Quantifying consciousness: an empirical approach
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York u.a.
Plenum Pr.
1991
|
| Series: | Emotions, personality, and psychotherapy
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 395 - 409 |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 422 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0306437503 |
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| adam_text | Quantifying
Consciousness
An Empirical Approach
Ronald J Pekala
West Chester, Pennsylvania
Plenum Press • New York and London
Contents
Introduction 1
Why an Empirical Phenomenology? 2
Organizational Format 6
I THE BACKGROUND
1 Consciousness and Introspection: Historical
Developments 11
Introduction 11
Consciousness and Philosophy 12
Consciousness and Psychology 14
Structural Psychology 14
Functional Psychology 17
Phenomenological Approaches 19
The Rise of Behaviorism 21
A Modern Return to Consciousness 22
For and Against Introspection 23
The Legitimacy of Introspective Observation 25
Unbiased Scientific Observation 28
xiii
x«v Contents
2 Phenomenological Perspectives on Consciousness 31
Consciousness 31
The Phenomenology of Consciousness 34
The Nature of the Stream of Consciousness 36
States of Consciousness 38
An Eastern Enumeration of States of Consciousness 39
A Western Enumeration of States of Consciousness 40
Theories of States of Consciousness 41
Tart s Theoretical Approach to States of Consciousness 45
Experimental Studies in the Phenomenology of States of
Consciousness 48
Conclusions 51
3 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology 53
Information Processing 53
Assumptions and Concepts 54
Current Cognitive Models of Mind 56
Singer s Review into Private Experience and Personality 56
Mandler s Structure of Mind and Consciousness 58
Anderson s ACT* Model 60
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Models of
Consciousness 61
Baars s Global Workspace Theory of Consciousness 63
Differential Emotions Theory 65
Consciousness and the Unconscious 68
Conclusions 71
4 Quantifying the Structures and Patterns of Consciousness:
An Empirical-Phenomenological Approach 73
Introduction 73
The Lack of Phenomenological Research 74
The Hope of Neurophysiological Approaches 74
Distrust of Introspection 74
Modern Introspection 75
From Classical to Contemporary Introspection 76
Reliability and Validity 76
Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment 78
Operationalizing and Quantifying the Structures and
Processes of Consciousness 78
Contents ™
Husserl s Intentionality Doctrine 79
The Cognitive Psychologists 79
The Consciousness Psychologists 80
Quantifying Consciousness 82
Operationalizing and Quantifying a State of Consciousness 82
Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment 84
Stimulus-State Specificity 85
Psygrams, Pips, Hypnographs, and Icons 86
Format for the Next Section 87
II THE INSTRUMENTS
5 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the
Phenomenology of Consciousness Questionnaire 91
Construction of the Phenomenology of Consciousness
Questionnaire 91
Pilot Studies 92
First and Second Pilot Studies 92
Third Pilot Study 93
Fourth Pilot Study 94
Development of the Phenomenology of Consciousness
Questionnaire 94
Format 94
Pearson r Correlations for the Duplicate Item-Pairs 94
Confirmatory Cluster Analysis 95
Exploratory Factor Analysis 96
Format for the PCQ Study 96
Reliability 99
Item-Pair Reliability 99
Coefficient Alpha Results 100
Cluster and Factor Analyses 101
Test-Retest Reliability 101
Validity: Intensity Effects 102
Dimension Intensity Differences between the Baseline
Conditions 103
Dimension Intensity Differences between Treatment and
Baseline Conditions 103
Dimension Intensity Differences between Treatment
Conditions 105
xvi Contents
Validity: Pattern Effects 106
Pattern Differences between the Baseline Conditions 106
Pattern Differences between the Treatment and Baseline
Conditions 107
Reliability, Reactivity, Stability, and Validity 108
Reliability 108
Reactive Effects of Introspection 108
Test-Retest Reliability 108
Stability of the Dimensions of Consciousness 109
Validity 109
States of Consciousness 109
An Altered State of Consciousness 110
An Identity State of Consciousness I l l
Conclusions I l l
6 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the
(Abbreviated) Dimensions of Consciousness
Questionnaire 113
Development of the Dimensions of Consciousness
Questionnaire 113
Development of the Abbreviated Dimensions of
Consciousness Questionnaire 114
Procedure and Hypotheses 115
Reliability of the Dimensions of Consciousness
Questionnaire 117
Item-Pair Reliability 117
Cluster and Factor Analyses 117
Coefficient Alphas 118
Reliability of the Abbreviated Dimensions of Consciousness
Questionnaire 118
Validity 120
Intensity Comparisons 120
Pattern Comparisons 121
Stimulus-State Specificity 121
Intensity Comparisons 121
Pattern Comparisons 122
Other Results 122
