Computers and human language:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York u.a.
Oxford Univ. Press
1991
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 478 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0195062825 0195062817 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Smith, George W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Computers and human language |c George W. Smith |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York u.a. |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 1991 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 478 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
1. Components of Words
Symbols and Computation, 3
1.1 LANGUAGES AS SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS, 3
1.2 SYMBOLS ARE ARBITRARY AND DISCRETE, 5
Beginning with Written Language, 7
2.1 SOME ATTRIBUTES OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE, 7
2.2 ENCODING WRITTEN LANGUAGE, 9
2.3 WORKING WITH ENCODED STRINGS AND LISTS, 16
2.4 MULTILINGUAL REPRESENTATION, 19
Minimal Units of Meaning, 21
3.1 MORPHEMES AND WORD FORMATION, 21
3.2 INFORMATIVE AFFIXES, 23
3.3 STEMMING AND SPELLING ADJUSTMENT, 25
3.4 ANALYSIS BY WORD FORMATION RULES, 27
Exercises, 30
Further Readings, 32
2. The Challenge of Spoken Language
Systems of Speech Sounds, 33
1.1 PHONEMES AND PHONOTACTICS, 33
1.2 TRANSLATING SPEECH SYMBOLS, 36
1.3 THE ACOUSTICS OF SPEECH, 37
1.4 ALLOPHONES AND PHONOLOGICAL RULES, 40
Speech Synthesis and Recognition, 43
2.1 WORD RECOGNITION BY TEMPLATES, 43
2.2 TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYNTHESIS, 48
2.3 CONTINUOUS SPEECH AND JUNCTURE, 52
2.4 SPEECH RECOGNITION, 55
Exercises, 59
Further Reading, 60
x Contents
3. Words and the Lexicon
Lexicons and Lexical Entries, 61
1.1 UBIQUITOUS LEXICONS, 61
1.2 WORD FORMS AS LEXICAL KEYS, 62
1.3 LEXICONS AS REPOSITORIES OF INFORMATION, 64
Sorting and Sorted Word Lists, 69
2.1 COLLATING SEQUENCES AND SORTING, 69
2.2 SORTING STRATEGIES, ESPECIALLY QUICKSORT, 71
2.3 VERBAL INDEXES AND CONCORDANCES, 74
2.4 CORPORA OF WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE, 77
Variation and Statistical Analysis, 78
3.1 TOKENS, TYPES, AND WORD FREQUENCIES, 78
3.2 FUNCTION WORDS, ATTRIBUTION, AND STYLE, 82
3.3 CONTENT WORDS AND VOCABULARY STUDIES, 85
3.4 SEQUENCE AND CO-OCCURRENCE IN TAGGED TEXT, 86
Exercises, 89
Further Reading, 90
4. Structure and Search
Lexical Information in Computer Memory, 91
1.1 MEMORY AND STRUCTURE, 91
1.2 LINEAR AND LINKED USTS, 92
1.3 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES, 95
1.4 NETWORKS AND SEMANTIC NETWORKS, 97
1.5 FRAMES AND SYSTEMS OF FRAMES, 101
1.6 CONTENTS ADDRESSABLE MEMORY, 103
Lexical Search and Retrieval, 104
2.1 MOTIVATIONS, 104
2.2 BINARY SEARCH FOR AN ALPHABETICAL LIST, 105
2.3 SEARCH TREES, 106
2.4 ACCOMMODATING FREQUENCY AND RECENCY, 109
2.5 TRAVERSING TREES AND NETWORKS, 111
2.6 MARKER PASSING FOR CONCURRENT SEARCHES, 115
Special-Purpose Searching, 116
3.1 HASHING AND SURROGATE KEYS, 116
3.2 SEARCHING FOR SIMILARLY SPELLED WORDS, 120
3.3 SEARCHING INTACT TEXT, 123
3.4 AUTOMATED INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING, 125
Exercises, 128
Further Reading, 129
5. Sublexical and Lexical Processing in Parallel
Toward a New Kind of Computing, 130
Contents
1.1 SERIAL VERSUS PARALLEL PROCESSORS, 130
1.2 COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING, 134
1.3 NEURALLY INSPIRED COMPUTATION, 136
