Aquatic bioenvironmental studies: the Hanford experience 1944 - 84
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam u.a.
Elsevier
1990
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in environmental science
39 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 306 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0444886532 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Studies in Environmental Science 39
AQUATIC BIOENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:
THE HANFORD EXPERIENCE 1944-84
CD Becker
Geosciences Department, Pacific Northwest Laboratory,
Richland, WA 99352, U S A
Onward ever
Lovely River
Softly calling to the sea
Time that scars us
Maims and mars us
Leaves no track or trench on thee
From Beautiful Willamette
By Samuel S Simpson
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam — Oxford — New York — Tokyo 1990
CONTENTS
PREFACE v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
THE HANFORD SITE 1
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS 4
REFERENCES 7
CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON HANFORD OPERATIONS 9
GENESIS OF THE HANFORD SITE 9
MILESTONES 13
The War Years 13
The Post-War Years 20
Era of Environmental Awakening 20
Rise and Decline of Nuclear Power 23
Under Siege 24
ORGANIZATIONS ON THE HANFORD SITE, EARLY 1980s 25
REFERENCES 26
CHAPTER 3 OPERATION AREAS AND LAND USE AT HANFORD 29
ORIGINAL SITE LAYOUT 30
SITE LAYOUT AND ACTIVITIES TODAY 31
100 Areas 32
200 Areas 32
300 Area 34
400 Area 35
WATER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS 36
REFERENCES 39
CHAPTER 4 OPERATION OF THE SINGLE-PURPOSE REACTORS, 1943 TO 1971 41
OPERATIONAL FEATURES 42
BACKGROUND RADIATION 45
AREAS OF CONCERN 47
Radioactivity from Reactor Effluent 47
Thermal Increments from Reactor Effluent 52
Chemicals in Reactor Effluent 53
DILUTION CAPACITY OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER 54
REFERENCES 56
CHAPTERS UNIVERSITYOF WASHINGTON STUDIES, 1943 TO 1960 61
THE SECRET BEGINNINGS 61
STUDIES WITH X-RADIATION 65
Effects of X-Rays on Fingerling Chinook Salmon 67
Effects of X-Rays on Embryos and Alevins of Chinook Salmon 67
Effects of X-Rays on Embryos and Young from Adult Rainbow Trout 68
Effects of X-Rays on Adult Rainbow Trout 70
Effects of X-Rays on Snails, Crustacea, and Algae 71
Effects of X-Rays on Trout During Embryogenesis 72
Effects of X-Rays on Embryonic Snails 72
STUDIES WITH COBALT-60 GAMMA RAYS 73
Effects of Chronic Irradiation on Embryogenesis of Salmon 74
Follow-Up Studies with Chronic Irradiation and Young
Salmonids 75
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNIVERSITY EFFORT 76
Relative Sensitivity of Taxonomic Groups 76
Relative Sensitivity of Development Stages 77
Retardation of Development by Irradiation 77
Pathology of Radiation Damage 77
REFERENCES 78
CHAPTER 6 SETTING FOR BIOENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN THE HANFORD
REACH, 1945 TO 1971 81
OPPORTUNITIES 81
FACILITIES 82
PERSONNEL 84
ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY 87
ROLE OF ADVISORY GROUPS 90
Columbia River Advisory Group (CRAG) 91
Working Committee for Columbia River Studies 91
Columbia River Thermal Effects Study 92
REFERENCES 92
CHAPTER 7 REACTOR EFFLUENT MONITORING, 1945 TO 1971 95
MONITORING REACTOR EFFLUENT WITH FISH 95
Rearing Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout 95
Rearing Coho Salmon 97
Extended Rearing of Rainbow Trout 98
Long-Term Monitoring of Effluent with Salmonids 98
Swimming Performance of Rainbow Trout 100
CHEMICAL EFFECTS DURING MONITORING 100
Toxicity of Sodium Dichromate 100
XI
Uptake and Metabolism of Chromium in Trout 102
The Use of Chlorine 102
Other Industrial Additives 103
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS DURING MONITORING 103
Rearing Chinook Salmon at Elevated Temperatures 104
Rearing Whitefish at Elevated Temperatures 105
Thermal Resistance of Two Chinook Salmon Races 105
RADIOACTIVITY EFFECTS DURING MONITORING 106
Accumulation of Radioactivity by River Fish 107
Temperature and Uptake of Radioactivity 107
Food Web Transfer of Radioactivity to Trout 109
SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFLUENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING STUDIES 110
REFERENCES I l l
CHAPTER 8 FIELD STUDIES WITH RADIOACTIVITY IN HANFORD
