Olduvai Gorge: 4,1/4 The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
1991
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXV, 479 S. Ill. |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Olduvai Gorge |n 4,1/4 |p The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4 |c by L. S. B. Leakey ; P. V, Tobias ; M. D. Leakey |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 1991 | |
| 300 | |a XXXV, 479 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Tobias, Phillip V. |d 1925-2012 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)130885002 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Leakey, Louis S. B. |d 1903-1972 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)118779079 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tobias, Phillip V. |d 1925-2012 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)130885002 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Leakey, Mary D. |d 1913-1996 |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)119313812 |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |w (DE-604)BV018025044 |g 4,1/4 |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002806528&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002806528 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804118692185767936 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of plates
List of text-figures
Classified list of tables
page xix Foreword by Emeritus Professor R. A. Dart page xxxi
xxi Acknowledgements xxxiii
xxiii
PART I: PROLEGOMENA
Chapter 1:1 Introduction 3
The Olduvai hominid fossils 3
Anatomical and descriptive nomenclature 5
1 Nomina anatómica et anthropologica 5
2 Nomina odontológica 8
Classificatory nomenclature 8
Chapter 1:2 A brief history of the concept of
Homo habilis 16
A On the protohistory of Homo habilis
1 From Swartkrans to Olduvai 16
2 The Olduvai hominid discoveries up to 1955 17
3 1959: The first habiline specimen and the first
zinjanthropine cranium 17
4 1960 : The surprise revelation of Jonny’s Child 18
5 The enigmatic stranger of Olduvai 20
B Conversion in science: Leakey, Tobias and
Napier 21
1 Did we fall or were we pushed? 21
2 The accretion of critical evidence 23
(a) The teeth 23
(b) (c) The hand and foot 23
(d) Endocranial capacity 24
(e) A dual consistency 24
(f) The clincher from Bed II 25
3 Conversion by the hard evidence : some other
instances in palaeo-anthropology 25
C Homo habilis : a question of procedures
1 On deciding upon a new species 26
2 On the morphological distance between
A. africanus and H. erectus 28
3 The habilis fossils share some apomorphies
of Homo 30
4 On changing the definition of Homo 30
5 On choosing a name 32
6 Homo habilis is launched 32
D The heuristic value of controversy in science 33
1 The assault on Homo habilis begins 33
2 Was Homo habilis sufficiently differentiated
from Australopithecus? 34
3 Was there enough of Homo habilisl 35
4 Was the estimate of endocranial capacity
of Olduvai hominid 7 correct? 35
5 Why not place the Olduvai pygmoids in
Homo erectus? 36
E Cultural status and the genus Homo 37
F Brace of calipers and teeth 39
G The Janiceps dalliance
1 Betwixt and between: the naming of inter-
mediate forms 40
2 Response to the binonymous submission 42
H A late arrival: Twiggy in Bed at Olduvai 44
I Homo habilis: the tide turns
1 Omo 46
2 East Turkana 47
3 Swartkrans and Sterkfontein 48
4 Homo habilis twenty years after 49
Chapter 11:1 Introduction to Olduvai hominid 24
Discovery and provenance
Restoration
Enumeration of preserved parts
Chapter 11:2 The cranial vault of OH 24 57
A Standard views of the calvaria 57
1 Norma lateralis 57
2 Norma occipitalis 58
3 Norma verticalis 58
4 Norma basilaris 58
B The dimensions of the parietal bones 59
1 The determination of lambda, with special
reference to crania with lambdoid sutural
ossicles 59
2 Further examples of misdiagnosis of lambda
in specimens of H. habilis 61
3 Parietal sagittal chord and arc 62
4 Parietal sagittal curvature 63
C The dimensions of the occipital bone 63
D Parieto-occipital ratio 68
E Frontal curvature and parietofrontal ratio 70
PART II: THE CRANIUM AND DENTITION OF‘TWIGGY’: OLDUVAI HOMINID 24
53
53
53
54-
IX
CONTENTS
F Contributions of various bones to the total
sagittal curvature page 11
G The external morphology of the occipital bone 74
H The external morphology of the parietal bones 77
I The frontal bone in the vault 78
