Transnational corporations in the plastics industry:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
United Nations
1990
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 167 S. |
| ISBN: | 9211043271 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804118453480587264 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii
EXPLANATORY NOTES xiii
Chapter
I. OVERVIEW OF PLASTICS PRODUCTION AND USES 1
A. Introduction to production process 1
B. Overview of major commodity plastics 3
1. Polyvinyl chloride 5
2. Low density polyethylene, including linear low density
polyethylene 6
3. High density polyethylene 6
4. Polypropylene 7
5. Polystyrene, including expandable polystyrene 7
C. The two tier industrial structure 7
D. Main downstream markets for plastics products
E. Some implications for developing countries ^
II. BASIC ECONOMICS OF COMMODITY PLASTICS PRODUCTION 10
A. Plant size and plant loading 10
B. Co production and the marketing of co products 11
C. Impact of changes in feedstock and energy prices 12
D. Change in rate of growth of demand and profitability for basic
petrochemicals 18
E. Summary 20
III. WORLD CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN ETHYLENE AND THE MAIN
THERMOPLASTICS 21
A. Recent trends and current perspective in demand for ethylene 21
1. Overcapacities: factors at work in the advanced economies .... 24
2. Capacity reductions in producer countries 25
iv
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
B. Impact of new entrants on the level of world supply 25
C. Emergence of new export centres aimed at world markets 26
D. Postponement or suspension of investment plans 27
E. International trade in plastics: present structure and possible
future trends 29
1. United States 32
2. Europe 3 2
3. Japan 3 2
IV. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND GROWTH POTENTIAL IN ENGINEERING AND
SPECIALITY PLASTICS 3 3
A. The economic and technological context fostering the increasing
role of high grade plastics and composites 33
B. The high technology user industries of high grade plastics and
composites 3 5
C. The car industry 36
D. New forms and uses of high grade plastics 39
1. Copolymers and polymer alloys 39
2. Additives and compounding ingredients 39
3. Current engineering plastics 40
4. Composite materials with a plastic component 40
E. Advances in plastics processing technology 41
Progress of automation in plastics processing 44
F. Projections of future demand for commodity thermoplastics 45
1. The inherent difficulties of projections 45
2. Time lags in petrochemicals 47
3. A comparison of two projections 47
G. Advanced speciality engineered polymers, alloys and composites .... 49
v
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
V. MARKET STRUCTURE AND THE ROLE OF TNCS IN THE WORLD PLASTICS MARKET 52
A. The place of chemical and oil TNCs in world plastics output and
extent of their foreign involvement in plastics 52
B. Principal transnational corporations active in the plastics
industry 53
1. Oil TNCs in ethylene and thermoplastics . • 53
2. Speciality and engineering plastics 55
C. Market structure and barriers to entry in commodity and engineering
plastics 58
D. The role of R and D and technology in entry barriers and in
competition 60
E. Current status of oil and chemical TNC options 61
VI. SOME KEY FEATURES OF THE STRATEGIES OF TNCS IN OLEFINS AND
THERMOPLASTICS 62
A. The response of United States based TNCs 62
1. Their privileged position 62
2. Recent patterns in the corporate distribution of United States
domestic thermoplastics capacities 63
3. Recent moves and the profiles of four major diversified
chemical TNCs 63
B. The response of Japanese based TNCs 65
1. Some structural challenges faced by the Japanese chemical
industry 65
2. Japanese group structures and the original features of
Japanese based TNCs 65
3. A three pronged strategy for redeployment 67
C. The response of European TNCs 69
1. The complex picture of European chemical industries and TNCs .. 69
2. Two approaches to European polyolefin and plastics capacities . 71
3. Key strategic orientations by European actors 75
vi
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
VII. INDUSTRIAL CO OPERATION WITH TNCS AND THE GROWTH OF PLASTICS IN THE
OAPEC COUNTRIES, TURKEY AND NIGERIA 7 6
A. Saudi Arabia 76
1. Establishment of SABIC and the infrastructure for plastics
development 78
2. Transport and processing of feedstocks 78
3. Financing of projects 79
4. TNC co operation and the original formation of Saudi Arabian
first generation joint ventures 79
B. Qatar 81
1. The QAPCO joint venture 81
2. Capacity, technology and marketing arrangements with
Cdf Chimie 82
C. Kuwait 82
D. Egypt 83
1. Obstacles to successful industrial co operation with foreign
firms 84
2. Present efforts towards the establishment of national
petrochemical capacities 85
E. Algeria 85
F. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 86
G. Turkey 87
1. The growth of capacities 87
2. Turkish policy in the transfer and development of technology . 89
H. Nigeria 89
VIII. INDUSTRIAL CO OPERATION WITH TNCs AND THE GROWTH OF PLASTICS IN LATIN
AMERICA 91
A. Some overall features of the industry in the region 91
vii
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
B. Brazil 92
1. Conditions leading to state involvement and the building of
Brazil s ethylene capacities by Petroquisa 93
2. Move towards the greatest possible degree of self reliance ... 95
3. Local sourcing, transfer of technology and the development of
indigenous capacities for the supply of technology 97
4. From import substitution to export promotion 97
C. Mexico 99
1. The two sector system in petrochemicals 99
2. Phases of growth 99
D. Argentina 104
1. TNC investment in the 1960s 104
