Key issues papers:
Gespeichert in:
| Körperschaft: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Tagungsbericht Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vienna
Internat. Atomic Energy Agency
1991
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 184 S. graph. Darst. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Key issues papers |c Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment Helsinki, Finland 13 - 17 May 1991 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
ENERGY
AND ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Implications for the Global Environment
Key Issues Paper No.
1
INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP
1 ................................................................................. 1
PREFACE
....................................................................................................................... 2
SUMMARY OF ISSUES
..................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................... 5
1.1.
World energy/electricity trends
....................................................................................... 5
1.1.1.
Energy status and trends
.................................................................................... 5
1.1.2.
Energy resources and reserves
............................................................................. 7
1.1.3.
Electricity status and trends
................................................................................ 8
1.2.
Electricity and environmental concerns
............................................................................. 9
CHAPTER
2.
ELECTRICITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
....................................................... 11
2.1.
Electricity and the quality of life
..................................................................................... 11
2.2.
Electricity and its role in the environment
......................................................................... 12
CHAPTER
3.
OUTLOOK FOR ELECTRICITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
................ 14
3.1.
Uncertainty and diversity
.............................................................................................. 14
3.1.1.
Key uncertainties affecting the outlook
.................................................................. 14
3.1.2.
Diversity of energy conditions
............................................................................. 14
3.2.
A reference scenario to
2010......................................................................................... 16
3.3.
Alternative futures to
2010............................................................................................ 19
3.4.
The longer term future
................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1.
Common features of plausible long term energy futures
............................................. 22
3.4.2.
World energy to
2050 ....................................................................................... 22
3.4.3.
Objectives, stresses and the environment
................................................................ 23
3.4.4.
Electricity in the longer term
.............................................................................. 24
CHAPTER
4.
POTENTIALS FOR CHANGE AND LIMITS TO CHANGE
.................................... 25
4.1.
Basic concepts
........................................................................................................... 25
4.2.
Potentials and limits by option
....................................................................................... 25
4.2.1.
Supply options that emit greenhouse gases
.............................................................. 26
4.2.1.1.
Coal
.................................................................................................. 26
4.2.1.2.
Petroleum and natural gas
....................................................................... 26
4.2.1.3.
Biomass
............................................................................................. 27
4.2.2.
Supply options that do not emit greenhouse gases
..................................................... 27
4.2.2.1.
Hydroelectric energy
............................................................................. 27
4.2.2.2.
Nuclear energy
..................................................................................... 27
4.2.2.3.
Renewable energy sources (excluding hydro)
................................................ 28
4.2.3.
Electricity efficiency improvements
....................................................................... 28
4.3. Potentials
and limits by region
....................................................................................... 29
4.3.1. OECD
countries
.............................................................................................. 29
4.3.2.
SUEE
countries
............................................................................................... 30
4.3.3.
Developing countries
....................................................................................... 31
4.4.
Overall perspectives
.................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER
5.
THE WAY FORWARD
.................................................................................... 33
5.1.
Major policy issues and decision options
........................................................................... 33
5.1.1.
Issues regarding policy targets
............................................................................. 33
5.1.2.
Issues regarding options for reaching targets
........................................................... 33
5.2.
Issues and options for
OECD
countries
............................................................................ 33
5.3.
Issues and options for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
.................................................. 34
5.4.
Issues and options for developing countries
....................................................................... 34
5.5.
Directions and choices
................................................................................................. 35
APPENDIX
—
Scenario definition
......................................................................................... 38
REFERENCES
.................................................................................................................. 42
BACKGROUND PAPERS
................................................................................................... 42
ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Key Issues Paper No.
2
INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP
2 ................................................................................. 43
PREFACE
....................................................................................................................... 44
SUMMARY OF ISSUES
..................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................... 48
1.1.
Objectives
................................................................................................................. 48
1.2.
Structure
.................................................................................................................. 50
CHAPTER
2.
STATUS AND OUTLOOK OF POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
AND RESOURCES
....................................................................................... 51
2.1.