REACH, 1945 TO 1971 115
RADIONUCLIDE RELEASES - EARLY STUDIES (1941-
1962) 117
Exploratory Surveys 119
Initial Studies on Radioactivity in Hanford Reach 120
Seasonal Variations in Radioactivity 123
Effect of Time and Distance on Radioactivity Downstream from the Hanford Site 124
Uptake of Radioactivity by River Organisms 126
Uptake of Radioactivity by Fish 128
Measurement of Radioactivity in River Ecosystem 130
Concentration Factors for Radionuclides 131
The Food Web Concept of Radionuclide Transfer 132
Evaluating Offsite Exposure to Radioactivity 133
RADIONUCLIDE RELEASES - LATER STUDIES (1961-
1971) 135
Reexamination of Radionuclide Cycles in Biota 136
Uptake and Transport of Radionuclides by Plankton 137
Uptake of Radionuclides by Periphyton 138
Movement of Radiotagged Fish 138
Upstream Dispersion of Radionuclides by Caddis Flies 139
Elimination of Radionuclides from Benthic Organisms 140
Thermoluminescent Dosimetry Measurements 140
Radionuclides in Biota at the Columbia River Outlet 141
TRANSPORT AND BEHAVIOR OF RADIONUCLIDES DOWNSTREAM FROM
HANFORD 141
Transport of Radionuclides in River Water 142
Association of Radionuclides with Particulates 143
Inventories of Radionuclides in Sediments 145
Physicochemical Affinity of Particulates 146
RADIOACTIVITY IN ECOSYSTEM AFTER REACTOR
CLOSURES 147
Shutdown of Three Reactors in 1965 147
Temporary Shutdown of All Reactors in 1966 148
Depletion of Radionuclides After Reactor Closure 149
Net Transport of Radioactivity Before and After Final Closure 151
Radionuclides Retained by Sediments in 1976 152
XII
Post-Facto Assessment of Radioactivity in Sediments 153
SIGNIFICANCE OF FIELD STUDIES WITH RADIOACTIV-
ITY 154
REFERENCES 156
CHAPTER 9 LABORATORY STUDIES WITH RADIOACTIVITY AND AQUATIC
ORGANISMS, 1945 TO 1971 163
DIRECT EXPOSURE OF ORGANISMS TO RADIO-
NUCLIDES 163
Feeding P-32 to Rainbow Trout 164
Effect of Zn-65 Fed to Rainbow Trout 167
Binding of Zn-65 in Fish and Invertebrates 171
Uptake of Sr-90 by Rainbow Trout 171
Damage to Trout Tissues from Sr-90 172
Injection of Rainbow Trout with Sr-90 173
Elimination of Sr-90 by Rainbow Trout 173
Distribution and Retention of Sr-90 in Rainbow Trout 173
Cycling of Sr-90 in Crayfish 174
Metabolism of Cs-137 in Trout 174
Temperature and Metabolism of Cs-137 in Trout 174
UPTAKE AND TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES IN MI-
CROCOSMS 175
Partitioning of P-32 in an Oligotrophic System 176
Effects of Phosphate on Uptake of P-32 177
Uptake of Zn-65 by Periphyton in Closed System 178
Cycling of Zn-65 in Lotic Microcosms 178
Uptake of Zn-65 by Tubificid Worms 180
Bioaccumulation of Cs-137 181
SIGNIFICANCE OF LABORATORY STUDIES WITH RA-
DIOACTIVITY 181
REFERENCES 183
CHAPTER 10 THERMAL EFFECTS STUDIES IN THE HANFORD REACH, 1960 TO
FIELD STUDIES: THERMAL RELEASES TO THE CO-
LUMBIA RIVER ; 188
Effects of Reactor Cooling Water Intakes 188
Effect of Thermal Loading 189
Discharge Plume Characteristics 191
Thermal Effects on Benthic Organisms 192
Thermal Effects on Returning Adult Salmonids 194
Thermal Effects on Outmigrant Salmonids 195
LABORATORY STUDIES: LETHAL, SUBLETHAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EF-
FECTS OF TEMPERATURE 197
Temperature Regimes and Rearing of Juvenile Salmonids 198
Thermal Resistance of Adult Salmonids 200
Thermal Resistance of Juvenile Salmonids 202
Vulnerability of Juvenile Salmonids to Predation After Thermal Shock 205
Temperature and Energy Reserves in Trout 205
Metabolism of Acetate and Palmitate in Trout 206
Xll l
Response of Intestinal Epithelium to Temperature and Irradia-
tion 206
Internal Temperatures of Freshwater Fish 207
INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE FISH PATHOGEN COLUM-
NARIS 208
Columnaris Disease in the River Ecosystem 208
Outbreaks and Pathogenicity of Columnaris Disease 209
Immune Response of Fish Exposed to Columnaris 210
Artificial Immunization Against Columnaris 211
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN THE HANFORD REACH 212
Gas-Bubble Disease in Fish 212
Smallmouth Black Bass Populations 213
Trace Elements in River Water and Phytoplankton 213
Production of Periphyton at Elevated Temperatures 214
Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Chinook Salmon 215
Parasites of Fish in Hanford Reach 215
Spawning of Fall Chinook Salmon 216
Abundance of Steelhead 217
