The ancient metallurgy of copper: archaeology, experiment, theory
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Inst. for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies
1990
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Researches in the Arabah
2 Metal in history 3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 191, 7 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0906183030 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The ancient metallurgy of copper |b archaeology, experiment, theory |c ed. by Beno Rothenberg ... and contr. by H. G. Bachmann ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Inst. for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies |c 1990 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
FOREWORD. xiii
INTRODUCTION. xvii
Hans Gert Bachmann
I. COPPER SMELTING FURNACES, TUYERES, SLAGS, INGOT-MOULDS AND
INGOTS IN THE ARABAH: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA. 1
Beno Rothenberg
1 Introduction. 1
1.1 The basic problems. 1
1.1.1 Furnace geometry. 1
1.1.2 Furnace lining. 1
1.1.3 Furnace bottoms. 1
1.1.4 Tuyeres. 3
1.1.5 Ingots. 3
1.2 Basic Methodology: Production units and metallurgical typology . 3
2 The Earliest Copper Smelters. 4
2.1 A smelting furnace - Site 39. 4
2.2 Slag. 5
2.3 Tuyeres. 6
3 New Kingdom Smelting Furnaces and Installations (14th-12th centuries bc). 8
3.1 Site 30. 8
3.1.1 Locus 50. 9
3.1.2 Locus 219. 9
3.2 Site 185. 12
3.3 Other furnace fragments in situ. 12
3.4 Observations on the small bowl-shaped smelting hearth of the early
New Kingdom smelters. 12
3.5 Site 2. 13
3.5.1 Furnaces VII and VIII (Layer II). 15
3.5.2 Furnace Z. 16
3.5.3 Furnace II (Layer I). 22
3.5.4 Furnace I. 22
3.5.5 Furnace IV. 29
3.6 The Tuyeres. 29
3.6.1 Tubular, built-in tuyere. 35
3.6.2 The hemispherical 'small tuyere'. 36
3.7 The slag. 39
3.7.1 The 'small slag'. 39
3.7.2 The 'ring slag'. 39
4 Late New Kingdom Smelters (Iron Age II - 10th-8th centuries bc). 44
4.1 Site 30, Layer I. 44
4.1.1 Furnace fragments and proposed reconstruction. 45
4.1.2 Site 30, Layer I, Locus 10. 46
4.1.3 The 'large tuyeres' of the Late New Kingdom. 48
4.1.4 The 'large slag'. 49
4.1.5 Ingot-moulds. 54
5 Roman-Early Islamic Copper Smelting Furnaces. 54
5.1 Site 28 - Beer Ora. 54
5.1.1 Furnace BO I. 55
5.1.2 Furnace BO IV. 57
5.1.3 Melting-casting furnace BO III. 57
5.2 The large slag of the Roman-Early Islamic smelter. 59
6 Ingots from the Arabah. 63
6.1 Copper lumps extracted from slag. 63
6.2 Amorphous copper 'ingots'. 65
6.3 Small 'ingots' found in casting workshops. 65
6.4 Plano-convex ingots from Bir Nasib (Sinai). 65
6.5 A plano-convex, roughly oval ingot from the Arabah. 65
7 Discussion and Summary. 66
Tables 1-6. 68
Notes. 70
References. 73
Appendix No. 1: Plant Fragments in a 'Small Tuyere': E. Werker. 74
Appendix No. 2: Metallographic Notes to some Ingots from the Arabah and
Sinai: R.F. Tylecote, H.G. Bachmann. 74
II. EXPERIMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF BRONZE AGE COPPER SMELTING
BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM TIMNA. 78
John F. Merkel
1 Introduction. 78
1.1 Previous experiments. 79
1.2 Problems with the archaeo-metallurgical evidence. 80
1.3 A new series of experiments (1979-82). 84
1.3.1 Summary tables for the smelting experiments. 84
1.3.2 Sampling and compositional analysis. 91
%
2 Simulation smelting experiments . . . . 92
2.1 Experiment 6. 92
2.2 Experiment 10. 93
2.3 Experiment 12. 93
2.4 Experiment 16. 93
2.5 Experiment 17. 94
2.6 Experiment 18. 95
2.7 Experiment 18A. 96
2.8 Experiment 20. 96
3 Reconstruction smelting experiments. 98
3.1 Experiment 23. 98
3.2 Experiment 24. 100
3.3 Experiment 25. 100
3.4 Experiment 26. 101
3.5 Experiment 32. 102 4 5 6 4 5 6
4 Smelting experiments using bellows. 102
4.1 Experiment 27. 102
4.2 Experiment 29. 105
5 Remelting and refining experiments. 107
6 Conclusions. 109
6.1 _ Bellows and tuyeres. 109
6.2 Furnace operation. HO
6.3 Smelting products. 113
6.4 Copper refining. 116
Notes. 118
References. 120
III. ANCIENT SMELTING OF OXIDE COPPER ORE
Menahem Bamberger and Peter Wincierzt
123
1 Introduction. 123
2 Air Supply System. 125
2.1 Model experiments. 125
2.1.1 Horizontal nozzle. 127
