Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa: proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1991
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 611 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0792310071 0792310063 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa |b proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 |c Ed. by E. R. Perrier ... |
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| adam_text | Titel: Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa
Autor: Perrier, Eugene R.
Jahr: 1991
Table of Contents
Prologue xvii
Foreword xix
List of National Scientists Contributing Papers xxi
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION 1
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 3
IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 3
Definitions of Irrigation Technologies 3
Selection of an Irrigation Method 5
Techniques For Supplemental Irrigation 5
Drainage of Supplemental Irrigation Lands 10
Concepts of Irrigation Technology 10
BOOK ORGANIZATION 12
Chapter 2
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 15
Potential for Agricultural Modernization 16
Logic of Inquiry 18
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY 24
Activity Paradigm 24
Computer-Aided Planning and Design 28
ADDENDUM 2a: RESEARCH PLOT DESIGNS 29
Chapter 3
WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS 3 9
Precipitation 40
Effective Rainfall 41
Evaporation 42
Evapotranspiration 44
Supplemental Irrigation Methods 45
Water Balance 45
VI
PROBABILITY ANALYSIS 58
Analytical Method 59
Graphical Method 65
ADDENDUM 3a: PENMAN S EQUATION 67
ADDENDUM Çâ: BASIC WATER BALANCE CALCULATION 70
ADDENDUM 3c: BASIC PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS 74
Chapter 4
REGIONAL APPUCATION OF WATER BALANCE METHODS 79
General Application of Water Balance 83
Water Requirements 86
Phenology of Cereals 88
Method for Determining Growth Stages of Cereals 88
Chapter 5
SOIL WATER RELATIONSHIPS 97
Soil Texture 97
Soil Structure 100
Bulk Density 100
Soil Porosity 104
Chapter 6
MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS 107
Saturated Flow 109
Unsaturated Flow 113
Capillarity 113
Soil Moisture Characteristic Curve 114
Units of Potential 115
Chapter 7
DARCY EQUATION 117
Field Capacity 118
Wilting Point 120
Available Water 120
Chapter 8
SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT 123
Gravimetric Method 123
Tensiometer Method 124
Neutron Probe Method 126
Gypsum Blocks 129
Other Techniques 130
Chapter 9
INFILTRATION 133
vn
Infiltration on Crusting Soils 134
Techniques to Improve Infiltration 135
Factors Affecting Infiltration 138
Approaches to Infiltration 138
Green and Ampt Equation 142
Units of Infiltration 144
Chapter 10
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF INFILTRATION 145
Single Ring In nitrometers 145
Double Ring Infiltrometers 146
Ponding Basins 151
Furrow Method of Infiltration Measurement 151
Blocked Furrow Infiltrometer 152
Infiltration Calculations 153
Chapter 11
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY 15 5
GROUND WATER OCCURRENCE 155
Locating Groundwater 155
Groundwater Terminology 156
Aquifer Terminology 158
Age and Origins of Groundwater 162
wells 164
Cone of Depression 166
Methods of Well Construction 167
Life Expectancy of Wells and Pumps 171
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION 171
GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION AND DELIVERY 173
Pumping Using Suction 173
Pressure and Head 174
Flow and Lift 175
Chapter 12
WATER QUALITY, IRRIGATION MEASUREMENT AND EFFICIENCY 177
Quality of Water for Supplemental Irrigation 177
Determination of Water Quantity for Irrigation 178
Irrigation Efficiency 181
Micro-Irrigation 187
Chapter 13
LAND LEVELING AND SIMPLISTIC SURVEYING 191
Equipment 191
Survey of the Land Surface 193
Measurement of Horizontal Distances 198
?ø
Chapter 14
ECONOMICS OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 203
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS 204
Purpose 204
Identification of Relevant Benefits and Costs 205
Financial Analysis 206
Economic Analysis 210
Sensitivity and Risk Analysis 216
FARM LEVEL ECONOMIC PROCEDURES 217
Farm Level 217
Small Farm Budgeting 218
Cash Flow Budget 221
Partial Budgets 222
Discounting and Depreciation 224
Wells and Pumping 225
Chapter 15
EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 229
Cyclical Process for Data Acquisition 230
Application of the Working Hypothesis 230
Resolution Method for Evaluation 232
Strategies of Involvement 232
SURVEY METHODS, GENERAL INFORMATION AND FORMS 233
Survey Questionnaire for Baseline Data 234
