 7
Three Common Critical Issues for the Work of
SSAAP 1 7
— Issue 1: Despite Common Assertions to the
Contrary There Have Been Substantial Past
Accomplishments by Rural and Basic Social
Scientists
— Issue 2: Underinvestment in the Social Sciences
— Issue 3: Imbalance in the Agricultural
Establishment s Efforts to Improve the Four
Prime Movers for Agricultural and Rural
Progress
Dimensions in the Work of the Rural Social
Sciences (RSSs) and Basic Social Science
Disciplines (BSSDs) HO
— Kinds of Knowledge
— Accountability and Peer Review of Rural and
Basic Social Science Work
The Remainder of Part I Ml
2. A History of American Agriculture from
Jefferson to Revolution to Crisis
Richard S. Kirkendall 1 14
Introduction 1 14
ENTS
TI
iction
American Agrarianism 1 14
Surplus People 1 15
The Great American Agricultural Revolution... .1 15
The Contributions of Government 1 16
The Agricultural System 1 16
Agripower, the Food Crisis, and the Boom 1 17
The New Crisis 1 19
The Final Crisis 1 20
Conclusions 1 21
3. Social Science Institutions, Knowledge, and Tools
to Address Problems and Issues
Frederick H. Buttel 1 26
Introduction 1 26
A Perspective on the Social, Political, and
Economic Structure of U.S. Agricultural
Research Institutions: A Brief Statement 1 26
The Establishment of the Rural Social Sciences
and Their Contributions to the Solution of
Agricultural and Rural Related Problems 1 29
— The Development of the Rural Social Science
Disciplines
— Disciplinary, Subject Matter, and Problem
Solving Research in Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology
— Contributions of the Rural Social Sciences to
Problem Solving
The State of the Rural Social Sciences as
Disciplines 1 32
— Agricultural Economics
— Rural Sociology
vi Come
Nontraditional Rural Social Sciences 1 36
— Anthropology
— Political Science
— History
— Philosophy and Ethics
— Geography
The Agricultural Rural Research and
Information Delivery System 1 39
Some Concluding Comments on the Status and
Future Roles of the Rural Social Sciences 1 41
Comments on Kirkendall and Buttel
Richard P. Haynes 1 44
William F. Freudenburg 1 47
Billie R. DeWalt 1 51
Leo V. Mayer. 1 53
4. Agricultural Institutions Under Fire
Lester C. Thurow 1 55
The Relative Decline of Farming 1 55
It s Un American to Plan for Decline 1 57
The Technological Fix 1 58
The Foreign Solution 1 60
Exploring Alternative Systems 1 61
Environmental Issues 1 62
The Current Crisis 1 63
Conclusion 1.64
Comments on Thurow
Gary Comstock 1 65
The Environment 1 65
Large Farms 1 66
Developing Countries 1 66
Economic Power 1 67
Spiritual Identity 1 67
5. The Role of the Social Sciences in
Rural Development and Natural
Resource Management
Vernon W. Ruttan 1 69
Introduction 1 69
Institutional Reform and the Demand for
Social Science Knowledge 1 69
¦nts
Ideology and the Demand for Social Science
Knowledge 1 70
Social Science Knowledge and the Supply of
Institutional Innovation 1 71
Social Science Research in the College of
Agriculture 1 73
Social Science in the Ministry of Agriculture 1 74
The Demand for Social Science Knowledge—
Again 1 75
6. Science and Technology Policy for the Twenty
First Century: The United States in a Global
Economy
G. Edward Schuh 1 78
The Forces at Work on the U.S. Economy 1 78
— Basic Developments in the International
Economy
— Factor Price Equalization
— Strategic Developments on the International
Scene
— Developments in the Domestic Economy
— Summary
The Critical Factors That Will Influence Our
Economic Growth in the Future 1 81
— The Research Agenda
— Persistent Underinvestment in Agricultural
Research
— Improvement of the Physical and Social
Infrastructure of Rural America
— Understanding the Rapid Changes in the
International Economy and Society
— Understanding Why Society Underinvests in
Human Capital
— Understanding the Breakup of the American
Family
— Designing New Institutional Arrangements for
Investing in Human Capital
Concluding Comments 1 82
7. From the Perspective of Users and
Affected Persons
Richard J. Sauer 1 84
Introduction 1 84
What s Right About Us 1 84
Public Criticisms and Perceptions 1 85
Some Complicating Factors 1 86
— Agriculture s Complexity
— Lack of Comprehensive Agricultural Policy
Com
— Agricultural Research is Underfunded
— Interdisciplinary Team Science
— Land Grant Universities as Predictors of
Change
— Land Grant Universities as Change Agents
— Land Grant Universities and Agricultural Policy
Development
Challenges for Social Scientists 1 88
— Agriculture and the Environment
— Public Opinion and Agriculture
— Economic Development and Rural
Communities
A New Agricultural Research Agenda 1 88
Conclusions 1 89
8. Abridged Work Group Reports from
SSAAP s Phase I Spring Hill Conference
June 9 11, 1988 1 91
Introduction 1 91
Work Group 1 on Farmers, Agribusiness, and
Consumers 1 91
PA
Introduction to Domestic Fa
Work and All International.
Section 1
Domestic
1. Introduction to Section on
Domestic Agriculture H 3
Contributing Assessments H 3
— Needs Assessments for Technical Advances
— Farm Management (Including Farm Level
Resource Sustainability)
— Home Management
— The Special Case of Small Farms
— Agribusinesses
— Food Consumption and Nutrition
Policies Affecting Farm People,
Agribusinesses, and Consumers 11 11
tents vii
Work Group 2 on Natural and Rural
Community Resources and the Environment
and Their Uses 1 93
Work Group 3 on International Affairs 1 94
Work Group 4 on Administrative and Funding
Strategies 1 95
9. SSAAP s Houston Workshop/Conference and the
Structure of This Book 1 99
The Organization of SSAAP S Houston
Workshop/Conference 1 99
— Work Groups and Their Leadership Under Each
of the Main Areas Outlined Above
— Plenary Presentations at SSAAP s Houston
Conference
— Commissioned Papers
— Phase III SSAAP Meetings after its Houston
Conference
The Organization of the Remainder of this
Book 1 102
Index to Preface and Part 1 1 104
RTII
rm, Agribusiness, and Consumer
Agricultural Development Work
Setting Social Science Agendas for Farms
(Including Homes), Agribusinesses, and
Consumers II 14
Cross References in this Book II 14
2. Identification and Prioritization of Researchable
Questions in Agricultural Economics: Where Are
the Potential Payoffs?