2.1.2 Results and discussion. 127
2.1.3 Inclined nozzle. 127
2.1.4 Experimental results. 127
2.2 Manually operated bellows and their supply limits. 128
3 Extraction Experiments. 130
3.1 Furnace construction. 130
3.2 Ore and charcoal. 131
3.3 Experimental procedures. 131
3.3.1 Number of tuyeres. 131
3.3.2 Airflow. 132
3.3.3 Duration of pre-heating. 133
3.3.4 Smelting efficiency. 133
3.4 Discussion of the smelting experiments. 134
3.4.1 Furnace construction. 134
3.4.2 Pre-heating. 135
3.4.3 Rate of charcoal charging. 135
3.4.4 'Ore' + flux to charcoal ratio. 135
3.4.5 Chemical composition of the slag. 135
3.4.6 Tapping. 136
3.4.7 Temperatures in "the furnace . 136
4 Smelting Experiments using Timna Ore. 136
4.1 Experimental procedure. 138
4.1.1 Pre-heating. 138
4.1.2 Smelting procedures. 138
4.1.3 Final heating. 138
4.2 Mass and heat balances of experiment T4. 139
4.2.1 Mass balance. 140
4.2.2 Heat balance. 141 5 5
5 Simulation of the Copper Smelting Process. 142
5.1 Model for determining the wall temperature. 143
5.1.1 The mathematical model. 143
5.1.2 Solution of the equation. 144
5.2 Mathematical models for copper smelting. 145
5.2.1 Mass balance model. 145
5.2.2 Heat balance model. 147
5.3 Results from the heat and mass balance models. 149
5.3.1 The influence of the specific charcoal charging rate and wall
heating rate. 150
5.3.2 The influence of furnace diameter and height. 150
5.3.3 The influence of charge composition and copper temperature. . 151
5.3.4 Chemical composition of ore and flux. 151
5.4 The process characteristics. 152
5.4.1 The duration of pre-heating. 154
5.4.2 The air supply rate. 154
5.4.3 The charcoal charging rate. 154
5.4.4 The furnace temperature. 154
5.4.5 The chemical composition of the charge. 155
References. 156
IV. TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF REFRACTORY CERAMICS
FROMTIMNA. 158
Michael S. Tite, Michael J. Hughes, Ian C. Freestone, Nigel D. Meeks and
Mavis Bimson
1 Introduction. 158
2 Samples. 158
3 Experimental Procedures. 158
3.1 Chemical analysis. 158
3.2 X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectrometry. 159
3.3 Optical microscopy. 159
3.4 Scanning electron microscopy. 159
4 Clay Mineralogy and Firing Properties. 160
5 Petrological Examination. 165
5.1 Shale tempering. 166
5.2 Smelting charge. 167
5.3 Slag tempering. 170
6 Firing Temperature and Temperature Gradient Determinations. 170
7 Discussion and Conclusions. 172
7.1 Selection of clays and tempers. 172
7.2 Operating conditions. 173
7.3 Information on the smelting charge. 174
References. 175
V. THE COPPER INGOTS. 176
Itzhak Roman
1 Introduction. 176
2. The Ingots. 176
3. Experimental Procedures. 176
3.1 Metallography. 176
3.2 Chemical composition. 176
3.3 Microhardness. 176
4 The Findings. 176
4.1 Ingot A1. 176
4.1.1 Microstructure. 176
4.1.2 Chemical composition. 176
4.1.3 Microhardness. 178
4.2 Ingot A2. 178
4.2.1 Microstructure. 178
4.2.2 Chemical composition. 178
4.2.3 Microhardness. 178
4.3 Ingot A3. 178
4.3.1 Microstructure. 179
4.3.2 Chemical composition. 179
4.3.3 Microhardness. 179
4.4 Ingot A4. 179
4.4.1 Microstructure. 179
4.4.2 Chemical composition. 179
4.4.3 Microhardness. 179
4.5 Ingot A5. 179
4.5.1 Microstructure. 179
4.5.2 Chemical composition. 180
4.5.3 Microhardness. 180
4.6 Ingot A6. 180
4.6.1 Microstructure. 180
4.6.2 Chemical composition. 180
4.6.3 Microhardness. 180
4.7 Ingot A7. 180
4.7.1 Microstructure. 180
4.7.2 Chemical composition. 180
4.7.3 Microhardness. 180
5 Discussion and Conclusions. 180
References. 181
VI. THE ADVENTITIOUS PRODUCTION OF IRON IN THE SMELTING OF
COPPER. 182
Noel H. Gale, Hans G. Bachmann, Beno Rothenberg, Zofia A. Stos-Gale and
Ronnie F. Tylecotet
1 Introduction. 182
2 Production of Iron in Stage 1. 183
3 Iron Objects at Timna. 185
4 Conclusions. 189
Notes. 190
References. 190 |
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| geographic_facet | Israel - Antiquities Israël - Antiquités Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) Timna Site (Israel) Wadi al-Araba |
| id | DE-604.BV004687177 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:24:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0906183030 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002878875 |