Distributed Processing and Memory, 138
2.1 PDP NETWORKS FOR PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING, 138
2.2 ASSOCIATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY, 142
2.3 SIMULATING LEXICAL PRIMING, 144
2.4 CATEGORIZATION AND HIDDEN UNITS, 145
Connection Strengths and Learning, 148
3.1 TOWARD SPONTANEOUS LEARNING, 148
3.2 LEARNING BY BACK PROPAGATION, 149
Exercises, 154
Further Reading, 154
6. Approaches to Syntax
Sentences and Sequence, 155
1.1 LINGUISTIC INTUITIONS, 155
1.2 BEGINNING WITH WORD ORDER, 157
1.3 SENTENCES AS STRINGS OF ASSOCIATIONS, 159
1.4 SEQUENCES OF LEXICAL CATEGORIES, 161
1.5 ITERATION AND EMBEDDING, 166
Hierarchies of Phrases, 168
2.1 CONTEXT-FREE PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR, 168
2.2 PARSING AND STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS, 171
2.3 RECURSION AND REWRITE RULES, 174
2.4 RECURSIVE TRANSITION NETWORKS, 179
2.5 BOTTOM-UP PARSING, 181
Ambiguity, Preferences, and Modeling, 185
3.1 COPING WITH NON-DETERMINACY, 185
3.2 BACKTRACKING AND CHART PARSING, 187
3.3 PARSING PREFERENCES, 190
3.4 COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF PREFERENCES, 193
3.5 TOWARD A DETERMINISTIC PARSER, 197
Exercises, 202
Further Reading, 203
7. Augmented Parsers and Modern Grammars
Achieving Sensitivity to Context, 205
1.1 CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURAL RESTRICTIONS, 205
1.2 CONDITIONS, ACTIONS, AND REGISTERS, 207
1.3 SENSITIVITY TO PRIOR CONTEXT, 209
1.4 SENSITIVITY TO SUBSEQUENT CONTEXT, 214
1.5 RULE-BASED PARSERS AND UNIFICATION, 218
xii Contents
Augmentations for Transformed Structures, 220
2.1 THE DEEP-STRUCTURE HYPOTHESIS, 220
2.2 TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMARS, 224
2.3 PARSING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY, 228
2.4 ACCOMMODATING BOUNDED MOVEMENT, 230
2.5 UNBOUNDED MOVEMENT AND THE HOLD FACILITY, 234
2.6 RECOVERING DELETED CONSTITUENTS, 238
Current Reassessments, 242
3.1 SHIFTING THE BURDEN, 242
3.2 GENERALIZED PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR, 243
3.3 LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR, 247
Exercises, 252
Further Reading, 253
Appendix Completed Augmented Transition Networks, 254
8. Lexical Semantics
Meaning and Its Representation, 258
1.1 BEGINNING WITH LEXICAL RELATIONSHIPS, 258
1.2 THE REPRESENTATION HYPOTHESIS, 261
1.3 ICONIC VERSUS PROPOSITIONAL REPRESENTATION, 264
1.4 PREDICATE CALCULUS AND ITS NETWORK REPRESENTATION, 268
Lexical Concepts and Semantic Features, 275
2.1 HYPONYMY AND MEANING POSTULATES, 275
2.2 TOWARD A METALANGUAGE OF LEXICAL CONCEPTS, 279
2.3 DECOMPOSITION AND SEMANTIC FEATURES, 281
2.4 INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF WORDS, 286
2.5 INHERITANCE HIERARCHIES AND REDUNDANCY RULES, 288
2.6 SELECTIONAL RESTRICTIONS, 290
Prototypical and Referential Meanings, 294
3.1 LEXICAL PROTOTYPES, 294
3.2 FRAMES AND NONMONOTONIC REASONING, 297
3.3 REFERENCE AND POSSIBLE WORLDS, 299
3.4 MENTALLY REPRESENTED MODELS, 302
Exercises, 304
Further Reading, 304
9. Phrase and Sentence Semantics
Relational Representation, 306
1.1 COMPOSITIONALITY AND CONCEPTUAL RELATIONS, 306
1.2 FROM GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS TO SEMANTIC CASES, 310
1.3 INSTANTIATING SCHEMATA AND CASE FRAMES, 313
1.4 TOWARD A TAXONOMY OF CASES, 316
1.5 CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES FOR REPRESENTING EVENTS, 319
Contents
Semantic Interpretation, 324