Clarence F. Davan, Jr. 11 18
Introduction 11 18
Situation 11 18
Methods 11 18
Identification and Prioritization of Major
Agricultural Problems 11 19
viii Contem
Identification and Prioritization of
Researchable Agricultural Economic
Questions H 19
Current Agricultural Economic Research
Patterns II 23
Users of Agricultural Economics Research
Results II 24
Time, Costs, and Returns to Conduct Research
on the Agricultural Economics Researchable
Questions 11 26
Conclusions and Recommendations 11 26
3. Studies of Households Reviewed in Relation to
Farm and Home, Balanced Farming, Farming
Systems, and Farm Management Programs and
Studies in the Colleges of Agriculture
Cornelia Butler Flora 11 31
Introduction 11 31
Households in Agriculture 11 32
— When is the Household a Relevant Unit?
— Extrahousehold Considerations
— How Do We Know about Households?
Approaches to the Household in Agriculture 11 32
Intrahousehold Issues 11 33
— Decision Making and Power
Changes in Households and the Structure of
Agriculture 11 33
— The Importance of Relations of Production
— The Household as a Source of Labor
— The Household as a Tool in Defining
Agricultural Research
— The Importance of Separate Enterprises within
the Household
Rural Development and the Household 11 35
What Changes Could Household Studies
Bring? 11 35
4. Theoretical Advances Arising from Studies of
Women and Farming
Wava G. Haney 11 38
Introduction 11 38
Women s Roles in Farming 11 38
— Land
— Labor on the Farm
— Management and Decision Making
— Work Off the Farm
ts
Women s Roles in Farm Communities 11 40
Theoretical Contributions and Implications 11 41
5. Integration in Home Economics and Human
Ecology
Margaret M. Bubolz and M. Suzanne Sontag .. .11 44
Introduction H 44
Underlying Assumptions about Human
Ecology n 45
The Meaning of Integration 11 45
Assumptions Underlying Integration in Human
Ecology H 46
A Model for Integration in Human Ecology 11 46
Core Concepts, Competencies, and Values 11 49
— General System Concepts
— Ecosystem Concepts
Issues for Further Consideration 11 49
Further Work Needed 11 50
6. The Relationship between International Rural
Development and International Trade and
Finance
Timothy E. Josling 11 52
Introduction 11 52
Structural Changes in Agriculture and the
World Economy 11 52
Implication of Increased Linkages between
Agriculture and the Nonfarm Sector 11 53
Implication of Increased Linkages among
Agricultural Sectors in the World Economy ... .11 55
Policy Issues Arising from the Linkages 11 55
Research Priorities 11 56
7. Farm (Including Home), Agribusiness, and
Consumers: Agendas and Conclusions 11 58
Abridged Work Group Reports from SSAAP s
Houston Conference 11 58
— Work Group on U.S. Agricultural Policies,
National Economic Policies, and International
Trade
— Work Group on Structural Change in Rural
America
— Work Group on Productivity and Development
of U.S. Agriculture
Conten
— Work Group on Farm and Agribusiness
Management
— Work Group on Homes, Families, Food, and
Nutrition
— Work Group on Databases for Farming,
Agribusiness, and Consumers
— Work Group on Ethics in Public Choice and
Private Decision Making
Additional Agenda Items and Conclusions 11 62
— Farm Management
— Home Management
— Agricultural Markets and Agribusiness
— Food Consumption and Nutrition
— Policies and Programs
Section 2
International
1. Introduction to the Section on International Rural
Development 11 66
Review of World Food Situation 11 66
African Rural Development Priorities 11 68
Review of Asian Rural Development 11 68
Review of Agricultural Development in Latin
America 11 70
Institutions, Technology, and Policies for Rural
Development 11 72
Priorities for U.S. Development Assistance 11 74
Transaction Costs and Multidisciplinary
Simulations in the History of Thought and
Research on International Rural Development . .11 76
Organization of this Section H 76
2. International Affairs and Economic
Development
G. Edward Schuh H 80
Introduction H 80
The Changing Context of International
Agriculture H 80
International Affairs D 82
Agricultural and Economic Development 11 85
Concluding Comments D 87
its ix
3. Social Science Roles in Meeting the Needs of
International Donors for the Assessment of
Agricultural Technologies
Michael Upton 11 88
4. Designing Social Science Research to Inform
Agricultural Market Reforms and Structural
Adjustments in Developing Countries
John M. Staatz 11 98
Introduction 11 98
— Conceptual Approach
Research Challenges 11 99
— Empirical Testing of the Basic Assumptions
Underlying Current or Proposed Reforms
— Measuring the Incidence of Market
Adjustments and Reforms
— Research on the Design of Improved
Institutions
— Improving the Theory of Markets and States in
the Development Process
Implications for the Organization of Social
Science Research 11 102
5. The Bumpers Amendment: Aid and Trade Issues
for U.S. Agriculture
Paul B. Thompson 11 106
Introduction 11 106
Public Research for Foreign Competitiveness:
The Moral Issue 11 106
— The Interest Argument
— The Philosophical Argument
International Agricultural Assistance and the
Interests of U.S. Agriculture 11 108
— The True Interests of U.S. Agriculture
— Is the Pro Bumpers Argument True?
— Should the Pro Bumpers Case Be Made?