Summary and Discussion of Results 124
Reliability of the DCQ 124
Reliability of the ADCQ 124
Contents xvii
Discriminant and Construct Validity of the (A)DCQ 124
Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment and Stimulus-
State Specificity 125
Conclusions 126
7 The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory 127
Introduction 127
Development of the Phenomenology of Consciousness
Inventory 128
Developing the PCI from the Pre-PCI 128
The Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory 130
Reliability of the PCI 133
PCI Gender Effects 134
Stimulus-State Specificity 134
Conclusions 134
Using the PCI to Assess Two Different Stimulus Conditions 135
Subjects and Procedure 135
Results 136
Discussion and Conclusions 141
8 Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Dimensions
of Attention Questionnaire 145
Rationale for an Attention Questionnaire 145
Development of Items for an Attention Questionnaire 146
Study 1 148
Design 148
Method 149
Results 150
Discussion 157
Study 2 159
Development of the Dimensions of Attention
Questionnaire 159
Design 161
Method 161
Results 162
Discussion 167
xviii Contents
III THE METHODOLOGY
9 Graphing Devices for the Retrospective Phenomenological
Assessment Instruments 171
Psygrams 171
Introduction 171
The Nature of a Psygram 172
States of Consciousness Associated with Specific Stimulus
Conditions 176
States of Consciousness Associated with Different Subject
Types 180
Psygrams Assessed during Hypnosis 183
Conclusions 186
Pips 186
Introduction 186
Format 186
Illustrating the Use of Pips 187
Pip Interpretation 188
Icons 192
Introduction 192
Illustrating the Use of Icons 193
Conclusions 197
Hypnographs 197
Introduction 197
Illustrating a Hypnograph 198
Conclusions 200
RPA Graphing Devices Construction 200
Psygram Construction 200
Pip Construction 202
Icon Construction 202
Hypnograph Construction 203
Conclusion 203
10 Using Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment
Instruments: Theory and Praxis 205
Administration of the Self-Report Instruments 205
Scoring 206
Manual Scoring 206
Computerized Scoring 207
Contents xix
Rationale for the Use of-Retrospective Phenomenological
Assessment 208
Rationale for the Principle of Stimulus-State Specificity 210
Mapping States of Consciousness across Groups of
Individuals 211
Retrospective Phenomenological Assessment 215
Administration of the RPA Inventory 215
Time Period Length 215
Elapsed Time between the Stimulus Condition and
Completion of the Inventory 217
Use of a Practice Questionnaire and Completion of the
Inventory for the First Time 217
Demand Characteristics, Response Bias, Holding Back,
and Expectancy 219
Validity 221
Reliability 222
Limitations 223
Stimulus-State Specificity 225
Same- and Different-Condition Specificity 226
Benefits 226
Limitations 227
Assessing States of Consciousness with RPA 228
Tart s Definitions 229
Redefining Identity, Discrete, and Altered States of
Consciousness 230
A Note on Methodology as to Fundamental Structures of
Consciousness 233
The Jennrich and the Box Tests 235
The Jennrich Test 235
The Box Test 236
Using the Jennrich and Box Tests 237
Psygrams and Pattern Comparisons 237
Pattern Comparisons Based on the Twelve Major PCI
Dimensions 237
Depicting Only Statistically Significant Variance
Percentages 238
Psygrams Based on 60 to 120 Subjects 238
Group Size Limits When Using the Pattern Comparisons
and Psygrams 239
The Jennrich Test and PCI Dimension Variability: Correcting
for Variance Differences 239
Conclusions 242
xx Contents
IV APPLICATIONS
11 The Trait of Absorption and Subjective Experience 245
Introduction 245
Study 1 246
Method 247
Results 248
Discussion 248
Study 2 248
Method 249
Results 249
Discussion 252
Conclusions 252
Study 3 253
Method 253
Results 253
Conclusions 257
12 Using the PCI to Investigate Trait-State Aspects of
Hypnosis and Several Stress Management Conditions 259
Study 1 259
Rationale , 259
Predictions 260
Research Design 261
Nature of the Results 262
Discussion and Interpretation 264
Study 2 268
Rationale 268
Research Design 269
Nature of the Results 270
Discussion and Interpretation 278
Study 3 279
Introduction 279
Method 280
Results 281
Discussion 286
Concluding Remarks 286
Contents xxi
13 The Differential Organization of the Structures of
Consciousness during Hypnosis 289
Study 1 289
Introduction 289
Investigating the Organization of the Structures of
Consciousness during Hypnosis 290
Comparing States of Consciousness 291
Research Design 292
Results 292
Discussion and Interpretation 296
Summary and Concluding Remarks 301
Study 2 302
Introduction 302
Data Analysis with the Combined Subject Pool 302
Assessing the Jennrich Pattern Analyses by a Sophisticated
Factor Analytic Approach 304
Introduction 304
Design and Analysis 305
Conclusions 306
14 Predicting Hypnotic Susceptibility with the PCI 309
Introduction 309
Study 1 310
Research Design 310
Nature of the Results 311