2. State led investment in the 1970s 104
E. Venezuela 106
1. Phases in petrochemical investment 106
2. Joint ventures with TNCs 107
IX. SUMMARY AND SELECTED POLICY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 108
A. Overview 108
1. Development of national capacities in upstream production .... 108
2. TNCs most heavily involved in the building of thermoplastics
production capacities and the main forms of operation used in
developing countries 109
B. Issues relating to the terms of technology transfer and the
conditions permitting full effective transfer 110
1. The general issue 11°
2. Engineering firms and the issue of unpackaging and local
procurement Ill
3. TNCs and the terms contained in joint ventures 112
viii
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
C. Foreign trade issues facing petrochemical producers in developing
countries 114
1. Technical factors affecting the structure of trade and issues
of market access on certain products 115
2. The range of obstacles to advanced country markets 116
3. Tariff barriers in South North petrochemical trade 116
(a) Nominal tariffs 117
(b) Effective rates of protection 117
(c) Non tariff barriers in petrochemicals 118
D. Co operation with TNCs and market access 118
E. South South joint ventures 120
Annexes
I. MAJOR COMMODITY PLASTICS 126
II. WORLD S LEADING CHEMICAL FIRMS IN 1983 132
III. UNITED STATES BASED TNCs 133
IV. JAPAN BASED TNCs 146
V. EUROPEAN TNCs 149
VI. EXISTING AND PROJECTED ETHYLENE CAPACITIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND
AFRICA 163
1. World production of main petrochemical products 3
2. Total world capacity for the five major thermoplastics 4
3. Production of man made fibres by region 4
4. Production of synthetic fibres by region 5
5. Effects of plant loading on profitability 10
6. Typical cracking patterns using different feedstocks 11
7. Feedstock costs as a percentage of product price 15
ix
CONTENTS (continued)
Pagg
8. Evolution of name plate capacities for ethylene between 197 5 and 1984
and some announced capacities for 1990 22
9. Expected changes in the pattern of world ethylene capacities 23
10. Oil companies share of European petrochemical capacities, 1970 1980 ... 25
11. Deferred or suspended petrochemical plant construction in developing
countries 28
12. Level and geographical destination of United States exports of the four
main thermoplastics, 1978 1986 30
13. Level and geographical destination of Japan s exports of the four main
thermoplastics, 1978 1986 31
14. Forecasts by UNIDO and OECD of demand for ethylene in 1990 48
15. Speciality polymer licences and joint ventures, 1987/88 50
16. Speciality polymer/composite acquisition, 1986 1988 51
17. Performance of chemical subsidiaries of major oil companies in 1983 .... 54
18. Oil companies share of total production capacity in olefins and
plastics 55
19. Patterns of foreign involvement for selected chemical transnational
corporations in 1983 57
20. Concentration ratios for ethylene in 1980 and 1984 59
21. United States: R and D outlays by selected corporations 59
22. United States: capacity of the leading domestic producers of
thermoplastics, as at 1 January 1985 63
23. Japan: petrochemical firms belonging to the core membership of the main
financial industrial trading groups 66
24. Japan: capacity reductions co ordinated by the Industrial Structure
Council 68
25. Western Europe: polyolefin and commodity plastics capacities by
countries, 1985 72
26. Western Europe: ethylene and commodity plastics capacities of major
corporations, end 1985 74
x
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
27. Saudi Arabia: basic data concerning the petrochemical joint venture
companies 77
28. Imports of LDPE/LLDPE from Saudi Arabia, 1985 81
29. Egypt: main aspects of the Al Amiriyah petrochemical complex 85
30. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: main aspects of the Ras Lanuf petrochemical
complex 87
31. Turkey: main data concerning ethylene and thermoplastics at the
Petkim Yarimca complex 88
32. Turkey: main data concerning ethylene and thermoplastics at the
Petkim Alaca complex 89
33. Existing and projected ethylene capacities in Latin America 92
34. Brazil: consumption of main petrochemical products 93
35. Brazil: historical trend in the structure of petrochemical capital
ownership 95
36. Brazil: capacities and capital ownership in plastics and related
products, 1984 96
37. Mexico: main indicators of demand and supply in commodity plastics,
1975 1984 101
38. Petrochemical processing joint venture companies within the Mexican
60 40 per cent system 102
39. Venezuela: PEQUIVEN joint ventures at the El Tablazo complex 107
Figures
I. A simplified representation of the main upstream phases in the
plastics production chain 2
II. Changes in production cost structure 14
III. Ethylene feedstock pattern 16
IV. Trends in relative feedstock prices in Europe, the United States and
Saudi Arabia 17
V. European integrated ethylene/LDPE trend in value added per ton of
LDPE 19
VI. Materials for automotive applications 37
xi
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
VII. Evolution of the European market for fibreglass reinforced composites,
1968 1986 42
VIII. Projected and actual ethylene consumption in EEC 46
xii
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| id | DE-604.BV004257480 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T16:10:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9211043271 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-002648405 |