SIGNIFICANCE OF THERMAL STUDIES IN THE HANFORD REACH 218
REFERENCES 219
CHAPTER 11 GENERIC STUDIES AT HANFORD AFTER CLOSURE OF THE
SINGLE-PURPOSE REACTORS, 1971 TO 1981 225
STUDIES WITH RADIOACTIVITY AFTER REACTOR
CLOSURE 227
Radioactivity in Biota Downstream from the Hanford Reach 227
Transport and Depletion of Radionuclides Downstream from Hanford 229
Uptake of Tritium from an Aquatic Microcosm 230
Exposure of Early Development Phases of Trout to Tritium 231
Effect of Tritium on Immune Response of Trout 232
Toxicity of Lithium to Freshwater Organisms 232
THERMAL EFFECT STUDIES WITH AQUATIC BIOTA 233
Thermal Resistance of Crayfish 234
Thermal Resistance of Brown Bullhead 235
Cold Resistance in Fish and Crayfish 235
Physiology of Cold Shock in Channel Catfish 236
Response of Young Salmonids to a Simulated Thermal Plume 236
Modeling of Temperature Declines in a Thermal Plume 237
Effect of Thermal Shock on Swimming Ability of Trout 237
Evaluation of the Critical Thermal Maximum 239
COMBINED EFFECT STUDIES INVOLVING TEMPERA-
TURE 239
Uptake of Mercury at Two Temperatures 240
Interaction of Mercury and Temperature 240
Fatigue and Thermal Resistance of Trout 241
Interaction of Temperature and Acute Radiation 242
Interaction of Temperature and Chlorine 243
Combined Effect of Temperature, Chlorine, and Nickel 244
Effect of Nickel on Thermal Tolerance of Fish 245
EFFECTS OF HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION 245
Air Supersaturation of River Water 246
XIV
Super-saturation Effects Among River Fish 246
Temperature and Tolerance of Fish to Supersaturation 247
Depth and Tolerance of Fish to Supersaturation 248
Migration of Adult Salmon in a Supersaturated River 248
Water-Level Fluctuations in Hanford Reach 249
Dewatering of Salmonid Redds in Gravel 251
SITE CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES 253
Mercury in the Columbia River 254
Conceptual Model for Biogeochemical Cycling 255
Nonaquatic Resources of the Hanford Reach 257
Movement of White Sturgeon in the Hanford Reach 259
Water Quality in the Hanford Reach 259
SIGNIFICANCE OF GENERIC STUDIES AT HANFORD, 1971 TO 1981 260
REFERENCES 261
CHAPTER 12 FACILITY-SPECIFIC STUDIES IN HANFORD REACH AFTER
CLOSURE OF SINGLE-PURPOSE REACTORS, 1971 TO 1984 269
HANFORD GENERATING PROJECT 270
The HGP Cooling System - Intake and Discharge 270
Ecological Baseline Data 274
Entrainment and Impingement at Cooling Water Intake 274
Features of Discharge Plume 276
Evaluation of Thermal Effects from HGP 278
N REACTOR 279
The N Reactor Cooling System - Intake and Discharge 280
Entrainment and Impingement at Cooling Water Intake 282
Discharge Plume During Dual-Purpose Mode 283
Discharge Plume During Single-Purpose Mode 284
Outmigration of Juvenile Salmon Past N Reactor 285
Thermal Shock from Simulated Plume Conditions 285
Evaluation of Thermal Effects from N Reactor 287
WASHINGTON PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM NUCLEAR PLANT NO 2
(WNP-2) 289
Cooling System Operation - Intake and Discharge 290
Design Features of Discharge Plume 291
Preoperational Quantification of Biota 292
Operational Ecological Monitoring Program 295
Initial Evaluation of Operational Effects from WNP-2 295
BIOLOGICAL DATA FROM 1970s ASSESSMENTS 296
Microflora 296
Zooplankton 297
Benthos 297
Fish Populations 298
Riparian Vegetation 298
SIGNIFICANCE OF FACILITY-SPECIFIC STUDIES AT HANFORD, 1971 TO 1984 299
REFERENCES 298
INDEX 303
|
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| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in environmental science |
| series2 | Studies in environmental science |
| spelling | Becker, Clarence D. Verfasser aut Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 C. D. Becker Amsterdam u.a. Elsevier 1990 XVIII, 306 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in environmental science 39 Geschichte 1944-1984 gnd rswk-swf Centrales nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Environnement - Surveillance - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Indicateurs biologiques - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets de la pollution de l'eau sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets du rayonnement sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Réacteurs nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of