2.1 MODULAR PROCESSING WITH INTERPRETATION RULES, 324
2.2 AN APPROACH VIA HEADS AND MODIFIERS, 325
2.3 SEQUENCES OF SEMANTIC DECISIONS, 330
2.4 CAPTURING THE SALIENT GENERALIZATIONS, 333
2.5 INTERPRETING MODALITY, 335
Exercises, 339
Further Reading, 340
10. Integrating Syntactic and Semantic Processing
Only Syntax and Semantics, 341
1.1 ADVANTAGES OF TIMELY SEMANTICS, 341
1.2 MODULARITY AND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION, 344
Giving Privilege to Semantics, 349
2.1 SEMANTIC CASES AND PREDICTION, 349
2.2 INTERPRETING NOUN GROUPS, 354
2.3 ACCOMMODATING POST MODIFIERS, 358
2.4 PRIVILEGED SEMANTICS WITH TANDEM PARSING, 360
Rule-by-Rule Interpretation, 363
3.1 GIVING PRECEDENCE TO SYNTAX, 363
3.2 ISOMORPHIC SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS, 365
3.3 INTERPRETIVE AND PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES, 368
Exercises, 376
Further Reading, 377
11. Discourse Interpretation Using World Knowledge
Coherence and Implicit Knowledge, 378
1.1 THE COHERENCE OF DISCOURSE, 378
1.2 BRIDGING INFERENCES, 380
1.3 CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION, 382
Scripts for Stereotypical Events, 384
2.1 SCRIPTED KNOWLEDGE, 384
2.2 SCRIPT SELECTION AND INSTANTIATION, 387
2.3 SOME EMERGING PROBLEMS, 391
2.4 ADAPTIVE REPRESENTATIONS, 392
Planning and Interpretation, 395
3.1 COMPREHENDING BY INFERRING PLANS, 395
3.2 PREDICTIONS AND CHAINING, 396
3.3 COOPERATIVE INFERENCING, 399
3.4 PLANNING AND SPEECH ACTS, 402
Exercises, 405
Further Reading, 406
xiv Contents
12. Knowledge about Discourse
Anaphora and Segmentation, 407
1.1 ANAPHORA AND ITS RESOLUTION, 407
1.2 TWO APPROACHES TO ELLIPSIS, 409
1.3 FINDING NP ANAPHORS AND THEIR ANTECEDENTS, 411
1.4 HEURISTICS AND THE HISTORY LIST, 413
1.5 FOCUS AND POTENTIAL FOR PRONOMINALIZATION, 416
Discourse Segments and Structure, 419
2.1 SEGMENTATION AND HIERARCHY, 419
2.2 DETERMINING DISCOURSE STRUCTURE, 422
2.3 PLANNING AND STRUCTURE, 425
2.4 TOWARD A GRAMMAR OF DISCOURSE, 428
2.5 CONTEXT SPACES AND CONVERSATIONAL MOVES, 430
Exercises, 433
Further Reading, 434
Bibliography, 437
Index, 465
|
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Smith, George W. Verfasser aut Computers and human language George W. Smith New York u.a. Oxford Univ. Press 1991 XIV, 478 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Computational linguistics Computerlinguistik (DE-588)4035843-4 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Computerlinguistik (DE-588)4035843-4 s DE-604 Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002836718&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smith, George W. Computers and human language Computational linguistics Computerlinguistik (DE-588)4035843-4 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035843-4 (DE-588)4014777-0 |
| title | Computers and human language |
| title_auth | Computers and human language |
| title_exact_search | Computers and human language |
| title_full | Computers and human language George W. Smith |
| title_fullStr | Computers and human language George W. Smith |
| title_full_unstemmed | Computers and human language George W. Smith |
| title_short | Computers and human language |
| title_sort | computers and human language |
| topic | Computational linguistics Computerlinguistik (DE-588)4035843-4 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computational linguistics Computerlinguistik Englisch |
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