1 The anteroposterior thickness of the frontal
bone in the region of the torus 83
2 Frontal breadths 83
J The sides of the cranial vault 84
K The supraorbital height index 84
Chapter 11:3 The basis cranii externa of OH 24 87
A The occipital bone 87
1 The planum nuchale 87
2 The lateral (or condylar) part of the occipi-
tal bone - 87
3 The basilar part of the occipital bone 91
4 The foramen magnum f 91
B The temporal bone on the basis cranii externa 92
1 The mastoid process 92
2 The supramastoid crest . 93
3 The tympanomastoid groove, the vaginal
process and the styloid process 93
4 The tympanic plate 95
5 The external acoustic porus (meatal aperture) 96
6 The petrous part of the temporal bone 97
7 The mandibular fossa: metrical characters 101
8 The mandibular fossa: non-metrical charac-
ters 106
C The shortening of the cranial base: morpho-
logical and taphonomic 111
1 The length of the posterior section of the
cranial base (basion-hormion) as measured
on OH 24 111
2 The spurious (taphonomic) shortening of
the cranial base of OH 24 111
3 The true (morphological) shortening of the
cranial base in OH 24 and other hominids 116
D The sphenoid bone and related structures on
the basis cranii externa 120
1 The greater wing (alisphenoid) 120
2 The body of the sphenoid and the vomer 120
3 The pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone 120
4 The pyramidal process of the palatine bone 121
Chapter 11:4 Certain critical angles and indices of
the cranium of OH 24 122
A The planum nuchale: tilt and height 122
1 The tilt of the planum nuchale 122
2 The height of the nuchal area and of inion 123
B The foramen magnum: position and plane 123
1 The foramen magnum position indices 123
2 The plane of the foramen magnum 125
C The porion position indices 127
1 The porion position length index 127
2 The porion position height index 127
D The position of the occipital condyles 128
Chapter II: 5 The interior of the calvaria of OH 24 page 129
A The endocranial surface of the frontal bone 129
B The endocranial surface of the parietal bones 130
C The basis cranii interna 131
1 The posterior cranial fossa 132
The venous sinus grooves in the posterior
cranial fossa 132
The cruciate eminence and the related cere-
bral and cerebellar fossae 133
The positions of the internal occipital pro-
tuberance and the inion: biological deter-
minants 134
The petrous pyramids: superior margin and
posterior surface 136
The clivus 137
The dorsum sellae 137
2 The middle cranial fossa 137
The petrous pyramid: anterior surface 137
The sella turcica and carotid sulcus 138
The foramina of the middle cranial fossa 138
The grooves for the middle meningeal artery 138
3 The anterior cranial fossa 139
Chapter 11:6 The thickness of the cranial bones of
OH 24 140
The thickness of the frontal bone 140
The thickness of the parietal bones 140
The thickness of the occipital bone 141
The thickness of the temporal bones 141
Chapter 11:7 The cranial capacity and the endo-
cranial cast of OH 24 143
A Endocranial capacity of OH 24 143
B The endocranial capacity of OH 24 in com-
parison with those of A. africanus 145
C Morphological features of the endocranial
cast of OH 24 145
D Encephalomctric features 147
Chapter 11:8 Metrical characters of the calvaria of
OH 24 as a whole 150
A Cranial length and the torocristal index 150
B The maximum cranial breadths 151
C The postero-anterior tapering of the cranial
vault 152
D The cranial (breadth-length) indices 155
E The measures of cranial height 155
Chapter 11:9 The structure of the face of OH 24 157
A The transverse bending of the facial plane , 157
B The supraorbital torus 158
C The orbits 163
D The interorbital area 164
E The nose 165
X
CONTENTS
F The maxillary and zygomatic bones page 168
1 The infraorbital foramen 168
2 The size of the maxilla 171
3 Prognathism 172
4 The infraorbital area 174
5 Inframalar features 177
6 The palate: some general features 177
7 The zygomatic bone 178
G Facial measurements and indices and calvario-
facial indices 178
1 The size of the face * 180
2 Calvariofacial indices 181
Chapter 11:10 The palate and the dental arcade of
OH 24 183
A The shape of the dental arcade, alveolar
process and palate 183
1 Maxillo-alveolar dimensions and index 184
2 Palatal dimensions and indices 186
3 Dental arch dimensions and indices 189
B The arrangement of the teeth in the arcade :
absence of crowding 190