Technical Data Collection 250
EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC METHODS OF IRRIGATION 261
Furrow Irrigation 262
Graded Border Strip Irrigation 264
Hand Move or Side-Roller Sprinkler Irrigation 266
Drip/Trickle Irrigation 273
Chapter 16
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 279
What is the Future of Supplemental Irrigation? 279
DECISION FIELD, AN IDEAL MODEL FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 282
Points of Intervention for Technology Transfer 282
Linkage to Strategies of Involvement 287
Chapter 17
VERIFICATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF SPRING WHEAT 293
Characteristics of Plant Growth for Spring Wheat 294
DESIGN FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION RESEARCH, TEL HADYA, SYRIA 294
Weather Data for Tel Hadya, 1985-89 295
Results of Supplemental Irrigation Studies 298
ECONOMICS OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF SPRING WHEAT 309
IX
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 3 1 1
REFERENCES 312
Chapter 18 by Larbi Baghdali
IRRIGA TION OF CEREALS IN ALGERIA 315
CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD CONDITIONS 315
Agro-Climatic Zones 315
Water Resources 317
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGERIAN AGRICULTURE 318
Land Potential 318
Development of Agricultural Production 319
THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION IN AGRICULTURE 320
Structure of Irrigation Planning 320
Irrigation Methods 321
Supplemental Irrigation 321
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 323
Areas for Intensive Cultivation 324
Areas for Extensive Cultivation 325
conclusions 325
Chapter 19 by V.C. Krentos
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN CYPRUS 327
THE NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 327
Geographical, Morphological, and Geological features 327
Climate 328
Land Resources and Land Use 332
Water Resources and Use 335
Structure and Development of Agriculture 336
Institutional Framework 340
THE DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE: CHARACTERIZATION OF 3 DISTRICTS 343
Climatic Aspects 344
Farming Practices 345
Cropping Patterns 346
Mechanization 347
Fertilizer Use 347
Plant Protection 348
Yield Relationships 348
Livestock and Forage Production 350
Cost of Production 352
COMPARISON OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION RESOURCES AND FARMING
PRACTICES IN 3 DISTRICTS 352
Demographic Information 353
Land Area and Land Use 353
Soils 353
Infrastructure and Rural Support Services 354
Water Resources and Management 354
Irrigation Practices 356
Water Harvesting 356
Cropping Practices and Crop Production 357
Livestock Production 359
Socio-Economie Aspects 360
FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 361
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 362
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 363
REFERENCES 364
Chapter 20 by Hamid Siadat
POTENTIAL OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN IRAN 367
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 367
Physiography 367
Climate 367
Land and Water Resources 369
STATE-OF-THE-ART OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN IRAN 369
Supplemental Irrigation 370
Water Harvesting 370
National Goals and Objectives 371
AGRICULTURAL ZONES 372
THE DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE 372
Miandorood District 373
Agh-Ghola District (south) 375
Bala-Darband (Sarab-Nilofar) District 377
Mahidasht District 379
POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN IRAN 381
Potential Areas for Implementation 381
Potential Crops 383
Potential Yields 383
PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS 385
Economic Factors 385
Research and Training 386
Fragmentation of Land Ownership 386
Mechanization Factors 386
Agro-Ecological Constraints 387
SUMMARY 387
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 387
REFERENCES 388
Chapter 21 by Shifa a A. Mahmood
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGAnON SYSTEMS OF IRAQ 389
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND OBJECTIVES 389
COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF DATA 390
XI
PRESENT LAND AND WATER USE 392
Rainfed Farming 392
Land Ownership and Farming Practices 393
Irrigation 393
Crops 393
IRRIGATION METHODS 394
CONCLUSIONS 395
REFERENCES 396
Chapter 22 by A.A. Jaradat
THE FARMING SYSTEMS IN JORDAN . RAINFED, WATER HARVESTING,
AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 399
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 399
Climate 399
Land Resources 401
THE AGRICULTURE CONTEXT 401