Why the True Interests Argument Fails to
Address the Philosophical Case 11 109
— Presumptive and Discretionary Goods
— Presumptive Goods and the True Interests
Argument
Toward a Rehabilitation of USAID s
International Development Goals 11 110
— International Agricultural Development Aid as
a Presumptive Good: An Argument Sketch
— Research Needs
X Com
6. Food Security and Its Relationship to Technology,
Institutions, Policies, and Human Capital
Michael T. Weber and Thomas S. Jayne 11 114
Introduction II l 14
Definition and Dimensions of Food Security . .11 114
— Supply/Demand
— Food Security Also Has an Important Temporal
Dimension
— Level of Aggregation
Prime Movers of Food Security and Their
Interrelationships II l 15
Examples of Prime Movers and Their
Interrelationships in Affecting Food Security . .11 117
— Zimbabwe
— Mali
— Rwanda
— Operationalizing Food Security
— Balancing Short Run and Long Run Objectives
— Dynamic Interactions among the Prime Movers
7. Institutional Reform: Accomplishments and
Unmet Needs In China, Newly Industrialized
Countries of Asia, the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe and the Developed Countries
Glenn L. Johnson 11 122
The Papers Presented at the Beijing
Symposium 11 123
The Transaction Cost/Institutional Analysis of
the Firm and Interpretation of Agricultural
History 11 127
Conclusions and Speculations about Unmet
Needs for Reforms in Agricultural Institutions 11 132
8. On Farm Capital Formation and Rural Financial
Markets: Research Issues
Dale W. Adams 11 136
Introduction 11 136
Definitions 11 136
Intersections 11 137
Research on Capital Formation 11 137
Research Agenda on Capital Formation 11 138
Research on RFMS 11 138
Conclusion H 140
tents
9. Agricultural Sector Analysis and Rural
Development: Social Science Research Priorities
Clark W. Reynolds
Introduction 11 141
The Problem of the Rural Sector and
Underemployment in Late Developing
Countries 11 142
Lessons from the Agricultural Development
Experience 11 143
Links between Agriculture and the Rural and
Urban Transitional Sectors 11 144
Need for a Broader Rural Development
Modeling Framework 11 146
Summary and Suggestions for Social Science
Research on Diversified Rural Development.. .11 147
10. The Relevance of SSAAP s Agendas for Resident
Instruction: A RICOP Response
Joseph E. Kunsman 11 152
11. International Rural Development: Agendas and
Conclusions n 154
Abridged Work Group Reports From SSAAP s
Houston Conference 11 154
— Overall Summary—Bruce Johnston
— Work Group on U.S. Agricultural Policies,
national Economic Policies, and International
Trade
— Work Group on Macroeconomic and Trade
Policies
— Work Group on Development Processes and
Assistance to LDCs
— Work Group on Farm and Agribusiness
Management in LDCs
— Joint Working Group on Marketing and Food
Security in Developing Countries
— Work Group on International Dimensions of
Public Choice and Private Decision Making
Including Agroethics
— Databases for LDC Development
— Work Group on the Potential for a Rural Social
Science Collaborative Research Support Project
(CRSP)
Agenda Items and Conclusions from the
Editorial Group after SSAAP s Houston
Conference 11 158
Index to Part H U 160
Con
PAF
The Four Driving Forces For D
Human Development, Natural Rt
In Manmade Capital,
Section 1
Institutional Change
1. Introduction to Section on Institutional
Improvements III 6
A Review of Societal Interests in the Reform
and Modification of Farm and Rural
Development Institutions III 6
Problem Solving (PS), Subject Matter (SM),
and Applied Disciplinary (DISC) Work of
Rural and Basic Social Scientists on
Institutions III 8
— Theories and Conceptualizations of Institutional
Change
— Some Needed Developments of the Public
Choice/Transaction Cost Approach
— Public Choice/Transaction Costs in Relation to
Systems Analysis
— Agroethics and Public Choice
Remaining Chapters of this Section and
Important Cross References III l 1
Cross References in this Book Ill 12
2. Social Science Issues in Agriculture
and Rural Communities
Paul W. Barkley HI 15
Introduction 111 15
The Internationalization of Agriculture Ill 15
Domestic Agricultural Policy Ill 16
The Structure of Agriculture Ill 17
Downsizing of Agriculture 111 17
The Creation of Human Capital HI 18
Changing Demographics 111 18
Environmental Quality ni 19
Discussion DI 19
xtents xi
mil
evelopment: Institutional Change,
zsource Enhancement and Growth
and Technical Advance
3. Rural People, Resources, and Communities: An
Assessment of the Capabilities of the Social
Sciences in Agriculture
James C. Hite 111 21
Introduction 111 21
Rural America in Change 111 21
— Rural Regions in a Post Modern World
— Rural Natural Resources
— Rural Human Resources and Community
Institutions
— Epistemological Capabilities of the Social
Sciences Framework for Assessment
— Theory and Methods
— Data Resources
— Problem Solving Capabilities
The Community of Social Science Scholars .. .111 27
— Number of Scholars
— Recruitment and Training of Replacements
— Institutional Environment
Summary and Conclusion 111 29
Discussion of Chapter 3 by James C. Hite
Don Paarlberg 111 31
4. Economic Institutions and the Development
Problem: History and Prognosis
Daniel W. Bromley 111 33
Institutions and Transaction Costs 111 33
Policy Crisis in Agriculture Ill 34
— The Agricultural Policy Crisis in the Industrial
Nations
— The Agricultural Policy Crisis in the Agrarian
Nations
The Challenge to the Social Sciences 111 36
5. Irony, Tragedy, and Temporality in
Agricultural Systems or How Values and
Systems are Related
Lawrence Busch 111 38
xii Com
Introduction HI 38
The Nature of Agricultural Systems HI 39
The Nature of Nature 111 40
Temporality 111 40
Irony 111 41
Tragedy HI 42
Conclusions 111 42
6. The Rural Development Dilemma
Louis E. Swanson 111 45
Flawed Views of Rural America .111 45
Limited Database 111 46
Lack of Viable Solutions ni 46
No Powerful Constituency ni 46
Comprehensive Rural Policy? 111 47
7. Institutional Improvements—Agendas and
Conclusions ni 48