Chapter 11:11 Dental age, pattern of occlusion and
attrition, and the state of the enamel 191
A The dental age of OH 24 191
B Dental occlusal attrition in OH 24 192
C Dental approximal attrition in OH 24 194
D The pattern of occlusion and attrition 195
1 The helicoidal occlusal plane 195
2 The rate of occlusal attrition 199
3 Symmetry and centric occlusion 200
4 The curve of Spee 200
E The state of the enamel 200
Chapter 11:12 The size of individual teeth, absolute
and relative, of OH 24 pagelQX
A The dimensions of the maxillary teeth of
OH 24 201
B Ratios of maxillary premolar dimensions to
premolar-molar chords in OH 24 204
C Comparative sizes of P3 and P4 211
D Ratios of maxillary molar dimensions to
premolar-molar chords in OH 24 213
E Relative size of the maxillary molars of
OH 24 and other hominids 214
1 Mesiodistal diameters 214
2 Relative maxillary molar size of OH 24 and
other hominids: buccolingual diameters 222
3 Relative size of maxillary molars of OH 24
and other hominids: modules 223
Chapter ¡1:13 The size of the maxillary dentition
as a whole 225
A Flower’s dental index 225
B Tooth material 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Results in H. habilis and other hominids:
maxillary tooth material 226
3 Results in Laetoli and Hadar series 228
4 Trends in the phylogeny of maxillary
‘tooth material’ 229
Chapter 11:14 The crown shape index of the maxil-
lary cheek-teeth of OH 24 231
PART III: THE SKULL AND DENTITION OF ‘CINDERELLA’: OLDUVAI HOMINID 13
Chapter 111:1 Introduction to Olduvai hominid 13 239
A Discovery and early assessment 239
B Enumeration of preserved parts of OH 13 240
Chapter 111:2 The frontal and parietal bones of OH 13 241
A The frontal fragment 241
B The biparietal fragment 242
1 The sagittal dimensions of the parietal of
OH 13 242
2 Sagittal curvature of parietal bones 243
3 Temporal crests on the parietal bones 244
4 .Special features of the parietal bones of OH 13 244
5 Thickness of the parietal bones 245
Chapter III:3 The occipital bone of OH 13 246
A The sagittal dimensions of the occipital bone
of OH 13 246
1 The parieto-occipital ratio 246
2 Size of occipital sagittal chord and arc 246
B Curvature of the occipital bone 247
1 Occipital sagittal curvature 247
2 The curvature of the upper and lower
occipital scales 249
C The external morphology of the occipital
bone of OH 13 250
D The endocranial morphology of the occipital
bone of OH 13 252
E Thickness of the OH 13 occipital 255
Chapter III: 4 Right parietotemporosphenoid and
left temporosphenoid fragments of OH 13 256
A The temporal squame 256
B The mandibular fossa of OH 13 257
1 Dimensions of the mandibular fossa 257
2 The anterior wall of the mandibular fossa 259
3 The entoglenoid process 259
4 The foramen spinosum 259
XI
CONTENTS
5 Relationship of articular tubercle to infra-
temporal fossa page 260
6 The postglenoid process 260
C The sphenoid bone 260
D Endocranial surface of temporal squame and
alisphenoid 260
Meningeal vascular markings 260
Chapter 111:5 The reconstruction of the calvaria of
OH 13 263
A Reconstructing the calvaria 263
B The form of the reconstructed vault of OH 13 264
C Dimensions of the reconstructed vault of OH 13 264
Chapter 111:6 The cranial capacity and the endo-
cranial cast of OH 13 267
A Linear dimensions of the part-endocast 267
B Volume of the part-endocasts of OH 13 and
analogues 267
C Estimated total endocranial capacity of OH 13 268
1 Adjustment for possible position of bregma
in OH 13 268
2 Correction for adolescent age of OH 13 268
D Morphological and encephalometric features
of the endocranial cast of OH 13 269
Chapter 111: 7 The maxillary and palatine bones of
OH 13 111
A The floor of the nose 111
B The lateral nasal wall 111
C The maxillary sinus of Highmore 111
D Corpus maxillae 273
Chapter III: 8 The palate and the dental arcade of
OH 13 274
A The palate of OH 13 274
B The shape of the dental arcade 275
C Dimensions of the dental arcade, alveolar
process and palate of OH 13 277
1 Breadth measurements 111
2 Estimates of palatal length and palatal index
of OH 13 278
3 Comparison of palatal dimensions and indices 279
Chapter 111:9 The dental age of OH 13 281
A General considerations 281
B Dental age of OH 13: evidence of the
maxillary teeth 282
C Dental age of OH 13 : evidence of the
mandibular teeth 284
Chapter 111:10 The mandible of OH 13 285
A General description ( 285
B Radiological observations on the mandible of