Agriculture Zoning 401
The Agrarian Sector 402
Production Environment of the Dryland Regions 402
Supplemental Irrigation 403
Goals and Objectives of Agriculture 403
RAINFED FARMING PRACTICES 404
Sowing Operations 404
Fertilizer Use 405
Tillage 406
Weed Control 407
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION AND WATER HARVESTING PRACTICES 408
Characterization of 5 Districts 408
WATER RESOURCES 415
Surface Water 416
Groundwater 417
PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS LIMITING SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 417
GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES IN THE DRYLAND REGIONS 418
FUTURE PLANS 420
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 420
REFERENCES 421
Chapter 23 by Saad Ahmed Al Ghariani
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION AND WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN LLBYA 425
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 425
AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 429
Jabal Al-Akhdar and Surrounding Plains 429
The Jafara Plain and Surrounding Western Mountains 433
EVALUATION OF COLLECTED INFORMATION 440
The Jafara Plain 440
XII
The Jabal Al-Akhdar Zone 442
POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT 444
Development of Jafara Interior 444
Comprehensive Water Harvesting Systems 445
Crop Productivity and Water-Use Efficiency 446
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 446
REFERENCES 447
Chapter 24 by Ambri Abdel Ilah
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN MOROCCO 449
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 449
Climate 449
Land Use 450
Water Resources 450
EXISTING AREAS WITH SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 450
Plains and Valleys: Middle and High Atlas Mountains 451
Atlantic Plains and Plateaus of the Eastern Areas 452
Had Kourt District, Kenitra Province 452
RESEARCH FINDINGS 452
Oulad Gnaou Experimental Station 452
Settat Experimental Station 453
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 3 DISTRICTS 454
Berrechid District, Settat Province 454
Ain Taoujdate District 456
Taourirt District 458
POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT 459
CONCLUSIONS 460
REFERENCES 461
Chapter 25 by M. Rafiq
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN 463
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 463
Climate 463
Geology and Hydrogeology 463
Land Resources 464
Water Resources of the Indus Plain 465
ENVIRONMENT AND CROPPING SYSTEMS 465
Existing Supplemental Irrigation 465
Potential Zones for Supplemental Irrigation 466
Existing Rain fed Farming Systems 471
Supplemental Irrigation Farming Systems 481
CHARACTERIZATION OF 3 LOCATIONS 485
Demography 485
Soils 485
Infrastructure and Rural Support Services 486
XIII
Water Resources for Supplemental Irrigation 488
Crop Production 489
Livestock Production 490
Socio-Economic Factors 490
POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 492
Water Resources 492
Component Needs 493
Problems and Constraints 494
Actions Needed 494
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 495
REFERENCES 496
Chapter 26 by George Soumi
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC (SAR) 497
Agro-Climatic Classification 497
WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR USE 497
Rainfall 497
Aquifers 499
Water Use in Agriculture 499
LAND USE AND CROPPING PATTERNS 500
Land Use 500
Crop Rotations 500
FOOD SECURITY 502
Domestic Demand 503
Production 504
Projected Food Deficit, 1990 504
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 504
Productivity of Existing Supplemental Irrigation 504
Potential for Further Development 505
MAAR/ICARDA Research 506
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION
OF WHEAT 508
CONCLUSIONS 510
Chapter 27 by A. Bouzaidi
CEREAL CROPPING AND SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN TUNISIA 513
CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFED CEREAL CULTIVATION AND THE
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 5 13
Importance of Cereal Cultivation to the National Economy 513
Areas of Cereal Cultivation 515
Farming Systems 515
Crop Rotation 516
Major Constraints 517
Development Program for the Cereal Sector 517
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF CEREALS 518
XIV
Major Findings of Experimental Results 518
Large Scale Application of Supplemental Irrigation 521
National Project for Supplemental Irrigation of Cereals 522
Results of the 1986-87 Season 523
conclusions 526
references 526
Chapter 28 by Necati Gulbahar
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN TURKEY 529