radiation on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Environmental monitoring Washington (State) Hanford Reach Indicators (Biology) Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear power plants Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear reactors Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd rswk-swf Hanford Reach (Wash.) Hanford Site (Wash.) Hanford Reach (DE-588)4300446-5 gnd rswk-swf Hanford Reach (DE-588)4300446-5 g Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 s Geschichte 1944-1984 z DE-604 Studies in environmental science 39 (DE-604)BV000000207 39 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002700156&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Becker, Clarence D. Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 Studies in environmental science Centrales nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Environnement - Surveillance - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Indicateurs biologiques - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets de la pollution de l'eau sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets du rayonnement sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Réacteurs nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of radiation on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Environmental monitoring Washington (State) Hanford Reach Indicators (Biology) Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear power plants Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear reactors Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4293663-9 (DE-588)4300446-5 |
| title | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 |
| title_auth | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 |
| title_exact_search | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 |
| title_full | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 C. D. Becker |
| title_fullStr | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 C. D. Becker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 C. D. Becker |
| title_short | Aquatic bioenvironmental studies |
| title_sort | aquatic bioenvironmental studies the hanford experience 1944 84 |
| title_sub | the Hanford experience 1944 - 84 |
| topic | Centrales nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Environnement - Surveillance - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Indicateurs biologiques - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets de la pollution de l'eau sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets du rayonnement sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Réacteurs nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of radiation on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Environmental monitoring Washington (State) Hanford Reach Indicators (Biology) Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear power plants Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear reactors Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Centrales nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Environnement - Surveillance - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Indicateurs biologiques - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets de la pollution de l'eau sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Organismes aquatiques, Effets du rayonnement sur les - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Réacteurs nucléaires - Aspect de l'environnement - Washington (État) - Hanford Reach Umwelt Aquatic organisms Effect of radiation on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatic organisms Effect of water pollution on Washington (State) Hanford Reach Environmental monitoring Washington (State) Hanford Reach Indicators (Biology) Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear power plants Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Nuclear reactors Environmental aspects Washington (State) Hanford Reach Aquatisches Ökosystem Hanford Reach (Wash.) Hanford Site (Wash.) Hanford Reach |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002700156&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000207 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT beckerclarenced aquaticbioenvironmentalstudiesthehanfordexperience194484 |