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| series | Researches in the Arabah Metal in history |
| series2 | Researches in the Arabah Metal in history |
| spelling | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory ed. by Beno Rothenberg ... and contr. by H. G. Bachmann ... London Inst. for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies 1990 XXI, 191, 7 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. und Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Researches in the Arabah 2 Metal in history 3 Cuivre - Mines et extraction - Israël - Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) ram Cuivre - Métallurgie - Histoire ram Fouilles archéologiques - Israël ram Copper mines and mining Israel Timna Temples, Egyptian Israel Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd rswk-swf Kupfer (DE-588)4033734-0 gnd rswk-swf Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd rswk-swf Metallschmelze (DE-588)4169631-1 gnd rswk-swf Israel - Antiquities Israël - Antiquités ram Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) ram Timna Site (Israel) Wadi al-Araba (DE-588)4127142-7 gnd rswk-swf Wadi al-Araba (DE-588)4127142-7 g Kupfer (DE-588)4033734-0 s Metallschmelze (DE-588)4169631-1 s Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 s DE-604 Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 s Rothenberg, Beno Sonstige oth Bachmann, Hans-Gert 1928-2018 Sonstige (DE-588)121279421 oth Researches in the Arabah 2 (DE-604)BV006182537 2 Metal in history 3 (DE-604)BV000902708 3 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002878875&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory Researches in the Arabah Metal in history Cuivre - Mines et extraction - Israël - Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) ram Cuivre - Métallurgie - Histoire ram Fouilles archéologiques - Israël ram Copper mines and mining Israel Timna Temples, Egyptian Israel Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Kupfer (DE-588)4033734-0 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Metallschmelze (DE-588)4169631-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074756-6 (DE-588)4033734-0 (DE-588)4078951-2 (DE-588)4169631-1 (DE-588)4127142-7 |
| title | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory |
| title_auth | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory |
| title_exact_search | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory |
| title_full | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory ed. by Beno Rothenberg ... and contr. by H. G. Bachmann ... |
| title_fullStr | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory ed. by Beno Rothenberg ... and contr. by H. G. Bachmann ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology, experiment, theory ed. by Beno Rothenberg ... and contr. by H. G. Bachmann ... |
| title_short | The ancient metallurgy of copper |
| title_sort | the ancient metallurgy of copper archaeology experiment theory |
| title_sub | archaeology, experiment, theory |
| topic | Cuivre - Mines et extraction - Israël - Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) ram Cuivre - Métallurgie - Histoire ram Fouilles archéologiques - Israël ram Copper mines and mining Israel Timna Temples, Egyptian Israel Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Kupfer (DE-588)4033734-0 gnd Vor- und Frühgeschichte (DE-588)4078951-2 gnd Metallschmelze (DE-588)4169631-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cuivre - Mines et extraction - Israël - Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) Cuivre - Métallurgie - Histoire Fouilles archéologiques - Israël Copper mines and mining Israel Timna Temples, Egyptian Israel Metallurgie Kupfer Vor- und Frühgeschichte Metallschmelze Israel - Antiquities Israël - Antiquités Timna (Israël ; site archéologique) Timna Site (Israel) Wadi al-Araba |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002878875&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV006182537 (DE-604)BV000902708 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rothenbergbeno theancientmetallurgyofcopperarchaeologyexperimenttheory AT bachmannhansgert theancientmetallurgyofcopperarchaeologyexperimenttheory |