Abstracts of Houston Work Group Reports
Relevant for Institutional Change, Mainly at
Local and Community Levels HI 48
— Work Group on Change and Development in
Rural Communities and Areas
— Work Group on Design, Evaluation,
Assessment, Analysis, and Utilization of State
and Local Institutions, Programs, and Policies,
and the Community Services They Create
— Work Group on Local Government, Revenues,
Expenditures, and Effectiveness of Operations
— Work Group on Public Choice and Private
Decisions in the Use of Community Resources
— Work Group on Database Needs for
Community Resource Decisions
Agenda Items Developed after SSAAP s
Houston Conference 111 52
Cross References to Reports of Other Work
Groups with Agenda Items on Institutional
Change 111 53
Section 2
Human Development
1. Introduction to Section on Human
Development IH 55
tents
How Human Development Was Addressed by
SSAAP at Spring Hill and at Houston 111 55
Background on Human Development from
Outside of SSAAP ffl 56
The Challenge for the Agricultural
Establishment 111 56
The Public (Multiperson) Choice/Transaction
Cost Approach to Human Capital Generating
Institutions ffl 57
Cross References in this Book 111 58
2. Human Capital for Future Economic Growth
Wallace E. Huffman ffl 61
Introduction ffl 61
Human Capital for Poor Countries ffl 61
— Less Experience and More Education
— Improved Health and Other Human Capital
Investments
Human Capital for Rich Countries ffl 63
— Higher Quality Education
— Advancing Science
Researchable Topics ffl 65
— For Developing Countries
— For Developing and Developed Countries
— For Developed Countries
3. Education and Tomorrow s Work Force:
A National Agenda
Clifton R. Wharton, Jr. ffl 68
Aging and Productivity ffl 69
Area One: High School Graduation Rates ffl 69
Area Two: Teenage Full Employment ffl 69
Areas Three and Four: College Attendance and
Graduation Rates ffl 69
Area Five: Graduate Professional Studies ffl 70
Area Six: Faculty Representation ffl 70
Area Seven: Private and Voluntary
Organizations Involvement ffl 70
Area Eight: Corporate Leadership ffl 70
Area Nine: Minority Leadership ffl 70
Conclusion ffl 70
Com
4. Disadvantaged Rural Farm and Nonfarm People
in General
Refugio I. Rochin 111 72
Our Major Concern 111 72
The Thesis for this Chapter 111 72
Brief Perspectives on Human Development... .111 73
Studies of the Disadvantaged and Human
Development 111 74
Appropriate Social Science Themes ni 74
Summary and Action Agendas 111 76
— Issues of Discrimination
— Issues of Poverty and Inequality
— Issues of Powerlessness
Other Agendas on the Disadvantaged 111 77
5. Poverty Among Caucasians in
Nonmetro America
J. Allan Beegle HI 78
The Incidence and Trends in Rural Caucasian
Poverty ffl 79
The Context of Rural Poverty in the United
States ffl 81
— Restrictive Economic Base
— Unemployment and Underemployment
— Income
— The People and Their Infrastructure
Summary HI 84
6. Rural Issues Pertaining to the Rise of Hispanics
in America
Refugio I. Rochin and Adela de la Torre 111 86
Introduction ni 86
Hispanic Americans 111 86
— Overview
— Demographic Trends
— Work Force Participation
— Occupational Patterns
— Income and Poverty
Hispanics of Rural America 111 88
— Characteristics
— Our Hispanic Legacy of the Southwest
— Origins of Migrant Workers
— Farm Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining
— Immigration
— Hispanic Farms and Farmers
ents xiii
— Rural Settlements
Rural Hispanic Issues 111 92
Agendas to Improve the Status of Rural
Hispanic Americans 111 92
7. Research Areas Relating to Native American
Rural Human Development Needs
Jack D. Forbes 111 96
Introduction 111 96
Landless Indigenous Groups 111 97
Rural Federally Recognized Reservation
Groups and Tribal Governments 111 97
Rural Non Federally Recognized Reservations
or Communities 111 98
General Research Needs 111 98
— Research Relating to Food and Fiber
Management and Production Issues
— Research Relating to Environmental and
Ecological Issues
— Research Relating to Quality of Life Issues
Summary III 100
8. The African American, Farming, and
Rural Society
Ralph D. Christy III 102
Introduction Ill 102
The Changing Structure of U.S. Agriculture
and the Decline of the African American
Farmer III 103
— Number and Size of Farms
— Land
— Tenure Characteristics
— Value of Products by Sale Category
The African American in a Changing Rural
Economy III 105
Conclusions III 106
9. Increasing Health in Rural America: Research
Issues During a Transitional Period
Robert D. Stevens m 109
The Need for Increased Health Levels in Rural
Areas III 109
— The Complementarity of Investments in Human
Health with Other Investments in Human
Productivity
— Increasing Diversity, Instability, and Change in
Rural America
XJV Confer
— Rural People are in Poorer Health
— Less Access to Health Services in Rural Areas
The Role of Research on the Economics of
Rural Health IIM12
— The Source of Demand for Economic and
Other Social Science Research on the Health
Sector
— A Framework for Analysis of Factors Affecting
Health Status
— Rural Economic Development and the Demand
for and Supply of Rural Health Services
— Issues in Institutional Change in Health Service
Delivery
A Research Agenda to Achieve Better Health
for People in Rural Areas III l 15
— How to Encourage Healthier Lifestyles and
Better Self Care
— Assuring Appropriate Demand for Curative
Health Services in Rural Areas
— Augmenting the Supply of Cost Effective Rural
Health Services
10. Human Development: Agendas and
Conclusions III l 22
General Agendas for the Agricultural
Establishment (AE) to Meet the Rural Human
Development and Poverty Alleviation
Challenges ffl 122
Rural Social Science (RSS) Agendas for
Meeting the Challenge of Human Development
and Poverty Alleviation Ill 122
Basic Social Science Agendas to Meet the
Challenges of Rural Human Development and
Poverty Alleviation III 125
Section 3
Resource Enhancement
1. Introduction to Section on Resource Enhancement
and Growth in Capital Bases III 126
A Review of Academic Thought about Natural
Resources Ill 127