OH 13 286
C Dimensions and robusticity of the corpus
mandibulae of OH 13 and other hominids page2^1
D The dimensions and index in the symphyseal
region of OH 13 and other hominids 298
E The form of the inner contour of the
mandible in H. habilis and other hominids 299
F The corpus mandibulae of OH 13: morpho-
logical features 305
1 Lateral surface 305
2 The mental foramen , 306
The vertical position of the mental foramen 306
The horizontal position of the mental foramen 307
The number of mental foramina 316
Association with massiveness 318
3 Prominentia lateralis 321
4 Torus marginalis and the marginal tubercles 324
G The symphyseal region 326
1 The angle of inclination of the symphysis
mandibulae 326
2 The symphyseo-basal angle 327
3 The anterior surface of the symphyseal region 327
4 The lower margin of the symphyseal region 328
5 The posterior surface of the symphyseal
region 329
H The medial surface of the corpus mandibulae
of OH 13 330
I The medial surface of the mandibular ramus
of OH 13 332
J The lateral surface of the ramus 334
Chapter 111:11 The pattern of dental occlusion and
attrition, and the state of the enamel, in OH 13 335
A Dental occlusal attrition in OH 13 335
1 Incisors 335
2 Canines 335
3 Premolars 335
4 Maxillary molars 336
5 Mandibular molars 337
B Dental approximal attrition in OH 13 337
C The pattern of occlusion and attrition in OH 13 339
D The state of the enamel 340
Chapter 111:12 The size of individual maxillary
teeth, absolute and relative, of OH 13 341
A The dimensions of the maxillary teeth 341
B Ratios of maxillary premolar dimensions to
premolar-molar chords in OH 13 342
C Comparative sizes of P3 and P4 343
D Ratios of maxillary molar dimensions to
premolar-molar chords in OH 13 345
E Relative size of the maxillary molars of OH 13 345
1 Mesiodistal diameters 345
2 Buccolingual diameters 346
3 Modules 346
4 Crown Areas 346
Xll
CONTENTS
Chapter 111:13 The size of individual mandibular
teeth, absolute and relative, of OH 13 page 347
A The dimensions of the mandibular teeth 347
Mandibular lateral incisor 348
Mandibular canine 348
Mandibular third premolar 352
Mandibular fourth premolar 355
Mandibular first molar 356
Mandibular second molar 359
Mandibular third molar 361
Summation on mandibular teeth dimensions
of H. habilis 363
B Mandibular canine-prcmolar ratios 363
C Ratios of mandibular cheek-tooth dimensions
to premolar-molar chords 366
D The comparative sizes of P3 and P4 of OH 13
and other hominids 369
E Relative size of the mandibular molars of
OH 13 and other hominids 373
1 Mesiodistal diameters 373
2 Relative size of the mandibular molars:
buccolingual diameters 380
3 Relative size of the mandibular molars:
modules page 384
Chapter 111:14 The size of the Oil 13 dentition as
a whole with especial reference to mandibular
tooth material’ 390
A Maxillary‘tooth material’ 390
B Mandibular ‘tooth material’ 390
1 Introduction 390
2 Results in //. habilis and other hominids:
mandibular‘tooth material’ 390
3 Mandibular ‘tooth material’ in the Laetoli
and Hadar series 392
4 Mandibular ‘tooth material’ in modern
H. sapiens 392
5 Trends in the phylogeny of mandibular
‘tooth material’ 393
Chapter 111:15 The crown shape index of the teeth
of OH 13 395
A The maxillary cheek-teeth 395
B The mandibular cheek-teeth 395
PART IV: THE CRANIUM AND DENTITION OF ‘GEORGE’: OLDUVAI HOMINID 16
Chapter IV:1 introduction to Olduvai hominid 16 403
Reconstruction of the calvaria 403
Chapter IV: 2 The frontal bone of OH 16 405
A The orbital margin and supraorbital torus 405
B Frontal breadths in OH 16 411
1 The superior facial breadth 411
2 The inner biorbital breadth 411
3 The minimum frontal breadth 411
4 The maximum breadth across the greatest
post-orbital constriction of the frontal bones 412
C The frontal sinuses 412
D The frontal sagittal arc and chord 414
E Thickness of the frontal bone 415
F The frontal bone behind the torus 416
Chapter IV:3 The parietal bones of OH 16 417
z A The size and shape of the parietal bones 417
1 The parietal sagittal dimensions 417
2 The dimensions of the squamosal margin 421
3 Ttie dimensions of the occipital margin 421
4 The dimensions of the frontal margin 422
5 The dimensions of the parietal margins as
a whole 422
6 Breadth-length indices of the parietal bones 422
B The curvature of the parietal bones 424
C The temporal crests on the parietal bones 425