Discussion and Interpretation 314
Study 2 314
Research Design 315
Nature of the Results 315
Discussion and Interpretation 318
The Assessment of Hypnoidal States: Rationale and Clinical
Application 319
Hypnoidal States 320
Using the PCI to Assess Hypnoidal Effects in Individual
Patients 322
Discussion and Conclusions 326
Hypnoidal Effects Associated with Several Stress
Management Strategies 326
Research Design 327
xxii Contents
Nature of the Results 327
Discussion and Interpretation 329
Concluding Remarks: The Nature of Trance 331
15 Assessing an Out-of-the-Body Experience with the PCI
and the DAQ 333
Introduction 333
The Near-Death Experience 334
The Out-of-the-Body Experience 334
Purposes 335
Methodology 335
Subject 335
Materials and Procedure 336
Results 337
Discussion 340
Altered State and Hypnoidal Effects 340
Phenomenological Intensity Effects 340
Significance and Conclusions 341
16 Consciousness: A Noetic-Behavioral Integration 343
An Integration of Phenomenological Data with Psychological
Theory and Research 343
Areas of Future Research 345
A Noetic-Behavioral Integration 349
Appendixes
A PCI Items as a Function of PCI (Sub)Dimension (Using
Form 1 Items) 351
B DAQ Items as a Function of DAQ Dimensions (Using
Form 1 Items) 357
C Item Numbers for Forms 1 and 2 of the Phenomenology
of Consciousness Inventory 363
D Item Numbers for Forms 1 and 2 of the Dimensions of
Attention Questionnaire 365
E Raw Score Conversion Tables for the PCI and the DAQ 367
F SYSTAT Programs 385
G Jennrich Pattern Analysis Program Using APL 393
Contents xxiii
References 395
About the Author 411
Author Index 413
Subject Index 417
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| id | DE-604.BV004725446 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:16:44Z |
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| spelling | Pekala, Ronald J. Verfasser aut Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach Ronald J. Pekala New York u.a. Plenum Pr. 1991 XXIII, 422 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Emotions, personality, and psychotherapy Literaturverz. S. 395 - 409 Bewustzijn gtt Conscience - Tests Fenomenologie gtt Kwantitatieve methoden gtt Psychologie phénoménologique - Méthodologie Consciousness Consciousness Testing Phenomenological psychology Methodology Psychometrics methods Self-report inventories Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd rswk-swf Bewusstsein (DE-588)4006349-5 gnd rswk-swf Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Empirie (DE-588)4152104-3 gnd rswk-swf Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 s DE-604 Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s Bewusstsein (DE-588)4006349-5 s Empirie (DE-588)4152104-3 s HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002905212&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pekala, Ronald J. Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach Bewustzijn gtt Conscience - Tests Fenomenologie gtt Kwantitatieve methoden gtt Psychologie phénoménologique - Méthodologie Consciousness Consciousness Testing Phenomenological psychology Methodology Psychometrics methods Self-report inventories Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd Bewusstsein (DE-588)4006349-5 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Empirie (DE-588)4152104-3 gnd |
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| title | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach |
| title_auth | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach |
| title_exact_search | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach |
| title_full | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach Ronald J. Pekala |
| title_fullStr | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach Ronald J. Pekala |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantifying consciousness an empirical approach Ronald J. Pekala |
| title_short | Quantifying consciousness |
| title_sort | quantifying consciousness an empirical approach |
| title_sub | an empirical approach |
| topic | Bewustzijn gtt Conscience - Tests Fenomenologie gtt Kwantitatieve methoden gtt Psychologie phénoménologique - Méthodologie Consciousness Consciousness Testing Phenomenological psychology Methodology Psychometrics methods Self-report inventories Psychometrie (DE-588)4176236-8 gnd Bewusstsein (DE-588)4006349-5 gnd Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Empirie (DE-588)4152104-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bewustzijn Conscience - Tests Fenomenologie Kwantitatieve methoden Psychologie phénoménologique - Méthodologie Consciousness Consciousness Testing Phenomenological psychology Methodology Psychometrics methods Self-report inventories Psychometrie Bewusstsein Methode Empirie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002905212&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pekalaronaldj quantifyingconsciousnessanempiricalapproach |