— Value Dimensions
— Optimal Levels of Sustainability
— Optimizing Use of Manmade Resources or
Capital
— Difficulties with the Concept of Efficiency/
Equality Tradeoffs
— The Primitive Undeveloped Nature of Public
Choice/Transaction Cost Approach for Analysis
of Resource Issues
Its
A Review of Academic Thought about
Manmade Resources (or Capital) Ill 131
Organization of this Section Ill 131
Cross References in this Book Ill 132
2. Natural Resources in Agriculture:
Trends and Issues
Kenneth D. Frederick, Roger A. Sedjo, and
Pierre Crosson Ill 134
The Nature of Natural Resources Ill 135
Natural Resource Management Ill 136
Lessons from the Resource Studies Ill 136
— Interdependence among the Resources
— Resource Use and Technical Change
— Institutions and the Status of the Resources
3. Trends and Implications of Agricultural
Input Use in U.S. Agriculture
Joseph R. Barse and John R. Schaub Ill 142
Trends in Agricultural Inputs III 142
Purchased Inputs and Productivity Ill 142
Fertilizer IH 145
Pesticides III 145
Energy III 145
Livestock Feeds III 145
Credit III 147
Farm Machinery III 147
Hired Labor III 147
Implications for Consumers and the
Environment III 147
— Water Quality
— Food Safety
— Food Prices
4. People, Processes, and Products: Potential
Contribution of the Social Sciences to the
Preservation and Enhancement of Natural
Resources in the Third World Countries
Louise P. Fortmann, Daniel C. Mountjoy, and
Bruce F. Johnston III 150
The Problem of Defining Problems m 150
Problems in Past Analyses and Strategies ... .111 150
— Analytical Assumptions
Conh
Strategic Shortfalls III 152
The Need for Social Science Ill 153
Conclusions III 155
5. Defining a Sustainable Future:
Basic Issues in Agriculture
William Lockeretz III 159
Evolution and Current Status of the Concept. .111 159
Fundamental Questions Ill 160
— What Are the Differences between Sustainable,
Regenerative, Alternative, Low Input, and
Ecological Agriculture?
— Is Sustainable Agriculture Primarily a Matter of
Reducing Certain Inputs, or Reducing Inputs in
General, or Instituting Positive Practices that
Make Some Inputs Unnecessary?
— Does Sustainable Agriculture Require
Fundamental Changes in Either the Economic
and Institutional Environment or Farmers
Motivations and Values?
— To What Extent Do the Resource Conserving
and Environmentally Sounder Techniques Being
Developed at Mainstream Agricultural
Institutions Already Represent Sustainable
Agriculture?
— Does Sustainable Agriculture Require a Higher
Level of Management Ability among Farmers?
Conclusions III 163
6. Abstract: Sustainable Development: Challenges to
the Profession of Agricultural Economics
Sandra S. Batie III 165
7. Resource Enhancement and Growth in Capital
Bases: Agendas and Conclusions HI 167
Natural Resource Agendas from SSAAP s
Houston Conference Ill 167
Work Group Reports from the Houston
Conference m 168
— Natural Resource Use, Development, and
Disinvestments
— Evaluation, Assessment, and Utilization of
Natural Resources
ents xv
— Natural Resource Commodities
— Waste, Environmental Pollutants, Food Chain
Contamination, and Natural Resources
— Public Choice and Private Decisions with
Respect to Natural Resources
— Resources Data
Developments after the Houston SSAAP
Conference and Conclusions IIJ 171
Section 4
Technical Advance
1. Introduction to Section on
Technical Advance III 172
Past Agenda and Priority Setting Exercises
Concerning Technical Change Dominated by
Biological and Physical Agricultural
Scientists III 172
Past Social Science Work on Technical Change
for Agriculture III 173
The Remainder of this Section Ill 175
Cross References in this Book Ill 175
2. Technical Advance: Agendas and
Conclusions III 177
Partnerships with Biological and Physical
Agricultural Sciences III 177
Institutions and Policies Generating and
Disseminating Technical Advances for
Agriculture III 178
Ethical Aspects of Technical Advances HI 179
Agendas Vis A Vis Databases for Technical
Agricultural Change Ill 180
Disciplinary Agendas Vis A Vis Technical
Change III 180
Index to Part ID III 181
xvi Conte
PAR
Three Crosscm
Section 1
Databases and Information Systems
1. Introduction to Section on Databases and
Information Systems IV 4
Review of Data and Information System
Concerns IV 5
Some Encouraging Developments IV 8
International Agricultural Data IV 9
Concluding Comments IV 9
Cross References in this Book IV 10
2. Rural Development in the 1990s: Data and
Research Needs
Kenneth L. Deavers IV 13
Rural America: Lagging Economic
Performance IV 13
— Employment and Unemployment
— Income and Poverty
— Population Retention
Economic Specialization and Structural
Adjustment IV 14
Rural Counties with Strong Economic
Performance IV 14
Why Did Rural Areas Lag in the 1980s? IV 18
— Changed Rural Comparative Advantage
— Metropolitan Patterns of Growth
— Federal Policy Choices
Why Care about Lagging Rural Development? IV 21
— Economic Efficiency
— Fairness
— Public Goods
What Are the Data and Knowledge Gaps? IV 23
— Changing the Emphasis in Rural Data
— Some Specific Data Needs
Rural Research Priorities IV 25
— Economic Disadvantage and Rurality
— Structural Change, Migration, and Rural
Disadvantage
¦nts
nv
tting Concerns
— Process of Local Development
— Effects of Public Policy
3. Social Science Agendas for Databases and
Information Systems IV 28
Introduction IV 28
— Farming, Agribusiness, and Consumers
— Natural and Community Resources
— Rural Development of Less Developed
Countries (LDC)
Abridged Crosscut Agenda for Rural
Information Systems from the Houston
Conference IV 29
New Agenda Items and Conclusions
Developed since the Houston Conference IV 30
Section 2
Basic Social Sciences
1. Introduction to Section on Basic Social Science
Disciplines (BSSDs) IV 33
The Work of BSSDs and RSSs with Respect to
Agriculture and Rural Societies IV 33
— BSSD Contributions to Farming and Rural
Societies
— Important Complementarities between the RSSs
and the BSSDs
— The Basic Social Science Disciplines and
Ancillary Disciplines Are Important for