Energy resources
........................................................................................................ 51
2.1.1.
Fossil fuels
..................................................................................................... 51
2.1.2.
Nuclear energy
................................................................................................ 51
2.1.3.
Renewable energies
.......................................................................................... 52
2.2.
Market entry
............................................................................................................. 54
CHAPTER
3.
MAJOR TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICITY
GENERATING TECHNOLOGIES
..................................................................... 55
3.1.
Fossil fuelled technologies
.............................................................................. 55
3.1.1.
Conventional fossil fuel fired steam plants
.............................................................. 55
3.1.1.1.
Retrofitting
......................................................................................... 55
3.1.1.2.
Refurbishing
....................................................................................... 55
3.1.2.
Fluidized
bed combustion
................................................................................... 56
3.1.3.
Combustion turbine and combined cycle plants
........................................................ 56
3.1.4.
Advanced cycle concepts
.................................................................................... 57
3.1.4.1.
Advanced gas cycles
............................................................................. 57
3.1.4.2.
Magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD)
............................................................... 57
3.1.4.3.
Binary Rankine cycle
............................................................................ 57
3.1.5.
Fuel cells
....................................................................................................... 58
3.2.
Nuclear power technology
............................................................................................. 58
3.2.1.
Light water reactors (LWRs)
.............................................................................. 58
3.2.2.
Pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs)
............................................................. 59
3.2.3.
Gas cooled reactors (GCRs)
................................................................................ 59
3.2.4.
Light water cooled, graphite moderated reactors (LWGRs)
......................................... 60
3.2.5.
Fast breeder reactors (FBRs)
............................................................................... 60
3.2.6.
Small and medium reactors (SMRs)
...................................................................... 60
3.3.
Renewable energy systems
............................................................................................ 61
3.3.1.
Hydropower plants
........................................................................................... 61
3.3.2.
Geothermal power
............................................................................................ 62
3.3.3.
Wind power
................................................................................................... 62
3.3.4.
Solar systems
.................................................................................................. 63
3.3.4.1.
Solar thermal systems
........................................................................... 63
3.3.4.2.
Photovoltaic power
............................................................................... 64
3.3.5.
Energy from biomass
........................................................................................ 64
3.3.6.
Electricity from municipal (urban) wastes
............................................................... 65
3.3.7.
Ocean thermal, tidal and wave power
.................................................................... 65
3.3.7.1.
Ocean thermal energy conversion
(OTEC)
.................................................. 65
3.3.7.2.
Tidal
................................................................................................ 65
3.3.7.3.
Wave power
....................................................................................... 66
3.4.
Fuel cycle
................................................................................................................. 66
3.5.
Technologies beyond
2020 ............................................................................................ 67
3.5.1.
Fossil fuelled CO2 free power plant
...................................................................... 67
3.5.2.
Nuclear fusion
................................................................................................. 67
CHAPTER
4.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICITY GENERATING
TECHNOLOGIES
.......................................................................................... 69
4.1.
Efficiencies of fossil fuelled technologies
.......................................................................... 69
4.2.
Environmental impacts of electricity generation technologies
.................................................. 69
4.2.1.
Air pollutants
.................................................................................................. 69
4.2.1.1.
Fossil fuelled technologies
...................................................................... 69
4.2.1.2.
Nuclear technologies
............................................................................. 74
4.2.1.3.
Renewable energy systems
..................................................................... 74
4.2.2.
Solid waste
..................................................................................................... 74
4.2.2.1.
Fossil fuelled technologies
...................................................................... 75
4.2.2.2.
Nuclear technologies
............................................................................. 75
4.2.2.3.
Renewable energy systems
..................................................................... 76
4.2.3.
Land requirements
............................................................................................ 76
4.3.
Economics of electricity generation
................................................................................. 77
CHAPTER
5.
FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKET DEPLOYMENT
OF GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
................................................................ 84
5.1.
General factors
........................................................................................................... 84
5.1.1.
Economic and financial constraints
....................................................................... 84
5.1.2.
Regulatory
and institutional constraints
.................................................................. 85
5.1.3.