. D Endocranial surface of the parietal bones of
OH 16 427
E Thickness of the parietal bones 427
Chapter IV: 4 The occipital and temporal bones of
OH 16 430
A The occipital bone 430
1 The upper scale 430
2 The occipital torus 431
3 The supreme nuchal lines, supratoral sulcus
and supratoral eminence 431
4 Inion and the nuchal surface 432
5 The isolated pars basilaris of the occipital
bone of OH 16 432
6 The endocranial surface of the OH 16
occipital bone 433
7 The thickness of the occipital bone 433
B The right temporal fragment of OH 16 436
Chapter IV: 5 The calvaria of OH 16 as a whole 437
A A comparison of selected measurements 437
B Cranial contour of OH 16 439
C Certain critical indices of the cranium 440
1 Supraorbital height index 440
2 Nuchal area height index 441
3 The height of inion 442
4 The parietofrontal arc index 442
Chapter IV: 6 The mandibular fossa of OH 16 443
Chapter IV: 7 The cranial capacity and the endo-
cranial cast of OH 16 445
A The. making of the partial endocranial cast 445
B The volume of the part-endocast 445
C Estimation of the total cranial capacity 445
xiii
CONTENTS
D Comparison of estimated cranial capacity of
OH 16 with those of other hominids page 446
E Encephalometric characters of OH 16 and
other early hominids 447
F Non-metrical morphological features of the
OH 16 endocast 448
Chapter IV: 8 Dental age, pattern of occlusion and
attrition, and the state of the enamel in OH 16 450
A The dental age of OH 16 450
1 The state of dental eruption 450
2 The stage of dental formation 451
B Dental occlusal attrition in OH 16 451
Maxillary incisors 451
Mandibular incisors 451
Maxillary premolars 452
Mandibular premolars 453
Maxillary molars 453
Mandibular molars 455
C Dental approximal attrition in OH 16 455
D The pattern of occlusion and attrition in OH 16 459
E The state of the enamel 460
Chapter IV: 9 The size of individual maxillary and
mandibular teeth, absolute and relative, of
OH 16 page 465
A The dimensions of the teeth 465
B Comparative sizes of P3 and P1 470
C Comparative sizes of P3 and P4 470
D Relative size of maxillary molars of OH 16 471
1 Mesiodistal diameters 471
2 Buccolingual diameters 471
E Relative size of mandibular molars of OH 16 472
1 Mesiodistal diameters 472
2 Buccolingual diameters 472
3 Modules 473
F Canine-prcmolar ratios in OH 16 473
G ‘Tooth material’ 475
Chapter IV: 10 The crown shape index of the teeth
of OH 16 All
A Maxillary teeth All
B Mandibular teeth 477
PART V: THE SKULL AND DENTITION OF OLDUVAI HOMINID 7 AND OTHER HOMINID
CRANIAL AND DENTAL REMAINS FROM FLK NN I
Chapter V:1 Introduction to Olduvai hominid 7:
Discovery and provenance 483
Chapter V:2 The juvenile mandible of OH 7 from
Bed I, Olduvai 486
A General description 486
B The age of the individual represented by the
OH 7 mandible 487
C Morphology of the corpus mandibulae of OH 7 488
1 Dimensions and robusticity 488
2 Dimensions of the symphyseal region 489
3 Non-metrical features of the corpus mandi-
bulae of OH 7 490
4 The mental foramen 493
5 The inclination of the symphysis mandibulae 494
6 The anterior surface of the symphyseal region 495
D The photographic reconstruction of the OH 7
mandible 496
E The inner contour and relative space width
of the mandible of OH 7 and of other hominids 496
Chapter V:3 Pattern of occlusion and attrition and
the state of the enamel in OH 7 498
A Dental occlusal attrition in OH 7 498
1 The incisors 498
2 The canines 500
3 The premolars 500
4 The molars 501
B Dental approximal attrition in OH 7 501
C The pattern of occlusion and attrition of OH 7 502
D The state of the enamel in OH 7 504
1 Hypoplasia 504
2 Perikymata 504
3 Other 504
Chapter V:4 The size and shape of the mandibular
teeth of OH 7 505
A The size ofindividual teeth, absolute and relative 505
The central incisors 505
The lateral incisors 506
The canines 506
The anterior prcmolars (P3) 507
The posterior premolars (P4) 508
The mandibular first molars 509
B The mandibular canine-premolar ratios 512
C The ratios of cheek-tooth dimensions of OH 7
to premolar-molar chords 512
D The comparative sizes of P3 and P4 in OH 7 514
E Relative sizes of the mandibular molars of OH 7 514
F ‘Tooth material’ 514
G The crown shape index of the mandibular
cheek-teeth of OH 7 514
Chapter V:5 The parietal bones of OH 7 515
A Introduction , 515
1 The extent of the remains 516
2 The state of the bones: tooth-marks 517
xiv
CONTENTS
В Non-metrical morphological features of the