Agriculture, Rural Societies, and Consumers
— Administration and Funding for the BSSDs and
RSSs
Related Literature Relevant for Establishing
Agendas in the Basic Social Science
Disciplines to Assist Farmers and Rural
Societies FV 35
— Anthropology
— Economics
— Geography
— History
— Human Ecology
— Philosophy
— Political Science
— Sociology
Conte
— Statistics
The Organization of Section 2 IV 40
Cross References in this Book IV 41
2. Utility, Utilitarianism, and Public Policy
Edward F. McClennen IV 44
Introduction IV 44
Some Utilitarian Theorems IV 44
The Problem of Equality IV 45
A Questionable Axiomatic Presupposition IV 46
An Alternative, and More Positive,
Suggestion IV 47
3. Progress Made and Advances Needed in
Social Indicators and Social Accounting Research
of Potential Value in Researching Rural Issues
and Problems
Karl A. Fox IV 50
Introduction IV 50
Concrete Examples of Social Indicators: The
OECD List (1982) IV 50
Relations of the OECD List to Various
Objectives of the Social Indicators Movement. .IV 52
Some Historical Comments on the Social
Indicators Movement IV 52
Contributions by Terleckyj and Stone, 1975 IV 53
Contributions by Fox, 1974 IV 54
Some Conceptual Advantages of Social
Accounts over Social Indicators FV 55
Some Conceptual Advantages of Behavior
Settings over Alternative Basic Units in Time
Use Accounts for a Community IV 55
Time Use Accounts for a Community IV 56
Linking Barkers s Concepts to Those of other
Disciplines and to Social Indicators and
Accounts FV 56
Some Advantages of Rural Social Scientists in
Social Accounting Research FV 57
Concluding Remarks: Some Broader
Implications of Behavior Settings for the
Social Sciences IV 58
nts xvii
4. Anthropology, Evolution, and Agricultural
Development
Billie R. DeWalt IV 60
Introduction IV 60
Anthropology and Agricultural Development.. .IV 60
— Background
— Anthropology in Agricultural Development
Evolutionary Theory and Agricultural
Development IV 61
— Evolutionary Theory
— Adaptive Strategies and Decision Making
— Adaptive Systems
— The Evolution of Agriculture
Conclusions IV 65
5. The Basic Social Science Disciplines (BSSDs):
Agendas and Conclusions VI 69
Introduction IV 69
Basic Social Science Agendas from Houston.. .IV 69
— Anthropology
— Economics and Statistics
— Geography
— History
— Home Economics
— Philosophy
— Political Science
— Psychology
— Sociology
— Conclusion: Goals and Strategies
Editorial Agendas Developed after the Houston
Meeting IV 75
A Conclusion about Resolving Disciplinary
Versus RSS Stakes in Improving the BSSDs .. .IV 79
Section 3
Ethics, Decisions, and Public Choices
1. Introduction Ethics, Private Decision Making, and
Public Choices IV 80
Background Information IV 80
Values and Ethics in Solving Farm and Rural
Problems IV 82
Transaction Costs for Public and Private
Decision Making and Choosing IV 85
Kinds of Values of Concern in Making Public
Choices and Private Decisions IV 86
xviii Cor
Philosophic Orientations Affecting Rural and
Basic Social Science Work on Agroethics FV 88
The Development of Agenda Items Concerning
Agricultural Ethics at and after SSAAP s
Houston Conference IV 89
Cross References in this Book IV 90
2. Philosophy in the Social Science
Agricultural Agenda
Paul B. Thompson IV 93
Philosophy and Philosophical Research IV 93
Methodological Issues IV 94
— Disciplinary Research Methodology
— Subject Matter Research
— Problem Solving Research
— Conclusions
PA]
Administration and Funding: ,
1. Introduction to Administration and Funding:
Needed Research and Strategies V 3
Three Administrative Imbalances V 3
Selected Literature, Past Discussions, and
Experiences Pertaining to Administrative and
Funding Strategies V 5
— The Alleged Primacy of Disciplinary (DISC)
versus Multidisciplinary Problem Solving (PS)
and Subject Matter (SM) Efforts
— Relative Emphasis on the Four Driving Forces
for Progress of the Food and Fiber System and
Rural Societies
— Beyond Research to Other Kinds of Work
— Agroethics
— Administrative Relationships among
Departments, Disciplines, and Kinds of Work
— Endowments, General Funds, Formula Funding,
Budget Line Items, Soft Money, and
Competitive Grants as Funding Sources
— U.S. Department of Agriculture/Land Grant
Funding and Administrative Relationship
vis a vis
Experiences of SSAAP s Editorial Group in
Meeting with Various Administrative and
Funding Agencies V 12
xtents
Philosophy and Public Policy FV 96
— Establishment of Social Goals
— The Legitimation of Government Authority
Conclusion IV 97
3. Ethics, Private Decisions, and Public Choices:
Agendas and Conclusions IV 100
Abridged Work Group Reports from SSAAP s
Houston Conference IV 100
— Overall Agendas Relative to Ethics, Public
Choice, and Private Decision Making
General Agenda Items Developed after the
Houston Conference IV 101
Index to Part IV IV 103
RT V
Needed Research and Strategies
Cross References in this Book V 12
2. A Systems Approach for Understanding Research
on the Organization and Administration of the
Agricultural Scientific Enterprise
Charles L. Mulford, Gerald E. Klonglan, and
Ge Xiao Jia V 15
Introduction V 15
Policy Issues and Research Priorities for the
1990s V 17
— Diversified Demands and Multiple
Constituencies: The Input Side
— Important Issues on the Input Side of the
System
— Research Needed on the Input Side of the
System
— Structuring the Work of Professionals in
Research, Teaching, and Extension: Throughput
Process
Research Needed on Throughput V 20
Assessing Organizational Effectiveness: The
Output Side V 21
Summary and Conclusions V 23
Contei
3. Social Science Knowledge and Tools to Address
Problems and Issues: From the Perspective of
Both the Rural and the Basic Social Sciences
Larry J. Connor V 26
Introduction V 26
Social Science Theory, Methods of Analysis,
and Tools V 26
— Heterogeneity of Social Sciences
— Requirements of Basic Social Sciences
Capacities of Social Sciences to Address Rural
Problems V 27
— Types and Levels of Research
— Major Sources of Change in Societal Capacity
and Information Needs