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 529
Climate 529
Land Resources 530
Water Resources 532
OVERVIEW OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION PRACTICES 534
National Goals and Objectives 535
EVALUATION OF EXISTING FARMING SYSTEMS 535
Weather Station Data 535
Current Farming and Cropping Practices 537
Mechanization 543
Fertilizer Use 545
Weed and Pest Control 546
Yield Relationships 547
Livestock and Forage 548
Cost of Production 551
CHARACTERIZATION OF EXISTING SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 552
Karapinar District, Konya Province 553
Central District, Eskisehir Province 554
Ceyhan District, Adana Province 555
Cubuk District, Ankara Province 555
POTENTIAL AREAS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT 556
CONCLUSIONS 556
REFERENCES 557
ADDENDUM 28a: WATER AND LAND RESOURCE POTENTIAL 558
Chapter 29 by Abdulrahman M. Bamatraf
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (YAR) 561
GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 561
Agro-Ecological Zones 562
Climate 564
Geology 566
Soil Resources 566
Water Resources 567
ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES 571
Farming Systems 571
Cultural Practices 573
XV
Mechanization 576
Fertilizer Use 577
Weed and Pest Control 578
Livestock 579
Socio-Economic Aspects 580
EVALUATION OF SELECTED SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 582
Tropical Lowland 583
Sub-Tropical Upland 586
Temperate Highlands 591
POTENTIAL FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION 595
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 596
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 598
REFERENCES 598
Chapter 30
CONCLUSIONS 599
RECOMMENDATIONS 600
FOOD FOR THOUGHT 601
APPENDIX
SOURCE MATERIALS FOR CHAPTERS 1-16 603
INDEX 609
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| oclc_num | 22494677 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXII, 611 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1991 |
| publishDateSearch | 1991 |
| publishDateSort | 1991 |
| publisher | Kluwer Acad. Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 Ed. by E. R. Perrier ... Dordrecht [u.a.] Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1991 XXII, 611 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Supplemental irrigation Congresses Supplemental irrigation Africa, North Congresses Supplemental irrigation Middle East Congresses Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten Nordafrika (DE-588)4042482-0 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1987 Rabat gnd-content Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 s DE-604 Nordafrika (DE-588)4042482-0 g Perrier, Eugene R. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002868852&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 Supplemental irrigation Congresses Supplemental irrigation Africa, North Congresses Supplemental irrigation Middle East Congresses Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006306-9 (DE-588)4042482-0 (DE-588)4068878-1 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 |
| title_auth | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 |
| title_exact_search | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 |
| title_full | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 Ed. by E. R. Perrier ... |
| title_fullStr | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 Ed. by E. R. Perrier ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 Ed. by E. R. Perrier ... |
| title_short | Supplemental irrigation in the Near East and North Africa |
| title_sort | supplemental irrigation in the near east and north africa proceedings of a workshop on regional consultation on supplemental irrigation icarda and fao rabat morocco 7 9 december 1987 |
| title_sub | proceedings of a Workshop on Regional Consultation on Supplemental Irrigation, ICARDA and FAO, Rabat, Morocco, 7 - 9 December, 1987 |
| topic | Supplemental irrigation Congresses Supplemental irrigation Africa, North Congresses Supplemental irrigation Middle East Congresses Bewässerung (DE-588)4006306-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Supplemental irrigation Congresses Supplemental irrigation Africa, North Congresses Supplemental irrigation Middle East Congresses Bewässerung Naher Osten Nordafrika Konferenzschrift 1987 Rabat |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002868852&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT perriereugener supplementalirrigationintheneareastandnorthafricaproceedingsofaworkshoponregionalconsultationonsupplementalirrigationicardaandfaorabatmorocco79december1987 |