parietal bones of OH 7: ectocranial aspect page 517
1 The temporal line or crest 517
2 The torus angularis 519
3 Other ectocranial features 519
C Endocranial aspect 519
1 The crista Sylvii 519
2 Other endocranial features of the parietal
bones 520
D Metrical features of the parietal bones of OH 7 521
1 Thickness of the parietal bones 521
2 The ‘parietal age’ of OH 7 522
3 The size and shape of the parietal bones of
OH 7 523
E The reconstructed biparietal arch 524
Chapter V:6 The cranial capacity and the endocranial
cast of OH 7 526
A The partial capacity 526
B The author’s earlier estimates of the cranial
capacity of OH 7 527
C Other earlier estimates of the cranial capacity
of OH 7 528
D The author’s new estimate of the total capacity
of OH 7 532
1 The Taung analogue page 532
2 The Olduvai hominid 5 analogue 533
3 The Trinil 2 (H. erectus erectus 1) analogue 533
4 Further revision of Trinil total capacity 534
5 The Zhoukoudian XII (H. erectus
pekinensis L III) analogue 535
6 New analogous values 535
7 New revised estimate for total cranial
capacity of OH 7 535
E The morphology of the endocast of OH 7 536
1 Encephalometry 536
2 Gyral and sulcal impressions 536
3 Vascular impressions 538
Chapter V: 7 Other hominid cranial remains from
FLK NN I 540
A The FLK NN I upper molar OH 45 541
1 The ‘dental age’ of OH 45 541
2 The dimensions of OH 45 541
3 General remarks on OH 45 542
В The FLK NN I upper premolar fragment OH 46 542
C The cranial fragments of OH 33 from FLK
NN I 543
D Summation: demography of hominid finds
from FLK NN I 543
PART VI: OTHER OLDUVAI CRANIAL AND DENTAL REMAINS
ASSIGNED TO HOMO HABILIS
Chapter VI:1 The mandibular fraction and teeth of
Olduvai hominid 4 547
A The mandibular fragment 547
B The molar tooth in the OH 4 mandibular
fragment 548
1 Attrition and state of enamel 548
2 The size of the OH 4 molar 550
3 The shape of the OH 4 molar 551
4 Morphology of the OH 4 molar 552
5 Identity of the molar tooth in the OH 4
mandible 552
C The isolated molar fragment of OH 4 552
D The isolated premolar from OH 4 554
E Summation on the OH 4 adult 555
F The OH 4 deciduous canine 556
Chapter VI:2 Olduvai hominid 37: the roadside
demi-mandible 558
A General description 558
B Radiological observations on the mandible of
OH 37 558
C Dimensions and robusticity of the body of the
OH 37 mandible 560
D The corpus mandibulae of OH 37: morpho-
logical features 561
1 Lateral surface 561
2 Torus marginalis and marginal tubercles 563
3 The symphyseal region 563
4 The medial surface of the corpus mandibulae 564
E The form of the inner contour of the OH 37 jaw 565
F The ramus of the OH 37 mandible 566
G The mandibular dentition of Olduvai
hominid 37 566
1 The lateral incisor and canine stumps 566
2 The fourth prcmolar stump 566
3 The first molar 567
4 The second molar 568
* 5 The third molar 569
6 Morphology of the teeth of OH 37 570
H The dental age and the presumptive sex of
OH 37 570
Chapter VI :3 Isolated teeth and cranial fragments,
probably of Homo habilis, from diverse sites in
Beds I and II 573
A Introduction 573
В The FLK specimens (OH 6, OH 44) 574
1 The OH 6 maxillary lateral incisor 574
2 The OH 6 mandibular third premolar 575
3 The OH 6 maxillary first molars from FLK 575
4 The OH 44 maxillary first molar from FLK 576
5 The number and the ages of individuals
represented at FLK 577
XV
CONTENTS
C Specimens from the upper part of Bed I page 579
1 OH 27 - right lower third molar 579
2 OH 31 - quadrant of probable right
mandibular second molar 580
3 OH 39 - seventeen maxillary teeth from an
algal concretion 580
4 OH 42 - crown of right maxillary third
premolar 593
D Dental specimens probably derived from the
lowest part of Bed II 594
1 OH 17-fragment of a deciduous molar 594
2 OH 21 - permanent left upper first molar 594
E Dental specimens from the Sandy
Conglomerate, Middle Bed II page 595
1 OH 40 - deciduous maxillary second molar 595
2 OH 41 - the permanent maxillary first
molar from the Sandy Conglomerate 595
F Cranial fragments and teeth from MNK,
Middle Bed II 597
1 OH 14-the calvarial fragments of a child 597
2 OH 15 - teeth from the MNK Skull Site ֊
the maxillary canine 598
3 OH 15-permanent maxillary third molars
from MNK Skull Site 602
4 OH 32 - deciduous tooth fragments from MNK 607
PART VII: DENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF HOMO HABI LIS
Chapter VII: 1 The maxillary permanent teeth of