Utility requirements and capabilities
...................................................................... 85
5.1.4.
Public acceptance
............................................................................................. 85
5.2.
Specific factors
.......................................................................................................... 86
5.2.1.
Fossil fuelled technologies
.................................................................................. 86
5.2.2.
Nuclear technologies
......................................................................................... 86
5.2.3.
Renewable energy systems
................................................................................. 86
CHAPTER
6.
CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGS
..................................................................... 87
APPENDIX
...................................................................................................................... 89
REFERENCES
.................................................................................................................. 90
BACKGROUND PAPERS
................................................................................................... 90
COMPARATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS
OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Key Issues Paper No.
3
INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP
3 ................................................................................. 91
PREFACE
....................................................................................................................... 92
SUMMARY OF ISSUES
..................................................................................................... 92
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................... 96
CHAPTER
2.
BROAD ELEMENTS IN COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
.............................. 97
2.1.
Energy systems and fuel cycles
...................................................................................... 97
2.2.
Categorization of health and environmental impacts
............................................................. 98
2.2.1.
Nature of impacts
............................................................................................ 98
2.2.2.
Risk categories
................................................................................................ 98
CHAPTER
3.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR ASSESSMENT
OF THE IMPACTS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION
......................................... 100
3.1.
Assessment of health impacts
......................................................................................... 100
3.2.
Assessment of environmental impacts
............................................................................... 101
3.3.
Uncertainties, observations and predictions
........................................................................ 103
CHAPTER
4.
HEALTH EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
................................................................. 104
4.1.
Direct health effects
.................................................................................................... 104
4.2.
Indirect health effects
...................................................................................................
Ill
CHAPTER
5.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SYSTEMS
FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
.................................................................. 112
5.1.
Fuel cycle
—
environmental impact relationships
................................................................ 112
5.2.
Local environmental impacts
.......................................................................................... 112
5.3.
Regional environmental impacts
...................................................................................... 114
5.4.
Global environmental impacts
........................................................................................ 117
CHAPTER
6.
RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
FOR VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES
................................................................. 120
6.1.
Historical perspective
................................................................................................... 120
6.2.
Comparison of health risks
............................................................................................ 120
6.3.
Comparison of environmental risks
.................................................................................. 125
6.4.
Risk of severe accidents
............................................................................................... 132
CHAPTER
7.
ISSUES IN COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
................................................ 135
7.1.
Fuel cycle boundary definition
....................................................................................... 135
7.2.
Regional variations in risk estimates and comparisons
.......................................................... 135
7.3.
Changing technologies in energy systems
.......................................................................... 135
7.4.
Electricity generation options within the broad framework of energy systems
............................. 136
7.5.
Data availability, reliability and applicability
...................................................................... 136
CHAPTER
8.
CONCLUSIONS
............................................................................................ 137
8.1.
Importance of environmental and health impacts
................................................................. 137
8.2.
Comparative assessment and decision making
..................................................................... 137
8.3.
Lack of a single integrated risk indicator
.......................................................................... 137
8.4.
Status of comparative risk assessment
.............................................................................. 137
8.5.
Levels of risk
............................................................................................................ 137
8.6.
Ranking energy options
................................................................................................ 138
8.7.
Future of comparative risk studies
................................................................................... 138
REFERENCES
.................................................................................................................. 139
BACKGROUND PAPERS
................................................................................................... 141
INCORPORATION
OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS
INTO POLICY, PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING
FOR THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Key Issues Paper No.
4
INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP
4 ................................................................................. 143
PREFACE
....................................................................................................................... 144
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
................................................................................................... 144
CHAPTER
1.
INTRODUCTION
.......................................................................................... 147
CHAPTER
2.
DECISION MAKING PROCESSES
.................................................................... 151
2.1.
Integrated planning
...................................................................................................... 151
2.2.
Multilevel planning
..................................................................................................... 154
2.3.
Multiobjective planning
................................................................................................ 158
2.4.
Multiactor planning
..................................................................................................... 160
2.5.