— Impacts of Alternative Institutional Models on
Rural Social Sciences
— Ranking of Rural Social Science Problem Areas
— Research Areas of Opportunity
Summary V 33
4. From the Perspective of Research
Administration
H. O. Kunkel V 35
Introduction V 35
Performance of Social Sciences V 35
Administrative Issues V 36
Work of the Social Sciences V 38
5. Funding Social Science Research: The Problem
Of Priorities
Richard G. Stuby
Introduction V 41
The Funding Process V 41
Priority Setting V 41
Changes in Procedures V 43
What Can the Social Sciences Do? V 43
6. Perspectives on the Administration and Funding
of Rural Social Science Research and Extension
R.J. Hildreth V 45
After 75 Years of Cooperative Extension—
What in the World is Ahead? V 45
— Policy Issues
— Alternatives and Consequences
The Political Puzzles of Research Funding V 48
its xix
7. An Assessment of the Agricultural Economics
Profession
Richard E. Just and Gordon C. Rausser V 51
8. Administrative and Funding Strategies and
Research Agendas V 53
SSAAP s Overall Administrative and Funding
Strategies V 53
Results from SSAAP s Houston Conference V 55
— Administrative Strategies from SSAAP s
Houston Conference
— Funding Strategies from SSAAP s Houston
Conference
— Needed Research on Administration and
Funding as Reported from SSAAP s Houston
Conference
Administrative and Funding Changes Needed
to Support SSAAP s Substantive Agendas from
Parts II through IV V 60
The Long Term Need for A SSAAP Like
Organization V 62
9. Summary and Conclusions: Challenges and
Agendas for Rural and Basic Social Scientists
and Their Administrators V 64
SSAAP s Broad Strategic Challenges V 66
— The Broad Challenges for Administrators Are
to Encourage, Facilitate, and Fund Partnership
Arrangements
• Requirements for Success
• Satisfying the Requirements
— The Broad Challenges for the Rural and Basic
or Disciplinary Social Sciences and Their
Associated Disciplines Are Those of
Contributing To
• Multidisciplinary and multidepartmental
problem solving and issue or subject matter
partnership or team efforts
• Applied, more specialized, disciplinary social
science work in individual basic social
science disciplines
• Disciplinary work on deficiencies in the
theories, techniques, and data of the basic
social science disciplines that constrain work
on problems and subjects
Ten Challenging Rural and Agricultural
Agendas for the Social Sciences V 67
— Two Agendas for Domestic and International
Service
• Challenging Agendas for Domestic Farming,
Farm Families, Agribusinesses, and
Consumers
• Challenging Agendas for International Farm
and Rural Development
XX Cont
— Four Agendas about the Primary Forces for
Improving Food, Rural Resource, and Fiber
Systems; Rural Societies; and the Lives of
Rural People
• Challenging Agendas for Improving Rural
and Agricultural Institutions
• Challenging Agendas for Human
Development and the Rural Disadvantaged of
the U.S.
• Challenging Agendas for the Enhancement,
Conservation, Development, and Utilization
of Natural and Manmade Rural Resource
Bases
• Challenging Agendas with Respect to
Technical Advance
— Four Crosscutting Agendas
• Challenging Agendas Concerning Databases
and Supporting Information Systems
ents
• Challenging Agendas for the Basic Social
Science Disciplines (BSSDs)
• Challenging Agendas with Respect to
Agroethics and Philosophic Orientations
• Challenging Agendas Pertaining to Research
on Administration and Funding
— More Detailed Challenges
• For Administrators
• For Social Scientists
Meeting the Challenges V 76
Index to Part V V 78
LIST OF
PARTI
Chapter 1
1. Boulding s images with a modification. .1 10
PARTn
Section 1
Chapter 5
1. The metasystem of Human Ecology .. .11 46
2. A human ecosystem 11 47
3. A model for integration in human
ecology 11 48
PART III
Section 2
Chapter 5
1. Total number and percent in poverty
and number of Caucasians in
nonmetro and metro areas of poverty,
1970 87 ffl 79
2. Unemployment rate for nonmetro and
metro areas, 1973 88 111 82
Chapter 9
1. The effect of no insurance and higher
out of pocket and opportunity costs on
the use of health services III l 13
PART IV
Section 2
Chapter 1
1 Average employment growth,
1980 88 IV 14
2. Average employment growth by
region, 1980 88 IV 15
3. Metro and nonmetro average
unemployment, 1979 88 IV 15
4. Ratio of nonmetro to metro per capita
income, 1965 87 IV 16
5. Change in employment and population
by county type, 1980 88 IV 16
6. Per capita income ratio: county types
to U.S. (U.S. = 100) IV 17
7. U.S. retirement/recreation counties IV 17
8. Percent of industry jobs in nonmetro
areas IV 19
FIGURES
9. Production job distribution by major
sector IV 19
10. Ratio of metro to nonmetro estimated
earnings of full year, full time men
ages 25 to 34 IV 20
11. Net migration of nonmetro persons
ages 25 to 64 out of area, 1987 IV 22
12. U.S. poverty counties IV 23
13. Ratio of complex to routine
manufacturing jobs IV 27
PART IV
Section 2
Chapter 1
1. Relationship of the agricultural and
basic social and biophysical sciences
to problem solving, subject matter,
and disciplinary work on the four
driving forces IV 34
Section 3
Chapter 1
1. Steps in problem solving related to
value free, and value knowledge IV 83
2. Kinds of values IV 87
PART V
Chapter 1
1. Kinds of research and knowledge
produced by agricultural researchers
and philosophic orientations V 7
2. Relationships of the RSSs, BSSDs,
technical agricultural sciences, and
basic biophysical sciences to PS, SM,
and DISC work involving the four
driving forces V 8
Chapter 2
1. Research, teaching, and extension
units as social systems V 16
Chapter 3
1. Schematic example of various research in
agricultural economics V 28
xxi
LISTi
PARTI
Chapter 2
1: Prioritization of major agricultural
problem areas by various agricultural
disciplines 11 20
2: Emphasis over time for agricultural
economic research 11 20
3: Recommended areas for agricultural
economic research 11 21 22
4: Research funds for north central SAES
and agricultural economics
departments, FY 1985 11 24