Olduvai hominids 611
A Maxillary permanent central incisors 611
В Maxillary permanent lateral incisors 612
C Maxillary permanent canines 615
D Maxillary permanent third premolars 620
E Maxillary permanent fourth premolars 626
F Maxillary permanent first molars 631
G Maxillary permanent second molars 636
H Maxillary permanent third molars 641
Chapter VII: 2 The mandibular permanent teeth of
Olduvai hominids 649
A Mandibular permanent central incisors 649
В Mandibular permanent lateral incisorS 651
C Mandibular permanent canines 655
D Mandibular permanent third premolars 659
E Mandibular permanent fourth premolars 663
F Mandibular permanent first molars 669
G Mandibular permanent second molars 672
H Mandibular permanent third molars 676
Chapter VII:3 The hominid deciduous teeth of
Olduvai 683
A Maxillary deciduous canines 683
B Maxillary deciduous first molars 685
C Maxillary deciduous second molars 687
D Mandibular deciduous tooth of OH 30 from
Olduvai 692
Chapter VII: 4 Taphonomic problems posed by the
relative accumulation and survival of hominid
maxillary and mandibular teeth at Olduvai and
other African sites 694
A Relative numbers of maxillary and mandibular
deciduous teeth 694
B Relative numbers of maxillary and mandibular
permanent teeth 695
C Relative numbers of maxillary and mandibular
teeth: deciduous versus permanent 697
D Relative numbers of maxillary and mandibular
teeth (deciduous and permanent teeth
combined) 697
E Distribution of hominid skeletal parts 699
F Distribution of comparative faunal skeletal
parts 699
G A new taphonomic hypothesis and two new
taphonomic ratios 701
H Species differences in Mx/Mn ratios? 702
I Accumulation versus conservation 703
PART VIII: THE ENDOCRANIAL CASTS OF HOMO HABILIS
Chapter VIII: 1 The size and morphology of the brain
of Homo habilis as inferred from artificial endocasts 707
A Endocranial capacity 707
1 Mean values and other simple statistics for
H. habilis 707
2 Values for II. habilis compared with those of
other hominid taxa 707
3 Relative brain size 710
4 Variability of endocranial capacity 715
5 Sexual dimorphism of endocranial capacity 717
B Morphology of the brain of II. habilis 720
1 Encephalometric features 720
2 Gyral and sulcal impressions: introductory
comments 724
3 Gyral and sulcal impressions on the
II. habilis endocasts 726
Frontal lobe 726
Parietal region 728
Temporal lobe 730
Occipital lobe 731
XVI
CONTENTS,
C The vasculature on the surface of the brain
of H. habilis . page 731
1 What causes the vascular markings on the
endocranial surface of the calvaria? 731
2 Systematics of the middle meningeal
vascular arrangements 732
3 The middle meningeal vascular pattern in
Olduvai H. habilis page 733
4 The pattern of cranial venous sinus mark-
ings in H. habilis and other early hominids 735
PART IX: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Chapter IX:1 Summary of cranial, mandibular,
encephalic and dental features of Homo habilis,
in comparison with those of some other hominid
taxa 739
A Some observations on summational procedure 741
1 A few precedents 741
2 Regional-functional analyses 742
3 Contradictory inferences 746
4 Cladistic analysis 746
5 Biological interrelatedness of characters 747
B The preparation and use of the tabular summary 748
1 Selection of traits 748
2 Arrangements of traits in comparative
summary tables 749
3 Nature and distinctness of the listed traits :
some problems 750
(a) Overlapping of traits 750
(b) Partial overlapping of traits 750
(c) Biological dependence of some traits 751
(d) Metrical traits 751
(e) Sample sizes 751
4 The taxa in the comparative tables 752
The comparative summary tables 755
Chapter IX: 2 The morphological status of Homo
habilis 797
A Definitions and hypodigms of Homo habilis 797
B Morphological trends in the Hominidae 799
(a) Encephalization 799
(b) Attainment of orthograde posture and
bipedal gait 799
(c) Modifications of the cranium and
mandible 799
(d) Dental hominisation 799
(e) Changes in the upper limb 799
C Morphological trends in Homo habilis 799
1 Absolute brain-size 799
2 Relative brain-size 800
3 Brain morphology 800
4 The masticatory apparatus 801
5 The poise of the head : basicranial adjustments 802
6 The re-modelling of the cranium 804
(a) The hafting of the calvaria on to the face 805
(b) Thickness of cranial vault-bones 806
(c) The cranial tori 806
(d) Cranial cresting and pneumatisation 806