Incorporation of health and environmental risk and uncertainty
............................................... 161
CHAPTERS. POLICY OPTIONS, INSTRUMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS
................................... 162
3.1.
Interactions between options and processes
........................................................................ 162
3.2.
National policy instruments
........................................................................................... 163
3.2.1.
Pricing principles reflecting total cost to society
....................................................... 164
3.2.2.
Subsidies
....................................................................................................... 166
3.2.3.
Taxation (taxes, levies and tradeable permits)
.......................................................... 167
3.2.4.
Regulatory instruments
...................................................................................... 167
3.2.5.
Public participation
........................................................................................... 167
3.2.6.
R&D choices
.................................................................................................. 169
3.2.7.
Technology transfer
.......................................................................................... 169
3.3.
Transnational and global policy instruments
....................................................................... 171
3.4.
Constraints
................................................................................................................ 173
3.4.1.
Uncertainties
................................................................................................... 173
3.4.2.
Lack of methodologies
...................................................................................... 173
3.4.3.
Lack of infrastructure and skilled manpower
........................................................... 174
3.4.4.
Inadequate institutions
....................................................................................... 175
3.4.5.
Inadequate allocation of funding
........................................................................... 175
3.4.6.
Lack of public acceptance and consistent political will
............................................... 175
CHAPTER
4.
IMPLICATIONS OF POLICIES
........................................................................ 177
4.1.
Meeting short term and long term objectives through consistent policies
.................................... 177
4.2.
Need for international co-operation and agreements
............................................................. 177
4.3.
Mobilizing and allocating funds
...................................................................................... 178
4.4.
R&D and technology transfer
......................................................................................... 179
4.5.
Burden sharing
........................................................................................................... 179
CHAPTERS. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
..................................................................... 181
5.1.
Need for electricity
..................................................................................................... 181
5.2.
Incorporating health and environmental issues
.................................................................... 182
5.3.
Regional diversity
....................................................................................................... 182
5.4.
Burden sharing
........................................................................................................... 182
5.5.
Policy instruments
....................................................................................................... 182
5.6.
R&D
....................................................................................................................... 183
5.7.
Public participation
..................................................................................................... 183
5.8.
Role of utilities
.......................................................................................................... 183
5.9.
Role of international organizations
................................................................................... 183
REFERENCES
.................................................................................................................. 184
BACKGROUND PAPERS
................................................................................................... 184
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| publisher | Internat. Atomic Energy Agency |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment 1991 Helsinki Verfasser (DE-588)1400105-6 aut Key issues papers Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment Helsinki, Finland 13 - 17 May 1991 Vienna Internat. Atomic Energy Agency 1991 184 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelt Electric power-plants Environmental aspects Congresses Energy development Environmental aspects Congresses Elektrizität (DE-588)4014216-4 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 1991 Helsinki gnd-content Elektrizität (DE-588)4014216-4 s Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung TU Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002831643&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Key issues papers Umwelt Electric power-plants Environmental aspects Congresses Energy development Environmental aspects Congresses Elektrizität (DE-588)4014216-4 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014216-4 (DE-588)4061619-8 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Key issues papers |
| title_auth | Key issues papers |
| title_exact_search | Key issues papers |
| title_full | Key issues papers Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment Helsinki, Finland 13 - 17 May 1991 |
| title_fullStr | Key issues papers Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment Helsinki, Finland 13 - 17 May 1991 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Key issues papers Senior Expert Symposium on Electricity and the Environment Helsinki, Finland 13 - 17 May 1991 |
| title_short | Key issues papers |
| title_sort | key issues papers |
| topic | Umwelt Electric power-plants Environmental aspects Congresses Energy development Environmental aspects Congresses Elektrizität (DE-588)4014216-4 gnd Umweltbelastung (DE-588)4061619-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelt Electric power-plants Environmental aspects Congresses Energy development Environmental aspects Congresses Elektrizität Umweltbelastung Konferenzschrift 1991 Helsinki |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002831643&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT seniorexpertsymposiumonelectricityandtheenvironmenthelsinki keyissuespapers |