5: Use of funds by north central SAES
traditional and nontraditional
departments for economic research, FY
1985 11 25
6: Regional research of traditional
departments for north central SAES,
FY 1985 11 25
7: Estimated time, costs, and returns to
conduct research on the agricultural
economic researchable questions
identified in this study 11 27
PART HI
Section 2
Chapter 5
1: Number and percentage of Caucasians
in poverty by nonmetro and metro
residence, 1970 87 111 80
2: Median family income of Caucasians in
metro and nonmetro areas 111 83
Chapter 6
1: Change in the Hispanic origin
population by type of origin: March
1982 to 1989 111 87
2: Race and Hispanic origins of the
population by urban rural residence:
1980 87 UI 88
3: Social and economic characteristics of
Hispanic persons employed in
agriculture: 1980 UI 88
4: Farmers and farm workers in the 1980
census of population by ethnic group.. .111 90
5: Selected characteristics of farms
operated by persons of Spanish origin:
1987 and 1982 HI 91
6: Farm operators of Hispanic origin:
1987 HI 91
Chapter 8
1: Number of farms, land in farms, and
average farm size by race and region:
1954 87 IH 104
3F TABLES
2: Tenure characteristics of farms for the
U.S. and the South III 105
3: Value of products sold by non
Caucasians and Caucasian farm
operators in 1987 III 105
4: Distribution of poverty by household
types, 1988 nonmetropolitan areas... .111 106
Chapter 9
1: Selected characteristics of different
types of nonmetro counties Ill 111
Section 3
Chapter 2
1: Major uses of the land, United States,
1982 III 137
Chapter 3
1: Inputs used in agricultural production,
1966 86, valued at constant prices II143
2: Percentage composition of agricultural
inputs,
1966 86 ffl 144
3: Uses of agricultural land and labor, and
indices of output, input, and
productivity, 1966 86 III 146
PARTIV
Section 2
Chapter 3
1: The OECD list of social indicators IV 51
2: Person hours of occupancy time in
behavioral settings, by class of
authority systems, Midwest, Kansas,
1963 64 IV 57
PART V
Chapter 3
1: Capacity of rural social sciences to
provide selected types of information
relative to major sources of change in
rural areas V 29
2: Social science organizational models
for relating to agricultural and rural
problems relative impacts on various
types or research
3: Research interest in 13 research
initiatives by NCT 146 committee V 32
xxii
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV004755793 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:17:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 087013289X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002928534 |
| oclc_num | 23649676 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1991 |
| publishDateSearch | 1991 |
| publishDateSort | 1991 |
| publisher | Michigan State Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies ed. by Glenn L. Johnson ... East Lansing Michigan State Univ. Press 1991 Getr. Zählung graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Agriculture - Aspect social - États-Unis Agriculture - Aspect économique - États-Unis Développement rural Sciences sociales Sociologie rurale Gesellschaft Landwirtschaft Sozialwissenschaften Agriculture Economic aspects United States Agriculture Social aspects United States Rural development Social sciences Sociology, Rural Agrarsoziologie (DE-588)4073988-0 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Ländliche Entwicklung (DE-588)4034450-2 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Agrarsoziologie (DE-588)4073988-0 s DE-604 Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Ländliche Entwicklung (DE-588)4034450-2 s Johnson, Glenn L. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002928534&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies Agriculture - Aspect social - États-Unis Agriculture - Aspect économique - États-Unis Développement rural Sciences sociales Sociologie rurale Gesellschaft Landwirtschaft Sozialwissenschaften Agriculture Economic aspects United States Agriculture Social aspects United States Rural development Social sciences Sociology, Rural Agrarsoziologie (DE-588)4073988-0 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Ländliche Entwicklung (DE-588)4034450-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073988-0 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4034450-2 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies |
| title_auth | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies |
| title_exact_search | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies |
| title_full | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies ed. by Glenn L. Johnson ... |
| title_fullStr | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies ed. by Glenn L. Johnson ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies ed. by Glenn L. Johnson ... |
| title_short | Social science agricultural agendas and strategies |
| title_sort | social science agricultural agendas and strategies |
| topic | Agriculture - Aspect social - États-Unis Agriculture - Aspect économique - États-Unis Développement rural Sciences sociales Sociologie rurale Gesellschaft Landwirtschaft Sozialwissenschaften Agriculture Economic aspects United States Agriculture Social aspects United States Rural development Social sciences Sociology, Rural Agrarsoziologie (DE-588)4073988-0 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Ländliche Entwicklung (DE-588)4034450-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agriculture - Aspect social - États-Unis Agriculture - Aspect économique - États-Unis Développement rural Sciences sociales Sociologie rurale Gesellschaft Landwirtschaft Sozialwissenschaften Agriculture Economic aspects United States Agriculture Social aspects United States Rural development Social sciences Sociology, Rural Agrarsoziologie Ländliche Entwicklung USA Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002928534&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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