(e) Facial structure : a gracilising tendency 806
(f) Basicranial flexure 807
7 The locomotor system 807
8 The hand-bones 810
Chapter IX:3 The phylogenetic status of Homo
habilis 813
A The dating of Homo habilis 813
B The evidence for a cladogenetic emergence of
Homo habilis 814
C The nature of the last common ancestral
population 815
D Is Taung a representative of the last common
ancestral population? 818
E The cladogenetic event of c2-5 Myr BP in an
African context 819
F The evolution of the genus Homo 820
1 Reprise 820
2 Some problems of the habilis-erectus-sapiens
sequence 821
G Homo habilis on the hominid family tree 824
Chapter IX: 4 The cultural and behavioural status
of Homo habilis 828
A Uprightness and tool-making: an obsolete
paradigm 828
B Pre-toolmaking hominids or perishers! 829
C The earliest stone artefacts and the earliest
Homo remains 830
D Changes in the life-style of the early tool-
making H. habilis 832
Chapter IX: 5 Homo habilis a speaking primate 836
A The motor language areas of the cerebrum 836
B The peripheral anatomical basis of spoken
language 836
C The total anatomical basis of articulated
language in Homo habilis 839
D What did Homo habilis have to speak about? 839
E Homo habilis a hominid that could both say
and do 839
Addendum 840
Chapter IX: 6 The coming of the genus Homo: the
attainment of a new level of organisation on
planet earth 841
A Spoken language as the cardinal factor in the
evolution of the human brain 841
B The concept of levels of organisation 842
1 Personal interlude 843
2 Needham’s elaboration of the concept 843
XVII
CONTENTS
C Homo habilis attains a new level of organisation
page 844
D Homo habilis and the Second Transcendence 844
Appendix 1 Notes on additional discoveries of hominid
remains at Olduvai Gorge by Mary D. Leakey 846
OH 21, site FLK North 847
OH 24, site DK I East 847
OH 26, site FLK West 848
OH 27, site HWK EE 849
OH 30, site FLK II, Maiko Gully 849
OH 31, site HWK East 850
OH 33, site FLK I NN 850
OH 37, site FLK II South 850
OH 39, site HWK EE 851
OH 40, site FLK South 851
OH 41, site HWK II EE 851
OH 42, site HWK II EE 851
OH 48, site FLK NN I 851
OH 49, FLK NN I 852
OH 50, FLK NN I 852
OH 52, DKI East 852
OH 53, SHK II 852
OH 54, FLK I, Maiko Gully 852
OH 56, DK I , page 852
OH 57, HWK II East 852
OH 58, JK I Cliff 852
Appendix 2 The restoration of Olduvai hominid 24
by R. J. Clarke 853
Appendix 3 Note on the preservation and preparation
of Olduvai hominid 39 by Alan Walker 857
Appendix 4 Some published definitions and delineations
of Homo habilis 859
A The diagnosis of H. habilis-Leakey, Tobias
and Napier, 1964 859
B Proposed provisional diagnosis of
H. habilis-Campbell, 1978 860
C ‘ Some salient characteristics ’ of H. habilis -
Howell, 1978 860
References 863
Index of persons 895
Index of sites and specimens 901
Index of subjects 906
XV111
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:14:20Z |
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| spelling | Olduvai Gorge 4,1/4 The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4 by L. S. B. Leakey ; P. V, Tobias ; M. D. Leakey 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 1991 XXXV, 479 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Tobias, Phillip V. 1925-2012 Sonstige (DE-588)130885002 oth Leakey, Louis S. B. 1903-1972 Sonstige (DE-588)118779079 oth Leakey, Mary D. 1913-1996 Sonstige (DE-588)119313812 oth (DE-604)BV018025044 4,1/4 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002806528&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Olduvai Gorge |
| title | Olduvai Gorge |
| title_auth | Olduvai Gorge |
| title_exact_search | Olduvai Gorge |
| title_full | Olduvai Gorge 4,1/4 The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4 by L. S. B. Leakey ; P. V, Tobias ; M. D. Leakey |
| title_fullStr | Olduvai Gorge 4,1/4 The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4 by L. S. B. Leakey ; P. V, Tobias ; M. D. Leakey |
| title_full_unstemmed | Olduvai Gorge 4,1/4 The skulls, endocasts and teeth of Homo habilis ; Pt. 1 - 4 by L. S. B. Leakey ; P. V, Tobias ; M. D. Leakey |
| title_short | Olduvai Gorge |
| title_sort | olduvai gorge the skulls endocasts and teeth of homo habilis pt 1 4 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002806528&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV018025044 |
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