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| publisher | United Nations |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations New York United Nations 1990 XV, 167 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier ALGERIA unbist ARGENTINA unbist AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY unbist BRAZIL unbist ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES unbist EGYPT unbist EUROPE unbist Entreprise transnationale rasuqam Entreprises multinationales ram INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION unbist INTERNATIONAL TRADE unbist Industrie des matières plastiques rasuqam Internationale ondernemingen gtt JAPAN unbist JOINT VENTURES unbist KUWAIT unbist Kunststoffenindustrie gtt LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA unbist MARKET ACCESS unbist MEXICO unbist Matières plastiques - Industrie et commerce ram NIGERIA unbist PLASTIC PRODUCTS unbist PLASTICS INDUSTRY unbist POLYMER AND PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY unbist QATAR unbist RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT unbist SAUDI ARABIA unbist STATISTICAL DATA unbist SUPPLY AND DEMAND unbist TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER unbist TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS unbist TURKEY unbist UNITED STATES unbist VENEZUELA unbist Multinationales Unternehmen International business enterprises Plastics industry and trade Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd rswk-swf Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd rswk-swf Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 s Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002648405&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry ALGERIA unbist ARGENTINA unbist AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY unbist BRAZIL unbist ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES unbist EGYPT unbist EUROPE unbist Entreprise transnationale rasuqam Entreprises multinationales ram INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION unbist INTERNATIONAL TRADE unbist Industrie des matières plastiques rasuqam Internationale ondernemingen gtt JAPAN unbist JOINT VENTURES unbist KUWAIT unbist Kunststoffenindustrie gtt LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA unbist MARKET ACCESS unbist MEXICO unbist Matières plastiques - Industrie et commerce ram NIGERIA unbist PLASTIC PRODUCTS unbist PLASTICS INDUSTRY unbist POLYMER AND PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY unbist QATAR unbist RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT unbist SAUDI ARABIA unbist STATISTICAL DATA unbist SUPPLY AND DEMAND unbist TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER unbist TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS unbist TURKEY unbist UNITED STATES unbist VENEZUELA unbist Multinationales Unternehmen International business enterprises Plastics industry and trade Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033695-5 (DE-588)4075092-9 |
| title | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry |
| title_auth | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry |
| title_exact_search | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry |
| title_full | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations |
| title_fullStr | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations |
| title_short | Transnational corporations in the plastics industry |
| title_sort | transnational corporations in the plastics industry |
| topic | ALGERIA unbist ARGENTINA unbist AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY unbist BRAZIL unbist ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES unbist EGYPT unbist EUROPE unbist Entreprise transnationale rasuqam Entreprises multinationales ram INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION unbist INTERNATIONAL TRADE unbist Industrie des matières plastiques rasuqam Internationale ondernemingen gtt JAPAN unbist JOINT VENTURES unbist KUWAIT unbist Kunststoffenindustrie gtt LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA unbist MARKET ACCESS unbist MEXICO unbist Matières plastiques - Industrie et commerce ram NIGERIA unbist PLASTIC PRODUCTS unbist PLASTICS INDUSTRY unbist POLYMER AND PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY unbist QATAR unbist RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT unbist SAUDI ARABIA unbist STATISTICAL DATA unbist SUPPLY AND DEMAND unbist TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER unbist TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS unbist TURKEY unbist UNITED STATES unbist VENEZUELA unbist Multinationales Unternehmen International business enterprises Plastics industry and trade Kunststoffindustrie (DE-588)4033695-5 gnd Multinationales Unternehmen (DE-588)4075092-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | ALGERIA ARGENTINA AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY BRAZIL ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EGYPT EUROPE Entreprise transnationale Entreprises multinationales INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION INTERNATIONAL TRADE Industrie des matières plastiques Internationale ondernemingen JAPAN JOINT VENTURES KUWAIT Kunststoffenindustrie LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA MARKET ACCESS MEXICO Matières plastiques - Industrie et commerce NIGERIA PLASTIC PRODUCTS PLASTICS INDUSTRY POLYMER AND PLASTICS TECHNOLOGY QATAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SAUDI ARABIA STATISTICAL DATA SUPPLY AND DEMAND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS TURKEY UNITED STATES VENEZUELA Multinationales Unternehmen International business enterprises Plastics industry and trade Kunststoffindustrie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=002648405&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |